If
P
G
R
A
M M A
11 OFTHE
CHINESE LANGUAGE.
BY
i^I
f
iJf. Z. B. S.V;
C.M.
J. li. G. S. A. S,^c., .jr.IN
TWO
PARTS.
(j iirPART
I.PRINTED AT THK OFFICE OF THE "DAILY PEESS/' HONGKONG.
1864.
nil
..I
To
The
Honoiable
if.
(il^ljomh^,
THIS
VOLUME
"
IS
RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED
BY THE
AUTHOR.
^MlM
PREFACE.
Wlion
the
author
of
the
present
work
firstarrived
inChina,
he
had
ri;reatdlffieuUies
in irettirif^;a
teaclier
who
Avould
condescend
to
speak
to
him
as
he
would do
tohis
o«vn
countrymen
;and
there
being not
as
yet
a
work
})u])-lished
in
the
local
dialect to
serve
as
a
safe
guide
toa
knowledge
of the
spoken
language,
he
feltthat
inusing
any
of the existing
Grammars
he would
act
like
a mini
living in
London
and
using
a
French
Grammar
for
the
ac-quisition
of
English.
The
Orthography
of
most
of
the
smaller
works
that
were
aftervv^ardspublished
isonly
adap-ted
for
private
use.
The
intonation
has
altogetlier
been
discarded,
which
makes
the
respective
works
often
dan-gerous instruments
to
place
into
the
hands
of
a
new
ar-rival.
As
to
the
Orthography
tobe adopted
in
the
present
work,
the
author
had
no
hesitation
ingiving
Sir
W.
Jones'
(whom
Dr.
Williams
follows)
the
preference.
Many
of
the
diacritical
marks
now
used
by
foreigners
are
not
required
fornatives
and may,
therefore,
soon
he done
away
with.
That
willleave a
simple
and
excellent
sj'stem
of
spelling,
such
as
can
he acquired
by
a native
of
moderate
talent
within
the
short period
of
one
month.
To
invent
a
new
alpliabet,
as several excellent
scho-lars
have
proposed,
would
leave
us
in
the
same
"position inwdiich
we
now
find
ourselves
inJapan.
Siam.
Tdjet,
Bur-mah
and
India,
were
the
lack
of
a
more
practical
system
of spelling
iskeenly
feltby
the
stn.deuts of
those tongues.
We
must
well
keep
inmind,
that the further
we
togc-Ill
PREFACE.
tlier
and
the
more
we
shall
feelthe
need
of
a
Standard
Alphabet,
that will
enable
a native
of
Europe
to
read
the
names
on
maps
made
by
the nations
of
Asia
and
Afriea,
and
to
as(iertain(approximately)
the
pronuneiation
of
a
word
without
any
aecjuired
knowledge
of the
language
of
the country.
In
order
to'assist the
student
in
the acquisition
of
the
written
and spoken
idioms
and
toenable
him
toavoid
the
study
of
unnecessary
or useless sentences, the
author has
endeavoured
to
distinguish
the
book
style
from
the
va-rious
dialects.
At
the
end
of
most
of
the
i)aragra])hs
there
will
be found
a
summary
of the
words
in
use
in
the
Canton
dialect.Whilst
-^thestudent
of
that
dialect
ad-vances
in
the
Grammar,
he should
carefully
commit
to
memory
allthe
sentences
and
verbs
inthe
Introduction.
A
listof
Phonetics
forwriting-lessons
will
be
published
shortly
after
the
second
part
of
thisGrammar
iscom-pleted,
and
the
author
hopes
that
with
the
hints
thus
given,
the
student
will
be enabled
to
learn
to
write the
charac-ters
of the
Chinese
language
within
one
year
and
to
re-meml)cr
them
throughout
his
life.The
diftieultiesencountered
inpreparing
the
present
work
have been very
great,
besides
the
Provei-bs
and
two Reading
Lessons
the
author
met
with but
littlehelp
fnmi
existing
books.
He
can,
however,
not
pass
over
in
silence
the
.valualde
assistance
rendered
to
him by
the
late
Mrs.
Irwin,
inlooking
over
the
first00 pages
of
the
manuscript.
He
also
feelsgreatly
indebted
tothe
Rev.
Mr.
Stringer
for
his
kindness
incorrecting the
lastproofs.
Simplicity
and
usefulness
have
been the
sole
object
aimed
at
by
the
author.
He
has
endeavoured
tocollect
for
reading
lessons
new
and
interesting
intc'rmation
on
the
government,
religion,
manners and
customs
of the
Chin-ese,so
as
toac(piaint
the
student
not
only with
the
lan-guage,
but
also
with the routine
and
daily
life ofthe
})e()-])lc,
among
whom
he
isanxious
tosojourn.
Since the
burning
of
the
Factories
and
the
dif-IV
PREFACE.
ficulties
liave
1)oenexpcriciK^ed
in o-ettino awork
like
the
present
tlirough
tliepress.
The
author
wouhl,
therefore,
ask
the
indulgence
of
the
reader
for
defects
inthe
out-ward
appearance
of the
book.
Whilst
thanking
such
jishave
assisted
him
with
their
counsel,
he
shall
feelgreatly
obliged
foradditional
help
fora
new
edition.
W.
L.
Victoria,
Hongkong,
April,
ISGl.
INTRODUCTION.
AJfinity
and
Difference ofliacrs.Whrn
a p-^rson cominof tromEurope and
travelling eastward,pas-ses
through
anumber
ofstates,whose
inliiibitaiitsdifferg'reritly iVoinhim
in complexion,
cosrume
and
religion, his curiosity is excited ashe
ad-vances; for the nearerhe approaches India, thegreater is the similarity
of features with his
own,
and
the closer the affinity of the lang-uagaS[)oken
by
the sisterstates ofEurope.The
large, sparkling eyes of theeastern nations, so f\ir as theyare
unmixed
with the IVlongoliansfrom
the deserts of Asia,
have
formore
than3000
years, revelled insensua-lity; but
combined
with it poetr}', fictionand
wit,with
which
thegraver nations of theweststill
amuse
theirchildren or entertainthem-selves during thelong winter evenings.
The
giganticworks
the}'created forthemselvesand
theirgods
ara asmany
expressions of their characterand
sentiments,and
repres^pntthem
to us asapeople anxiousto perpetuate theirown
existenceon
thiseartlj, or toinducetheir
gods
to quit their abodes ofblissand
dwellwith
man
in the workf- of/n'screation.Crossing the
Himalaya
how
different istheaspect of affairs.Poly-gamy
and
itsaccompanying
vices is hereexchanged
withPolyandry.
The panorama
before us is not unlikean
encampment
of proletarians,who
are livingupon
the scantycrumbs
fallenfrom
theovertlowing tablesof their neighbours.
The
wings
ofimagination areclipped.Tied
to abarren soil,
hemmed
inby
mountains
and
deserts,who
wonders, that the Tibetian's dailysong
is:"'
My
home
is nothere", that he has createdanotlier
world
equally poorand
comfortless;and
that his ciiaritabiadisposili()n hns
imposed
upon
him
the task ofprovidingfor thenecessi-tiesofthe citizensof that world.
The
language
spoken
by
this peopleand
further eastward to tliePaciflc: in China,
Cochin
China,Siam and Burmalf
belongs tothemo-nosyllabic tongues and is noted forpoverty
and
inflexibility.The
pho-r.etic system introdroduced into Tibet,
Burmah
and Siam
has indeed toa certain degree assisted in
advancing
general education ; but this bisbeen
more
than counteractedby
the influence ofBudhism
and
thelui-cient superstition, as received from the Chinese.
China
appears tohave
been the cradle of that peculiarkind
of civilization
which
distinguishes it from therest of the world. But; their ideas petrefied in hieroglyphics before theywere
fully developed;and
theiradvancein literaturewas
marked
by
tlieIbrmation ofasvstem
VI
INTRODUCTION.
Jjiff'crenl Dinhcls in China. Peculiarifij
of
the northern CourtDialact-thelocaldialects,liowevermiiclitheyditfarfrom each other.
Now
you
heara veruiiciilar,
which reminds you
of Scandinavia; againyou
fi\ncyyour-selfin France;
and
againyou
areoverheaped
wirhgutturals,more
than in Hollandand
other partsof
the Netherlands.But
in spiteof thejerksand
unearthly sounds, the result ofan imperfectarticidation, Ciiiuamade
considerable prog-i'ess in civilization,which
enabledit tosubdue
and
re-firm
the surrounding b-arbarians,and
toexercise a nominalsway from
Central
Asia
to the Pacilicand
down
totheMalayan
Peninsula. In alltha.^e states, even in.Japan, the Chinese characters
became
themedium
ot official
communication, and
occupy,up
to thismoment,
thesame
po-sition that Latin didin
Europe
duringthe middle age.If the dialects in
China
were reduced to a phonetic system,wo
shouldhave
asmany
different lang'uages aswe
have
inEuropH
and
among
theaborigines of America.We
should find that the Chinese vernacularis bvno monns
apurelymonosyllabic tongue,and
thattheiiir-ther
we
advance
towards the north, themore
similaritywe
find in theform
ofthe languiigesb.5t\^''een China,Japan and
theAmerican
Indians.Jn
the Canton, Ilakkaand
othersouthern dialecrswe
frecpientlyhear thefinals p, t,
and k
; further to the northand
inwhat
is g»^ne-rally called the southernCourt
dialect, theseconsonants terminate inaa
abrupt sound, in
which
neither thep, t ork
can bedistinguished ; again furthernorth this abruptsound
terminatesin a long vowel.Hence
thename
of theGovernor
General of Canton, wliowas
capturedby
theEnglish, is
pronounced
yip in Punti;yap
inHakka
; yl (abruptly) inthe southern,
and
yeh
(long) in the northernCourt
dialect.The
onlyiinalconsonantleftin thelatterdialectis the N,
and
the nasalNg.
The
P.
becomes
B
; theM
—
N
; theH
orW
changes
into the guttural Ch.asit is
pronounced
in all its finances inGermany,
ortheX
in Greece.If
we
now
pass overtoJapan
we
find, that ifthelanguage
be cor-rectlv written, not a single syllable terminates in aconsonant but the N. All the prefixesand
suffixes are, as inChina, Siaraand
Tibet, inflexibleparticles,
and
the possessive" of"
stands detached as in the Englishlan-guage, as:
Mimasaka
no
kami, theknmi
ofMimasaka
;Suruga
nokami
the
kami
of Suruga. It certainlycannot bemere
accident thatthesame
form
should befound
inmany
languages of theAmerican
Indians.When
inAmerica and
calledupon
to readafew
lines in abook
iawhich
the Indianlanguage
was
transcribed according to S[)anishpro-nunciation, I
was
struck with the similarity of the sounds with theJa-])anese. In
opening
another book, alsjwritten in thesame
language, Ifound
on
the titlepage
the Englishword
''Acts" prefixed to"Apos-tehiu,'' i.c, the " Acts of the Apostles."
The
Nu, Japanese
No,had
ei-ther
from
ignoranceorfrom
adesiretoeuropeanize the language, beenaffixedto the the
word
Apostle.Tiiis
threw
atoncesome
lighton theclnracter ofthelanguage and
theprobabloorigin of the Indians. Theirlong words, I
was
sure,were
strunj^ together
from
ignorance; lor all thenames
underneath thepor-traits of chiefs indicate, tliatthe
language
was
originally a syllabic (ifVII
INTRODUCTION.
SiviilarUy
«f
Chinese,Japanese and
Avierlcan Indian Dialects.reduced
toaphonetic sj'stem,vLole
sentenceswere reduced
to a sinj^leAvoid.
?ily conjectures
were
not lonp: toremain without
practical proof.I soon learnt, that theJapanese atnhiissadors.
when
in California,acci-dentally asked for c\i chi. the Imiian
name
for uiilk. This reniarkahle coincidence led toan
inquiry,which
resulted inth-^ discoveryof sixJa-})anese
names
in the California Indian dialc(;t.I
would
here remark, that those Indians,who
chieflysupportthem-selves
by
hunling-and fishing,speak dialects insound
much
more
sinu-lav to the
Japanese
and
Tartars ofnorthern Asia, than inYucatan,
Cen-tral America,
and
Mexico.Here where
we
find theideographic inscrip-tions so similar in composition to theancient Chinesecharacters,we
have
also languages or dialectsresemhling
more
that of northern Cliina.For
i)i these languages (or dialects)
wo
meet
tliesame
iireponderance of coni-})Ound hissing soundsand vowels
asin China,and
theabsence oftheR
is
no
less rennii-kable. Ilitheito however, ihe orthography of theworks
]»nblished in the Otorni,
Quiche and
other languages of Yucatan,Cen-tral
America
and ]\Iexico is too incorrect toenable us todecideon any
point withouta thorough
knowledge
ofatleastone ofthem.Even
thecopies,
which Stephen
made
from the manuscriptsofthe priests, betraya lamentableinconsistency oforthography.
American Indians
apparenlhj oneFace
n-iih theJapanese
and
E.Asiatics. Ifwe
comparo
the stature, features, hairand complexion
oftheIn-dians,
we
cannot help declaringthem
to beeither Japanese, Chinese orother cognate tribes of eastern Asia, I
have
seenwomen
and
children^whom
nobody would have
taken for Indians,had
he foundthem
in one ofthe Islands of Japan.In
passing accross theIsthmus
ofPanama
and
Mexico, Iwas
struck with the simihirity of architecturebetween
the Chinese
and
thesepeo[)le. Instead ofexcavating mountains, insteadof
making
expensivevaults, all the principal edificesare erectedon
ele-vated ground.
The
tiles of the roofs areconcaveand
con' ex,just aswo
have them
inChina
; theanchors oftheirboats are thesame
aswe
findthem
inJapan and
the north ofChina, i. e. with fourhooks
without a barb;and
innumerable other manners,customs
and
peculiaritiesofcivi-lazation agree exactly with those of eastern Asia, as in
no
other country ofthe world.We
now
come
to inquire as tohow
these tribes could reachAme-rica.
During
thesummer
months,
when
the sun did not set forone
whole month,
theinhabitants oftheextreme
parts ofnortheastern Asia,either pressed
by
hostile tribes, orfrom an
ini])Vilse of adventure,must
liavecrossed over tothe
Ameiican
continent,where
eitherby hunting
or fishing, they could easily su]iport themselvesand
providefor theirwants
during
thecoming
winter.Wave
afterwave
ofimmigration is likely tohave
rolledon
;and
if only, at long intervals, a few returned totheirnative place, that
was
sufficientto accountfor a kno\\l..'dge of a laige Eastern continent, floatingamong
the Chinese,Japaneseand
otherYIII
INTRODUCTION.
American
Iii:lkui< likehjjrom China,Japan
and N.
E. Aitia.The
largefleetsoffishing-boats about the coasts ofJapnn and China
are,
we
know,
frequently overtakenby tremendous
galesand
eitberdes-troyedor carried eastwards.
We
know
of Japanesejunks
having-betm
picked
up beyond
theSandwich
Islandsand
close tothe shore ofAme-rica after
an
absence ofmore
than nine months.But
mnch
more.Larg-efleets of
war
junks,sometimes
manned
by
asmany
as100,000 men,
have
left the coast ofChina
and
Japan,and have
been scitteredby
theN.
W.
gales, tl)atonly few ofthem
eversurvived or returned. It isnottmlikely, that thesejunks, being well provisioned,
have
continuedintheireastward course, until, within
28
dej^^-reesN.
L. they fell in with thetrade wind,
which
compelledthem
to chang'e their course,and
carriedthem
towardsMexico
or lowerCalilbinia,where
they laid thefounda-tion to that
kind
of civilization resembling- somuch
the Chineseand
Japanese.
Look
attheChinesedress5 or6centuriesago,and
you
have the bead—
dress oftheMexicans;
look at themonstrous
uniforms, coats-of-mail,and
thehead
—
dress oftheJapanesewomen, and you
willbe struckwith
theii;. similarity to the Mexicans.As
all the kings, cliiefs,and
priests, in one word, all the creators of tiiat peculiar civilizition
were
daslroyed hij the Spaniards,
we
need
notwonder
attlielow
el>b ofedu-cation of the presentrace, vvbo are
merely
thechildren of peasantsand
the lowerclasses.
Were
Cliinesewho
speak
the different dialectsand
well versed in their
own
literature,and
Japineseof education, wellfur-nished with ancient works, sentwith scien'^iHc
men
to America, v,'emay
rest assured, they
would
soondecypher
the inscriptionsnow
fastgoing
to ruin.
HammarT/ofSimilaritytftheAmerican Indians withtheJapanese, Chinexe
andNorthernAsiatics.
1. Lamjua-^e. MnnosylUbic, asspokonbv 'be (Jtomiand other tribes.
Hiero-pflypb.? or iden'.^iaphicchar;iciers.onthesamepiinciple aithe Chinese; absence of
the
R
(iinrtn:irthosetrilieswherethe ideograi'hicch^iactei'sarefound; prevalenceofhissini? soundsan.l gutturals,and mast words terminatinginavowel-2.
Polysylla-bic languas^e of asyllai)icchat-icter,representini? notsound,butsi/llah/rsasin
Ja-pan. Japanese wordsdetectedinthe Indian languaHjo; Japanese form of the
poj-sessise cis'-"; prevalence of the B. andthe terniination of every wird in a vowel,
except theN.
2. Ueli;4ion. The nnost ancient religion of the Indiansnow formina t^e
wan-dering tribes,isthe belief inonegreat Spirit,
whom
theyworshiplikethe Japanesetheir SinJfiijI(spirit)withoutimage. In both places long, hortatory addresses are
delivered to tlie audience, andboth exhibitprofound reverence of that spirit, and
d.'epreli'.:i'>u3feelin!?s. The polytheistic t'orin ofworship asfoundin Mexico&c.,
is,accoriUn<to accu-pted history,themost
m
ule'-n one andwas,if we believeChin-e^ie lei»ends.iniroducedby [Judhist and Sh-imanpriestsabout the bei^inninp; of the
Bixth century ofoui era,which nearly oincides with thecommencementof the
Tol-tecian hi.story, which is put down at A. 0. 596. The dragon orserpf-utworship
wasvery prevalent. Tliat the Chinese draizon is norhing but a serpent, can be
proved fromthef:ict. that atthis
moment
si^rpcatsare keptintemples asrenresen-tatives of the ancient dragon. They resembledtheChinese and (Mudliist) J;ipanese
in their ideis of •'the transmigration of thesoul;" in theirmonastic forms and
dis-cipline;
--in theirpenauccs. ablutions.almsirivinu'S andpublicfestivals;inihc
wor-ship ofthiurhousehoiil i:ods, inthedevotions of thejirie-.tstothe study ff-istroloj^y
cloi»-TNTIIODUCTIOX.
i^ummari/ ofShiulariti/ ^c. S,-c. Origin
of
the WrittenLanguage.
ter; in the incense,liturgies and chantsoftheirworship;iu theiruse ofcharmsand
amulets; in some ofibeirformsof burnius? the dead, ^nd the preservation of the
ashes in urns, and in the assumptionofihorii;httoeducate the youth."
Amony
other superstitious notionsi^theoneofacelestialdragonendeavouring;todevourtha
sunduring;aneclijise,andtheirfondnessforthedrum, gong andrattles.
3. Customs.
—
The drai;on standard, banner Imces, aswefindthemin Chinese Budhist temples; eusicrnsand bannersstuckin aferula, fixedat theback ofawar-rior.
A
Kindof heraldry,as wemefttamontj the Japanese.Some
oftheirnuptialswere symbolized by theceremonyoftyiny;thegarmentsofthatwocontracting
par-ties to;;ether. 'I'here wasonly onelawful wife, thongh a plurality of concubines.
Ihave already refe'red to the similarity of dress, architecture and anchors of
ships.
Physiologically considered there is not the slightest diflference between tbeso
triljesandthosv ofJapan andChina, andthetribes
among
themselvesdiffernomorefromeach otherthanthe people of Europeofoneandthe samestock.
Crossing over tothe Atlanticwemeetwith legends pointing to a northeastern
andeasternimmigration. Pictures of bearded
men
dre here andthere found, and" figures indistresswith Caucasian" features have long beenpreserved
among
theToltecs. Teutonic words arehereandtheie interspersedamong thepiraticalCaribs,
Makusi andothertribes,andthestrange propernamesfound
among
the Mexicans,and ofwhich there arenoroots inthe sametongue, indicate a very slight influence
of eastern origin, but notsutlicient tochangethe fundamental Asiatic character of
civilization.
The keyto thiswouldbe, frequenthostile expeditionsalongthe coast ofEurope
andnorthern Africa being, bystorm andthegulf stream, carried into tho Caribic se»,
where the few that survived, were soon absorbedby the natives. But
much
morethan that; we know that Irish priests arrivedat Iceland as early as A.D. 793, or
more than70years before the Normans, andcertainleaendsinformus,that
Irish-men, pressed by
Roman
and Germanicinvaders, crossed the Atlantic even earlierthan the above periodandsettled in Florida, wheretheyweremetwith by the
ad-venturersfrom Iceland. They appear,however to have either been killod orbeen
absoided by the natives,whoononeoccasion seizednolessthan100whites, carried
them into the interior, and would havemurderedthem,hadnotanother white,
ap-parently achief,savedthem. Tlie character he gave of the nativeswassimilarto
thitlatergiven by the Spaniards. P'rom thut time (A.D.1G27) all intercourse
with Americaisbrokenoffandthelandforgotten.
Origin ofthelorittan language.
When
the ancient Chinese felt t!ieneed
of a writtenmedium
forcommnnicatiati theirideasto one anotlier, they represented
them
by
hie-rou-lyphics. Thiisewere
originally nothing but rudeoutlines ofnaturalobjects, as:
—
O
^'^esun.To
express morning-, a linewas drawn
be-neaththesun
(^)
indicating that thesun
is above the horizon.Other
ab-ttract ideas,
having
reference to space,were
representedin a similarmanner,
as:—
above_j:__, below "":.The
characterr^jsresen^edl bysunand
moon,
put together(z)j).si^ifies-brightness, illustration,.illumination &c..Ideas
having
reference tothemind,are expressedby
the heart;quick per-ception, intelligence,
by
the ear&c.The
classificationofthe characters Ufider six heads, i.e.,—
1.
^^
Tseung^O'^^dj hieroglyphics, oroutlinesof natural objects;2. tisC
f^
'Ka
tse' metaphorical, orborrowed
idea'sj^"
X
INTRODUCTION.
Origin ofthe Wr'dte.)i
Langnnge.
/
4-
H
-&
Ui^i^ ideogTajibicor combination of Ideas;5.
iJH^si
'Chun
cliii' antithetical orinvertino; signification;'
6
^^
(Shingjing
phonetic, or suchas givingsound
;V
Ciin be reduced
under two
heads :hierogyphicand
ideographiccharacters.The
former representingthe radicals,and
thelatterthecompound
cha-racters,
must
be well distiiigaishedfrom
words.Many
radicalsorprimi-tives
may
form
onecompound
character; butone
ortwo
suchcharac-'ters mr^vbe necessary toexpress one
word
or idea.The
hieroglyphics were, intheir original form, tooclumsy and
im-practicable to
remain
longin use,hence an
artificialform
was
soonsub-stitutedfor them,
sun,
was
changed
intop
ji |vv]
mountain
into jjj . '<s> eye into
g
. gij(j philosophy in all itsbranch<)Swas
brou"'ht tobearupon
theform;Uion ofnew
characters.The number
of original hieroglyphics,now
radicals, is 214.These
are however, notall simple charact-^rs,
on
wliichaccountwe
might even
reducethat small
number
considerably.Some
are very complicatedand
belon""to that classof characters,
which
we
would
call phonetics,Takin"' it for granted, that the spoken language existed before the
written, that it
was
asmonotonous
(lack ofdiversified sounds)and
mo-nosyllabic as it isnow,
themost
practical question that suggests itselfto our
mind
is this;What
ruleguided them
in theformation ojthe cha-racters7 Ifwe
are able toascertain this,we
have
gained a greatstepand
shall find it notso ditHcult a tasktoremember
even
complicatedcharacters.
Character
of
the writtenlanguage.The
214
radicalswe
would
call Relatives,and
the primitivesformed
by
acombinationofone ormore
radicalswe
would
call Phonetics.We
must
be
well understood, thatwe
only deal with those characters,which
we
supposeto be the representativesof thespoken language,asitexisted at the time,when
the written characterswere
introduced.The
phoneticswere
eithersimple orcompounds,
i. e.sometimes
only a single radicalwas
required toexpress the monosyllabic word, whilst again certaincompounds
assuming
thepower
of phonetics.Three
piinciplesguided
them
in theformation ofcharacters.1. therepresentative ;
2. the ideographic;
and
3. thephonetic.
1.
Of
tho first class tlienumber
isnot very great.None"
of thecharacters of
which
they arecomposed,
has anything todo
with thesound
orspoken
word
; f. i. rlr. tso- tositdown
iscomposed
of^yan/v»
an,
and
't'6IL,
earth.As
the author could notfind aform
which
inxr
INTRODUCTION.
Character
of
theWritten
Latujiuige.Bound
corresponded to the colloquialword
tso^,he
representedtwo
raeasitting;
on
theground.Yan*
^
to be pregnant,iscomposed
of7^
^nai, tobe,and
'tsz ~f*child.
None
of the characters hasany
reference to theword
yan*,but
apregnant
woman
isrepresented as—
being
Avitliachild.2.
The
ideograi^hicand
phonetic principles areinmost
instancescom-bined; but not always, f. i.
mak,
^g
ink expresses the idea of hakj^^
black,and
jH
^t'Ojsubstance=a
blacksubstance.Yukj
^^
a prison, iscomposed
oftwo
^hiin,yC
dogs,and
jin^,
word,to say, to speak.
The
author's idea of a prison, therefore,must
have
been th;itofa plnce wiiere one isconstantlvannoyed
aswhen
l)er-u'oen
two
dog-^, orwhere
men
holil coavcr^.iLioii ofu.s vileacharacter as that of dogs.3.^']_iH^pha,netio principlepvedominatos over every otherin the
for-mation
of characters. Its extensive ai)pIicationalmostentiile't^ttto the '3'esiguationofthe syllabicsystem ofthelanguage.These
syllablesproveincontesribly, that the authors of the written
language emieavoured
to *invent a
mode
of representingthelanguage
asspoken;
butcombining
ideography
with tliti phoneticSA'Stera, they soon found it superfluous toAvritofor the ear, as the iJeograjjhiccharacter iully
conveyed
themean-ing
to the reader. Henfc»itcame, thatthelanguage by
degreesasstmi-ed
more
of tlie monosyllabic character,which
progressedwith theex-tension ofletters
and
general education.Examples,
where
theideographicand
plioneticsj'stems arecombined.
P'a' 'Ih to
be
afraid, iscompcsed
of pak,(Court
dialectp'ah)and
heart.
As
theauthorbrouglithis])hiIosophicalnotions to bearon
thefor-mation
ofthecharacter,and
thatbeing that of a paleheartwhen
fi-i^iht-ened, he selected acharacter possessing both attributes: sound,
and
thecolour ofa frightened
man.
But
as palenessfrom
p';? fright, standsinintimate relation tothe heart, he united
them
and
thus representedideaand sound
inone
word.(Lung
^^
a hole, iscomposed
of /\. iit, a hole, aden,and
Hb
J""raa dragon.
The
author consideringtluihabitation ofdragons
tobe caves, holes,placed adragon under
shelterin anatural cave, orhole, so thatby
seeing the character, one's ideas are at once associated with—
a hole, whilstJung
would remind
him
of theword
incommon
use.It
would
lead us too far,were
we
totrace this interesting,butun-profitable, subject
any
further;we
wouhi, therefore,proceed to the pure phonetics, or those characters,which
rejiresentthelanguage
as it insome
parts stillis, orwas, once, spoken. If thestudentwill
pay
strict atten- -,tion tothe phonetics, he will findit comiiaratively easy tolearn to write
||
and
toremember
thepronunciation ofacharactei'.Note.
—
Under
a phonetic systemwe
understand not merely syllables batacapacityofdissecting theseiiitoconsonantsaadvowels,asis impossible with theChinese phonetics.
xrr
TXTRODUCTIO>^.
Characterof'the WriHe7i Lanf/uage.
The
SeUitives.The
phonetics areofa stereotype characterand
arecomposed
of one,xirr
INTtiODUCrrON.
T//e Jtelutives.
65.
;H'
'Kiing 'J'ojoin hands.5().
~\
Yik,An
arrow.57.
^
fK^nnf^A
bow,
58.
^"^
Kai'A
swino'sLead.59.
^
^Shara Feathers, hair.GO.
Y
Ch'ik,A
short step.4
Strokes.01.-l\j>t/J\^,Sam
The
heart.C-J. JiC <K\vo
A
spear.C:3.
j5
W
A
door. 6i.^
'ShauA
hand.05.
^
,ChiA
branch.60.
jfejt
P^ok,AbW.
67.X^
tMan
Letters, (.58. -n'^^u
-A-measure.
69.JV
(Kan
A
catty. 70.y^
.Fong
A
square, 71./L/C
iMo
Without,
not.72.
H
Yat,The
sun. 73.H
UC^To
speak. 74.>^
U^iThe
moon.
75.
>K
Mukj
Wood.
70.:X
Him'
To
owe. 77.ih
'ChiTo
stop. 73.^:^
'Tai Evil.Weapons.
79.:§!,Shu
80.fl^iMo
81. J^fcTi
82.%
^Mo
83.ft
Sl'i^ 84.-^ HP
Do
not.To
compare. Hair.A
family. Breath. 85. :5iC'i' .>f<'Shui. 80. j/C'^'"^ 'I^o Fire. 87.jTV
4*
'Chdu Clawa.
88.3^
Fu^
A
father. 39.^
^Ng-iiulo
imitate. 90.7l
{Ch'ong-A
Couch.
91. It P'in'A
.splinter. 92.^
»Nga' Teeth. 93.^f" iNgau
A
cow. 91. ;/c^
'Hun
A
dog. 6 Strokes. 95.^
jUn
bouibre. 96.^3E
Yuk,
A
-em.
97. )Ik
,Kwa
A
melon.98.
K
-Nga
Earthen.99.
-y^ ,K6in
Sweet. 100.i^,8h{ing
To
produce. 101.IB
Yung^
To
use.lOG.
^
iT'inA
field.103.
7p
P^at,A
roll, a piece. 104.^
-^^^"^j Diseased.105
^"^
^*"^' '^'^ separate. 106.A
^'^^iWhite.
107.i^
.P'i Skin. 108.M
'Ming
A
dish. 109.@
°=°Mnk,Theeye.
110.'^
t^i^^i -^spear.m
4^
*Ch'iAn
arrow.112.-5
Shek,A
stone.113
^J^?
^^^^^To
admonish.
114. ft]'Yau
To
creep,no.
:^cWo
Grain.116.
yC
Utj A.cave,117. JJL L-^'Pi
To
standup.C Strokes."!
XIY
INTRODUCTION.
Ultc Jlelativcs. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 12G. 127. 128. 121). 130.131
132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151."^
Mai
Rice.^
,Sz' Silk.^
,Fau Crockery.^[mJli'Mong
A
net. ^-^jYeung
A
sheep.^M
-l'^ Wing-s.^
^Ia>Aged.
rfn ;!And,
still.;^
Lo?
A
plough. -^*'IAn
ear.^^
LutjA
pencil.r^
>]
Yuk,
Flesh.•p,
iShanlanA
minister.g
Tsz^ "g* Shit Self; from.To
extend
to.A
mortar.The
tongue.^
'Ch'un
Error.-^
^Chau
A
boat; avessel.^
Kan'
Perverse.^
Shik, Color.ljJJ|I-^^' cTs'o Shrubs.
/^
J<'u.A
tiger.^
sCh'ung
Keptiles.IqI^ Hiit, Blood.
^^
Jli^nj?To
walk.^
^
J
Clothing.(^ i^
'Hu
To
oversee; west 7 Strokes.^
Kin'To
see.^
Kok,
A
horn."^
Jn
Words.
>^
Kuk,
A
valley.M
Tau^ Piilrie. 152.^<
TJh'iKNTRODUCTJON.
'The lielalives.
The
rho?ietics.The Spohcn
Lamjua'je.jr.,Ac
1S:1
M
cl^'i T<3 fly. 181.^
Shik,To
eat. ]8o. "§""^8)11111The
head. 180.^^
jlleun!:^ Incense.10
Strokes. 187.Mj
OIu
A
horse. 188.'^
Kwat,
BoH-es. ]S9.jg^Ko
Ilio-h.i:)0.
Jp
,riu Lono-h;nr:191,
Pi
Tan'To
(luarK^l,]Ol>.
^
Gh'eung'A
trag-rant plant, I'.'o.f^
T^ik,A
tripod, urn,104.
%i
'Kwui
A
demon.
11 Sti'okes. 1O.J.^
.tJA
fish. ]0!).%
rp
12
Strokes.201.^,
Wong
Yellow.'2iyi.
^
'Sh.-i Millet.i^O.3.
P
Ilak, Llack. -^^^. lr[^'Ch'iTo
embroider. ].j Strokes. -05. gg^ ^MinA
froo-. *30G. ^^f[ 'Ting-A
tripod. 207.gj
cKu
A
drum.
'2m.J^
'ShiiA
mouse.
-11: Strokes.*
The
nose.210.
^
jTs'aiEven,
correct,15
Strikes.211.
®
'ChiThe
teeth.16
Strokes.212. }^%
Xung-
A
dragon. 213.H^
jKwai
A
tortoise.17
Strokes.21-1.
'^
Yeukj
A
flute.The
Phonclics.The Spohcn
language Bcprcscnted hi the Characler.In looking into a
Tonic
Dictionary, onemust
be struckwith
theLn'u-e
number
otcharacters, wliichwhen
separatedfrom
their respectiverelarives, retain the
same sound
tlieyhad
in their various combinations,though
theircomponents had no
referencewhatever
to themeaning
ofthe word.
When
however, the plionetic has a signification ofitsown,
it frerpiently conveys themeaning
ofawhole
sentence,and
isnotonly ideographic, butitscomponents
correspondalso insound
to thespoken
lanu'uage.
XVI
INTRODUCTION.
Thi^
Spolwn
Lay,(/na/je h'epresmlcd hi fheChamcter.
The
rhonrtics.^
Jcin-, capital (city)t^
jii a lisli.fi^
tk'in^^
jC
<kung
to lubour.j]
\i\[with] vigour, ^/j(kung-a c(kung-apitiil fish,a
whale, the
lar-gest of
mons-ters. to perform ac-tionsdeserving praise; merito-rious&c.Xjvung
' tolabour :5: p=okJ
^^^'^fll'^.^^^fe^kung j ^^ "^^^'^^^^ 5Io^t, blows
^
^"I
assault.to
These few examples
show, thatthe ancient Chinese, afterhaving
(liscar<le<l the hieroglyphics,
endeavoured
to represent their ideas asex-pressed in the vernacular tongue.
The
furtherwe
go
to the north, orthe»nearer>ive
approaoh
antiquity, the greater will be the siujilaritybe-LiA--
tween
thesound
ofthe dissected characterand
thespoken
language.The
purely phonetic system,where
thesound
represents thespoken
language, irrespectiveof<Jie
meaning
ofthe cnn-)])ound, is themost
pre-..^valent,and
to this the stndentsliouldpav
his undivided attention,^^"'^'^ '' "
p,-,
Examples
of^thePhonetic jlrtj jTHuig.Add
to therelative,—
-^
jkam, metal, thephonetic |^| jt'ung,andy
XVIT
INTJ{ODUCTI0i\.
The
Phonetics. iSaa'edAniwa/s
d-c. J/iffhumt JStylf.!*of Wrilinn.{arollof
pa-Add
rtl J^an, a napkin, to fu orfuk@
&
you
have ifg
fiik,i^^^'"J'/''^''"^;
__ (niaps L^c.
„
7J\shP
asig-n ofheaven, do. do. do.^
fuk, happiness.Sacred
A7iimals (fc.Many
an
animal hasbeen
declared sacredby
popularbeliefon
ac-count of itsname
beinf^ thesame
as thatof happiness or prosptM-ity.Hence
a bat isa sacred being,because
it is called fuk,, thesame sound
and
tonesifj;nifying-hapimwss.
A
deeris an animal bringing piosperityto its master, because it iscalled lukj , a
word
corresponding insound
and
tone exactly to luk^,emoluments
ofoffice; prosperity &c.
And
thesixtii
day
of the sixthmonth
is,by
virtue ofthe doubleliik^(G, 6)adpu-bly lucky
day
;aud
officers ofhigh
rank, inorder to derive thefullbe-nefit ofit,
wash
on thatday
theirown
clothing.As
thenumber
ofcharacters, thathave
assumed
thepower
ofpho-netics, iscomparatively small, a
thorough knowledge
ofthem
is of greatvalue to the student, for it willenable
him
toremember
themost
com-plicated characters without
much
difficulty.A
stock of about 1,500,learnt at the beginningofstudy, will
make
the recollection ofthe com-ponents ofacharactereasy,whenever
(as is frequently thecasewithmis-sionaries) pressure ofduties
compels
him
to leave thepen
orbrush
un-touched in the desk.
In
a countrywhere
literature hasbeen
cutlivated in sohigh
ade-pree,
we
must
expectto find various styles of writing.Though
afor-eigner has hardly
any
time tospend on
ornamental
orrunning-hand
\vriting,
he
is often calledupon
to discuss orname
the variousmodes
of
\vriting,
on which
accountwe
hereadd
thedesignations of the sixdif-ferentstyles.
-,
J?^^
..,,..,
^ .- , ,5^^^
.. •, fthe sealcha-^'
^&
sun' jShu, thefanciful style, or^<-T'
sun'tszH
racters
2-
Tf^W"
**^i*n
, theplain,squarecharactersusedforwriting prefaces3.t^
&
'kai ,, , the pattern style.4.
YTW
il^^^^S';; ) a stiffform
oftherunning
hand.h.
Jp.^
^tso„
, thefreerunning
hand.6-
yrvW
Sung',, , elegantform
of charactersused
inprinting.Colloquial Chinese. Verbs with certain svffixes.
Though
itwould
as yet be veryimprudent
for a student of theChinese
language
to neglect the study ofthe written characters, ashe
could not otherwise expect to exercise
much
influenceamong
the edu-cated classesof China, there is sufficientground
for the hope, that a phoneticsyatem
will sooner or later supersede the presentcharacters.XVITI
I^TKODUCTJON.
Verbs with the Siijjic of, or
Ending
in, Chidj£
•; ; ;
«
—
and
lay the fbumi:Uioii of greaterdevelopment and
perspicuity of the verniicuhr tong-ue,tjs amediutn ofcoiiimiinicatinirone'sidejTs.Few
verbs areusedsing-ly.Some
combine with
words,whose
mean-ing* differs greatly
from
theirown.
We
would
therefore call thefirstword
theroot, and the second its termination.Words
alwayscombining
with this latterform should be called Di.^atjllahic
words
with suchater-mination or suffix.
As
this is a subjectofconsiderable importance,upon
which
isde-pending
the future development, perfection,and
scientific treatment of thelanguage, thefoundationu])onwhich
will rest thewhole
weight
of thepossibilityofreducingthe ideogi-aphic characters to a phoneticsys-tem, I have collected aconsiderable
number
of phfases illustrative ofwhat
ishereasserted.Verlis loith the suffixof,or endingin, chi'i}
^^
.Tap,
chii*fdi' tPSp
ft^'-^lk To
treadon
that ground.Mong^
chii'ko'^t^iuW.ii.M%
To
lookat the heavens.'Kau
chii* ^to ^niny\
jX^^
Of
man}"years' duration.Tsam^
chii^ 'kiyat,Wft^
9
To
live therefor afew
days.,Fan
chii^ sz'jhoung
yX^j£
t'-qli^^PTo
live separately in four villages.jT'ung
chii^yat,cli'ii' \^\^iE—
"J^ To
live togetherinone
place.(Fung
clui'mat, ^hoi^'f!t
'^
^
Sealitand
letitnotbe
opened.'Chi chii^ mi'^hang
iLTE^''~r
To
stopwalking.^Lau
chii'ngoi^kwok,
"^ft:^!*!^
Detainhim
abroad.(Kli ehii''pun 'kong
^it4^'/^
He
lives atour estuary. 'Se chii^^cheung'chiJ^
jiy^^j^Ml
He
iswritinga sheet of paper. (Chilchu*(Chi pat,^Mttlx^
He
holds a pencil in hishand.
Ch6uk,
chii'/i fuk,Mii^^^
To
puton
clothing.(Yarnchu'^pui'tsau
'^'fE^ffi
To
drinkacup
(orglass) ofwine-Shik,chii^'hau ,iu
^H
P
fflTo smoke
a puffoftobacco.,Nim
chii^'pa ,chetAftffiS
Carry
thisumbrella.jT'oichip .slung 'kiu
^P
ft
SIS
Carry a chair.,Ch'ua
chtftui'jliai^
ffiW^
Put
on
apairofshoes.Tai'chii^kin'
mh'
Mftff'I'M
To
wear
acap or hat.Tso' chii' 'm;i ,ch6
rI^{i.lB^
To
sitina carriage. Tsoi' chii' fo'mat,Kft
M
^'f^To
storeaway
goods.,Tan
cliii' ch;ui^-/""S^^1?Ht^
W
To
put goods
in thegodowu.
XIX
TN'I'IIODUCTION'.
Verbs?vith the Sv£ixof, or
Endhuj
in, Chic' fji.Jvwfin cliii^(kai chap^
^JTEl^lFi^
^^^' ^^^^n^^^oi"barrier,jWai
chii' iSliing .ch'iU^iJii^'/lli
'i'<> siiiiound or besiege acity.'81iau chii^,yi»gclu'ii*
Tt'rEl^'5^
'^'^giianl or holdan
encanipmeiit.,\\';ln clui' t(V ,t'au
\iiH.dM"f\ To
ancliorat the ferry orlaiidiiij;pUico.
Sak,chii'.In'ini,',k'ii
^ftiiuiSf
To
stop nj) asewer.,Lan
chii^ to^16*tt^ftMK^
To
obstruct the road.;i
ang
cbii'sh5'muk,
SfiMH
Put
it to account,
To
keep
an
account.
Tuk,
chii' kok,ba^®ft
[I3T
To
livealoneinthe
lower
story.Knng^chii^lau
sheung^^ftl#_t
To
live tog-etherinthe
upper
story.,Li'a chii' noi* ng-oi*
iSftp^J^hTo
connect the innerand
outerpart.
Kap,
chii* "leung- ,piu3feftS^
To
pass on both sides.Kak,
chii*^chung
,kunftS'fE^^
(^
Partitionit.'Cho chii*5\vong,-loi
|>fl^fil:y|^
To
prevent [people from] passing'and
repassing.Kan'
chii* ch^it,yap,l^'^pLj/V
To
followwhen
going
outorcom-ing in.
Ku'
chii* jts'iuhau-^,
j£
liHlix
^'^ reflectupon
thepastand
future^Kan*
chii*'tsoyau*ifillES:^
To
stay close to aperson.^On
chii*^man
,sam^j^S-'Ci'
To
pacify peoples minds.sNa
chii* ts'ak,^fi:^^MII
To
apprehend
robbers.Tuk,
chii*sz'tsut,^ft
i
^
To
lead outtroops.Ch'ap,cbii* ling* tsin'
^U^^ijTo
stick theEmperors
command
on
theback
ofan
officer.Tai'chii* ^pi'ng
'yung
^ii:^-^
To
leadon
troops.'Ch'e chii*,t'iu,shing
^|if^/^
To
haul a rope./r^ingchii*,ch'e
Jun
ix^tE^llfl
To
stop acarriage or cart.'P'5 chu- jhoi
X
ffift^52»
To
carry babies.Chap;
chii-chek, ^shau^fi^'^
To
seizeoneby
thehand;
toshake
hands.
'Im
chii-^sht'ung*nguu
l^'f£
5^HPv To
coverthe eyes.Hit,
chii* tsoi* 'ts'zSJCft^ltt
Stop here.llitj chii*^shau
MXii~r*
To
restfrom work.
XX
IXTROPITCTION.
Vcrbx
Endlmj
in ^hi'/tS ^'^ B<se.'Seunjj 4ii
^,®
To
thinkon,Ki' „
^u
j> j> recollect, toremember.
To
call tomind,
Ts.-lcj „ 'iP ,,
„
do., to act, tomake
; tocompose.
Tso*
„
:tsx „ do., do., do. tCluiu „W^
„ ,, copy.'Se
„
^
„ ,. write.Tso' „ rl^
„
„
sitdown.
*K'i
„
"^h„
,' Ptand, to standerect.Jv'am
„
Wii
„ » Ipfin over(half standing-).jT'iii
„
jplh „ „ le.ip, tojump.
,Nim
„
ici v „ takeup
with the fing-ers, tocarry.<T'iu
„
r1t„
„ takeup
by
theend
ofa'stickand
flingaway.
jToi
„
4H
„
„ carry fas a chair).^Tam
'„ ^'tf„
„
carryon
a poleaccrossthe shoulder.^Konfi- ,, iflC ,. „ carry
on
apolebetween
two.KwiV
,;lip „
,; suspend, to hano- up.Chap,
„^z
„„
takein thehand, totake up.^T'o
„
4ifl!/ »>M
takeup
achildfrom
the g-round.*I<i
V
T^^
»j » stir, to stir up.Tiu' ,,
^^)
„„
tie up, to pullup
to abeam
asm^n when
tortured. <L:iu
„
W'
,y„
hand
up
; to take up.,Pau
„
cl
»,„
enwrap, to envelop.. Tsoi' „m
„„
fill, tofill up.,Chong
„
^
„ „ store; adorn.«Kaa
,,1^
»
>jelect, tochoose, to select.
Ap,
,, •j'T»
V
seize; to apprehend.'So
„
S^
,,„
lock, to chain.'Ch'e ,j
tt
,. „ haul, todrag.'Lo
„
^^§_ „ „ annoy. I'^at,„
^^U „
„ brush, towipe, to dust.'Kon
,,X^
„
fy persne, torun after.'Yam
„-pj
„ „ drink.xxr
INH^^ODUCTION.
Verbs
ending
hi 'hi^E
.'Pmig- 'li^
^^
To
holdin the hand.sShfiig- „
1^
„„
ascend, tomount
; to availof.'Kiin „
f^
;, „ rollup
(as a screen).^SuE
„ 3II >> yy select, to choose out.*Tsau „
^
„
„ run, tohasten.Kai'
„
gy
„
„
count, to recouup.'To
„
'^J„
;,pour
out; tooverturn.*Ta
„
^
„„
finish, to work, [as ingold, silver&c.]Ch^ik, „
f^
„
„
startle,to recollect suddenly. ^P'au„
J0^
„„
throw
up, (asaball ina game).sFft
„
-JTC „„
assist, to aid, tohelp up,when
fallendown.
'Pong
„
^
„„
tie, tobandage.Wd*
„^^
„
„
speak, tospeak oitt, to tell._
^s. J.'Kong
„ i4^„
„ discourse on, to converse, to narrate. Pat, ,, ^PC J J ?) pullup;
toextirpate.(Kau
(^nau)„
W^
„„
pullup
hy
ahook
; to raise, asan
anchor.Wat,
„
^Xi n
;? scoopout, to excavate.^Ch'iii
„
w^
,,„
pare off, to lop off; tomake
aholeintheground.
Shii^
„
;^
„„
erect, to raise (as astandard).,Ch'apj
„
iW
?j ,) insert, to set in; to thrust into (as a flagstaft).
(Shing ,,
7i
71 7> complete; toraise.(Shau „
^%
„„
collect; toputaway
asclothing,when
not', nsed.Ch'au
„
^
„
„
takefrom
; tolift; todraw
out. T'ik,„
&^
„
„
kick.^Wan]
„^
„
„ draw, to pnllup.,Tau
„
^
„
„
To
liftup.Tai'
„
S|
,, ^^ carry, to wear. *Kii,,
:^
,, „ raise,to elevate.XXII
INTRODUCTION.
Verb.s cndi)},] in 'hi t^B, iHidc,
^P,
tb' ^ijand
'tofU
.,Me
'hi|t®
To
carryon
theback;
tocarryachildpickapack.,Ch'6
„
^^
„„
pullup, asa flag-.(I^j'ii
„
IS
ji 'J l^sli, towhip
(as a horse).Verbs ending ink'cuJc,
^P.
cMongk'euk,TS^'P
To
iorg-efc.^^t,
„
^.
„ ., do.^T^r.i
„
tffi >• ;> refuse.sTs'z
„
^
,; ,, declioe, asan
office; torefuse.I^'^'t,
„
IM
" ?'P"sh away.
,P^au
J,
fM
yj ).throw away.
'Kam
,, i/:|jj
„
„
diminish, tosubstract: toabbreviate.^^''^-ii
,,
1^
>j >5 .removeall.Mat,
„
<7/} „Not
allowone
todeclinean
invitation.,Sam
„
ii^
„To
di:^like, to feel averseto. '^'''"
JL
"
"
disdain, tocompleteand
putaway
Feros endingintb^^ij.
cChi t6^ ^JI^lJ
To
know.
Ill'
"
S*
^> J. estimate, to reflect, to find out"
_SL"
"
^^^'^j <=o transmit."
?^
"
"
^^^^X
to bring-or take to [acertain place.]-^
"Is
"
"
''''''"^'^^
^"''''•• ''^'
»
m
„„
fear, to beafraid of.Ngan
„
BR; „^^ i-eachwith
your
eves.ouau
„
-f-^^ ^^ i.gacii ^-(.j^ y^jj^.ijjjjj^ig^ cChui „
g
^^ ^^ persue,to catch, toreach, s00?
'J 15^ „„
provide, ortoguard
against.Verls endingin
Ho
^j^.'T5
M
is almostalways
a termination of theperfect tense.
If the
Pronouns
:^^ «no-o Tf^
'm' m-YH
nXXIII
IXTRODUCnON.
Verbs en/ling in 'to 'plj
and
ch'ut^ [ijI'ak, 'to ^t'in
W
f^^^l
^"F
^^^
8'°* ^^"^whole
emi)ire.Kwai^
„ pai'^shan^fil^'y^-i^W
^^^ knoelsdown
to worship thespirits.
jMin
„
,ch'ong shcung^ 0A;'^Jj[?kJt To
bo sleepingon
the bed.Tso^
„
'kin4u
:3£jJPJI'i^^„
be seated ina sedan.'Ta
„
jshing jch4'fTijlJ'^jyi
„ have
reduced acity.PcV „ p'au'^t'oi
Jl'ffil^fi^
„have
seizedupon
a fort.<.'bukj „ ts'akj'fi
•t^^JHSgE
„ have
arrested a criminal.Yam^
„ch;W,fono-
%M^M
,,
have
rented agodown.
aVing„4bpuu^
BB#j50'f^
„ have
got apartner.^Alai
„
fo' mat,^''^Ji}^
„ have
purchased goods.Fat, ,, tai^ jts01 "&»1^J
/C
MT
„have
made
much
money.
Kii' „ shii^
mukj
^ffl&J^
„ have sawed
a tree.'J'sokj
„
yuk, sheK,^^Wi
^5
„ have
ciit agem.
Kwat, „
,kara,sha^#lj^#
„ have
dug
forgold. Tit,„
tsoi^ ti^^^J^li^lii
=,have
fallen to the ground.,Cii'ui
„
lokj'shui^#]-J§^7K
^lown
iuto thewater.'Hi
„/a
jiin^"^J
IzWl
1'<>have
made
aflowergarden.-Ivi „ Joi't'ai
dcfl/l^iif^
„ have
raised one'sself tolook.^Tin
„
shi",fi ?^i^!lji)'T£^
„confound
rightand wrong.
KiiV ,,ku
ii ^T"T&jP{illlM ,.have
calledcoolies. Tsip, „ -shii sun'"WlM
^ip
„
have
receiveda letter.'Lo ,, jkan suan ^^j^J^i^l^ife „
have
earned nothing buc trouble; tol.iavebrought
one'sselfinto trouble.
Verbs cndhiq in ch'ut^ [ij.
Ts(r client, jUian ,ch(''r.ng ^i'iiv
tU
jX-^
'^^compose
anessay.'Sc'ung
„
'hokai^SjliMlt
„
invent (originate) agood
piau.
SSe
.„
,san ,rann ^fljij^lffrB ,, writeoutsome
news. Fat,„
'haucleung
iStilPrt
n
tl^sin-ibute provisions (la-,tions).
^Ying
„
young'seung'UtliMi'H
„ reflect a true image, totiike ajtliotograph.
XXIV
INTROBUCTION.
Verbs ending
in ch'nt,pj
and
hli^^^
*Sliam ch'ut, jts'ing-sjauTai' 'Tsau Chuk-'Sau
(pmg
-ma
jTnun'liau jli^njjan&
fid®
Hi
trai
"^^fi^<^'lout the causeofan
affaii-_4^
f{4:^i^
';> ^^^•^ outtroops.,,
run
outside.„ expel(drive out) idlers.
,, discover vag'abonds,
„
find outstolen property.mmmm
L5^ch^itj(Sz sz^ ifea-stj-^J^^ '^odivulge secrets.
Tsb^ch'utjhi'
^mengiS jii^iSL
To
make
or invent a?'ticles used in worshiporeatinjz-&c.Mai^
ch^ut,fo'mat,K
Hi
^4^7
To
sellgoods.Other
words
now
indefinitely floatingamong
the confused orbe
wildered masses,would form
prefixes of dissyllabicor trisyllabicwords
Examples.
jFan
(Shang^iliE
^o
revive, tocome
to life again.jPan
hiP^^^
;; I'eturn.,Fan
'chiin ^t'auS?^4R
;;^o-jTan
hii' ,kwaiHillj
?> returnhome,
[ij-pj
„
marvel, to besurprisedat. \j\^
„
come
outorforward.pj
^
„
let (as a house).E
fT
>' t^'^6ii walk.PI
Wt
y> scheme, to plan. Ch'ut,jk'i Ch'nt,cloi Ch'utjyam^
Ch'ut,chang Ch'ut,kai'Lok,
cT'oi/Kwai
Tifi^ Tai',run
jKw'ui 'Shai hii'Verh"- terminati'ug inhit
-^,
?"^
To
descend.i^
jj„
cf.i-ry to.Ultj
„
„
return.^
PM
h
V
transfer.^
„ „ bringto, tocarryaway.
1^
„
„move
to(oraway).
•f/^
„
„
carry to ( do. ).XXV
INTRODUCTION.
Verbs ending inhii
-^
.