human population EVS Project

INTRODUCTION

I.

Define Population

A population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species which live in a particular geographical area and have the capability of

interbreeding. The Latin word populous, meaning “people,” gives us the root population. Words from the Latin populous have something to do with people. A population is the group of people living in a particular place. In the future, the world's population is expected to peak,after which it will decline due to economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion and environmental hazards. According to one report, it is very likely that the world's population will stop

growing before the end of the 21st century.

II.

What is Population Explosion?

Population explosion refers to the rapid and dramatic rise in world population that has occurred over the last few hundred years. Between 1959 and 2000, the world’s population increased from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion people. According to United Nations projections, the world population will be between 7.9 billion and 10.9 billion by 2050. Most of the growth is currently taking place in the developing world, where rates of natural increase are much higher than in industrialized countries.

III.

Causes of Over Population Explosion

a)

Birth Rate

The term birth rate could be defined as the rate at which the births take place in a population during a particular time or period. Since it is a rate, the involvement of time for the number of births is very important. Usually, the period is defined for a calendar year (from 01st of January to 31st of December of a particular year).

b)

Fertility Rate

The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area

expressed per 1000 population per year. Fertility rate is generally expressed as the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 in a calendar year. The fertility rate varies significantly across different countries with developed nations have low rates (1 – 2 or 2 – 3 children per female) and developing nations have high rates with sometimes up to 7 – 8 children per woman.

c)

Early Marriage/Universal Marriage System

Child marriage or early marriage is a formal marriage or informal union entered into by an individual before reaching the age of 18.The legally prescribed

girls; and even when the age is set at 18 years, many jurisdictions permit earlier marriage with parental consent or in special circumstances, such as teenage pregnancy .

d)

Poverty and illiteracy

Poverty is general scarcity, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes

social, economic, and political elements. Illiteracy having the maximum influence on increasing poverty causes poverty across the world. Poverty as we all know defined as a miserable state of living condition without the basic needs of life food, clothing and shelter.

e)

Population amount among different state in India

Current Population of India 2015

Census) km²) 01 Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 828 908 02 Maharashtra 112,372,972 365 946 03 Bihar 103,804,637 1102 916 04 West Bengal 91,347,736 1029 947 05 Andhra Pradesh 84,665,533 308 992 06 Madhya Pradesh 72,597,565 236 930 07 Tamil Nadu 72,138,958 555 995 08 Rajasthan 68,621,012 201 926 09 Karnataka 61,130,704 319 968 10 Gujarat 60,383,628 308 918 11 Odisha 41,947,358 269 978 12 Kerala 33,387,677 859 1,084 13 Jharkhand 32,966,238 414 947 14 Assam 31,169,272 397 954 15 Punjab 27,704,236 550 893 16 Haryana 25,353,081 573 877 17 Chhattisgarh 25,540,196 189 991

18 Jammu and Kashmir 12,548,926 56 883

19 Uttarakhand 10,116,752 189 963 20 Himachal Pradesh 6,856,509 123 974 21 Tripura 3,671,032 350 961 22 Meghalaya 2,964,007 132 986 23 Manipur 2,721,756 122 987 24 Nagaland 1,980,602 119 931

25 Goa 1,457,723 394 968 26 Arunachal Pradesh 1,382,611 17 920 27 Mizoram 1,091,014 52 975 28 Sikkim 607,688 86 889 UT1 Delhi 16,753,235 9,340 866 UT2 Pondicherry 1,244,464 2,598 1,038 UT3 Chandigarh 1,054,686 9,252 818

UT4 Andaman and Nicobar

Islands 379,944 46 878

UT5 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 342,853 698 775

UT6 Daman and Diu 242,911 2,169 618

UT7 Lakshadweep 64,429 2,013 946

IV.

Effects of Population Explosion

A.

Unemployment

Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a

measure of the health of the economy. The most frequently cited measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate. This is the number of unemployed persons divided by the number of people in the labour force.

B.

Manpower utilization

i.

Pressure on infrastructure

With the continuing growth in urban population across the globe, both public and private sector stakeholders are coming together to develop and implement

solutions that alleviate pressures on existing infrastructure and resources while also enhancing quality of life for urban dwellers. This study highlights steps that are being taken by hardware and software vendors, systems integrators,

governments, and other members of the smart city eco-system in creating sustainable solutions that effectively address challenges faced by modern day cities.

ii.

Resource utilization

Population growth impacts on natural resources management, bio diversity conservation, Environment, Health, and socio economic development. Uganda’s population is dependent on the Environment for survival, with 90% of the

population involved in agriculture. With population growth, mans activities have increased along mount hills and rivers causing contamination, depletion. As well planning for big populations becomes difficult. All these are a great threat to the environment and accelerators of climatic change.

iii.

Inequitable income distribution

Economic inequality, also known as income inequality, wealth inequality, or the gap between rich and poor is the disparity of any of various measures of

economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. Economists generally focus on economic

and consumption. The issue of economic inequality can be relevant to notions of equity, equality of outcome, and equality of opportunity.

iv.

Decreased production and increased cost

Every nook and corner of India is a clear display of increasing population.

Whether you are in a metro station, airport, railway market, temple, or even in a social/ religious gathering, we see station, road, highway, bus stop, hospital, shopping mall, all these places are overcrowded at any time of the day. According to the Indian census, carried out in 2011, the population of India was exactly

1,210,193,422, which means India has crossed the 1-billion.

V.

Reasons for Increase in Population

a. Decline in the death rate: At the root of overpopulation is the difference between the overall birth rate and death rate in populations. If the number of children born each year equals the number of adults that die, then the

population will stabilize. Talking about overpopulation shows that while there are many factors that can increase the death rate for short periods of time, the ones that increase the birth rate do so over a long period of time. The discovery of agriculture by our ancestor was one factor that provided them with the ability to sustain their nutrition without hunting.

b. Better Medical Facilities: Following this came the industrial revolution. Technological advancement was perhaps the biggest reason why the balance has been permanently disturbed. Science was able to produce better means of producing food, which allowed families to feed more

mouths. Medical science made many discoveries thanks to which they were able to defeat a whole range of diseases. Illnesses that had claimed

thousands of lives till now were cured because of the invention of vaccines. Combining the increase in food supply with fewer means of mortality tipped the balance and became the starting point of overpopulation.

c. Technological Advancement in Fertility Treatment : With latest technological advancement and more discoveries in medical science, it has become

possible for couple who are unable to conceive to undergo fertility treatment methods and have their own babies. Today there are effective medicines which can increases the chance of conception and lead to rise in birth rate.

d. Immigration: Many people prefer to move to developed countries like US, UK, Canada and Australia where best facilities are available in terms of medical, education, security and employment. The end result is that those people settle over there and those places become overcrowded. Difference between the number of people who are leaving the country and the number of people who enter narrows down which leads to more demand for food, clothes, energy and home .This gives rise to shortage of resources.

VI.

Factors Controlling Population Density

a.

Geographical factor

Physical conditions, such as climate (temperature and rainfall), landforms in terms of altitudes, the quality of the soil and the availability of energy and mine resources are the important geographical determinants of population distribution. Another important factor is the relationship between the location of one place and other places of importance .Climate is one of the most important natural

conditions which have historically played a vital role in the development of hum life, for it is the main factor determining the formation of botany environment and of vegetable and animal associations.

b.

Availability of natural resources

1.

Fuel:

estimated that high mountains, which generally tend to discourage human settlements, occupy more than one million square miles of the earth's land surface.

2.

Water Bodies:

purposes including irrigation, industries, transport and domestic affairs. Rivers are the greatest source of fresh potable water. Therefore, most of the population is concentrated in the river valleys.

3.

Mineral Resources:

higher population densities in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand and in the adjoining areas of Orissa are largely due to the availability of minerals.

4.

Social and Economic Factors of Population Distribution:

Geographers are not unanimous in their opinion that the distribution of population is determined mainly by physical factors. Some are of the view that social and economic factors are more important than physical factors, and that, as society becomes more complex, these physical factors become less important in determining population distribution.

VII.

Aims and Importance of Population Study

Population study is broadly defined as the scientific study of human populations. Major areas studied include broad population dynamics; fertility and family

dynamics; health, aging, and mortality; and human capital and labour markets. Researchers in population studies also focus on methodology. Population study

is an interdisciplinary area of study; scholars from demography, epidemiology, sociology, economics, anthropology, and various other disciplines study

populations. Various associations and centres exist throughout the United States and elsewhere.

VIII.

Methodology

i. Decline in the Death Rate:

The fall in death rates that is decline in mortality rate is one fundamental causes of overpopulation. Owing to the advancements in medicine, man has found cures to the previously fatal diseases. The new inventions in medicine have brought in treatments for most of the dreadful diseases. This has resulted in an increase in the life expectancy of individuals. Mortality rate has declined leading to an

increase in population.

ii. Rise in the Birth Rate:

Thanks to the new discoveries in nutritional science, we have been able to bring in increase in the fertility rates of human beings. Medicines of today can boost the reproductive rate in human beings. Thus, science has led to an increase in birth rate. This is certainly a reason to be proud and happy but advances in medicine have also become a cause of overpopulation.

iii. Migration:

Immigration is a problem in some parts of the world. If the inhabitants of various countries migrate to a particular part of the world and settle over there, the area is bound to suffer from the ill effects of overpopulation. If the rates of emigration from a certain nation do not match the rates of immigration to that country, overpopulation makes its way. The country becomes overly populated.

iv. Lack of Education:

Illiteracy is another important cause of overpopulation. Those lacking education fail to understand the need to prevent excessive growth of population. They are unable to understand the harmful effects that overpopulation has. They are

unaware of the ways to control population. Lack of family planning is commonly seen in the illiterate lot of the world.

IX.

Result and Discussion

I think to control populations govt should adopt a policy of one child only it doesn't matter its a boy or a girl. By 2021 India will be very near to china in comparison of population. Friends we say why India is still the developing country. The main reason is populations. If this happen then by any mean India will sure become developed country by 2050 whereas in case of china they will remain the most populated country in the world till 2040 and will also be declined below African countries.

In India UP, Maharashtra, Bihar and many other states where populations is increasing tremendously, over there govt should take serious action regarding this issue and should adopt one child policy. Not more than one. If there are twins then it can be ignored.

YEAR POPULATION INCREASING %

1970

3,706,618,163

20.2

1980

4,453,831,714

18.5

X.

Conclusion

While China’s spectacular growth has already benefitted from demographic

dividend, India is yet to do so. By 2025 India will be more populous than China. Its population will also be much younger. More than 10 million new workers will join the labour force, every year, for the next two decades. This is equivalent to the entire population of Sweden joining the labour force.

The demographic dividend will benefit growth not only through the swelling of the labour force, as the baby boomers reach working age, but also due to

society’s ability to save more because working age happens to be the prime years for savings, and the increased fiscal space that will divert resources from

spending on children to investing in infrastructure and technology.

By 2021 India will be very near to china in comparison of population. Friends we say why India is still the developing country. The main reason is populations. If this happen then by any mean India will sure become developed country by 2050 whereas in case of china they will remain the most populated country in the world till 2040 and will also be declined below African countries.

XI.

Population Control

Education:

Education forms the backbone of an individual and economy. Once educated people know and understand the harms which a high population growth rate possesses. Education, especially women education, can work wonders in

controlling population. An educated man and woman can readily understand the benefits of a small family.

Without sufficient education most measures like awareness campaigns and women empowerment will prove to be insufficient and pointless. So it is important that people understand the importance of education and educate their children.

Family Planning:

India was the first country to adopt family planning (in 1951) as the government sponsored programme. But after the efforts of Indian government for about 50 years, birth rate in India has come down only slightly (only from 41.7 in 1951 to 28.3 in 1997 per 1,000 per year). This showed that voluntary family planning programme was not very successful. In 1976, Indian government thought of introducing a programme of compulsory sterilization which required one parent to undergo sterilization after a couple had produced two children. But due to public resistance, this programme was again changed to voluntary programme.