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•• Cahyo adi nugroho (1006772456)Cahyo adi nugroho (1006772456) •• Deni K Sihombing (1006772475)Deni K Sihombing (1006772475) •• Frannicko Marfic Y (1006660182)Frannicko Marfic Y (1006660182)
•• Hermawan adi Chandra (1006676666)Hermawan adi Chandra (1006676666) •• Libertinus juan romualdo (1006676716)Libertinus juan romualdo (1006676716) •• Setyaningrum (1006660283)Setyaningrum (1006660283)
•• Tri sutrisno (1006772576)Tri sutrisno (1006772576)
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FUEl cell
FUEl cell
vv WWelsh Physicist William Grove developed the first crude fuel elsh Physicist William Grove developed the first crude fuel cells in 1839. cells in 1839. TheThe
first commerci
first commercial use oal use of fuel cells f fuel cells was in was in NASA NASA space programs to generatespace programs to generate power for probes, satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have power for probes, satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications.
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v There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode (negative
side), a cathode (positive side) and an electrolyte that allows charges to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. Electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. As the main difference among fuel cell types is the electrolyte, fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel
cells, also known as polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells
(PEMFC), are a type of fuel cell being
developed for transport applications as
well as for stationary fuel cell
applications and portable fuel cell
applications.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
v In the archetypical hydrogen–oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cell
(PEMFC) design, a proton-conducting polymer membrane, (the
electrolyte), separates the anode and cathode sides. This was called a "solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell" (SPEFC) in the early 1970s, before the proton exchange mechanism was well-understood. (Notice that "polymer
electrolyte membrane" and "proton exchange mechanism" result in the same acronym.)
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Komponen yang digunakan untuk menyusun PEMFC adalah end-plate (plastik, GasHub Co.), current collector (plate Cu, GasHub Co.), bipolar plate sebagai separator (Grafit, GasHub Co.), gasket (silikon), serta MEA (membrane
electrode assembly). MEA yang digunakan dimanufaktur dengan menyusun elektroda dan membran dengan cara hotpress. Elektroda yang digunakan adalah carbon paper (GasHub Co), diolesi dengan tinta katalis Pt/C dengan loading 0.5 mg/cm2. Membran yang dipakai adalah Nafion
50 µm (NRE 212, DuPont) [3].
Mekanisme Pembuatan
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
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Komponen Fuel
Cells
Proton exchange
Membrane
Fuel Cells
Mekanisme Pembuatan
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
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The production of proton exchange membrane fuel c
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H O
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Secara umum, Sistem fuel cell ≈ baterai (accu) biasa, yaitu: energi
listrik yang dihasilkan secara elektrokimia yang semua bagian unit
baterainya berbentuk padat, dan elektrolitnya adalah polimer
membran yang menghantarkan proton.
Dalam proses ini terjadi reaksi bahan bakar dan oksidator (oksigen
dari udara) menjadi tenaga listrik, air dan panas.
Sistem perubahan energi ini merupakan clean-technology system
yang ramah lingkungan.
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Prinsip kerja fuel cell merupakan kebalikan proses
elektrolisa, dimana hidrogen direaksikan dengan
oksigen dan menghasilkan listrik.
2H2 + O2
2H2O (1)
Pada reaksi tersebut diatas dibebaskan energi
panas yang kemudian dapat dihasilkan energi
listrik. Arus listrik yang dihasilkan sangat kecil. Hal
ini disebabkan beberapa hal:
(a) rendahnya kontak area antara gas, elektroda
dan elektrolit; (b) jarak yang jauh antara elektroda
dan elektrolit menyebabkan tahanan pada arus
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Sehingga untuk meningkatkan kinerjanya,
elektroda dibuat menjadi plat dengan lapisan tipis
dari elektrolit. Struktur elektroda terbuat dari
material berporous yang menyebabkan elektrolit
pada sisi satu dan sisi lainnya bisa menembus.
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a a ano a, asam ar e e ro , rogennya a an terionisasi menghasilkan elektron dan ion hidrogen (proton). Reaksi ini akan membebaskan energi.
2H2 4H+ + 4e- (2)
Sementara di katoda, oksigen bereaksi dengan
elektron yang diambil dari elektroda dan proton (ion hidrogen) membentuk air.
O2 + 4e- + 4H+ 2H2O (3)
Reaksi tersebut di atas berlangsung kontinyu, elektron yang dihasilkan pada anoda harus dapat melewati rangkaian elektrik menuju katoda.
Demikian juga ion hidrogen (proton) harus dapat melewati elektrolit.
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The pressurized
hydrogen gas
(H2) entering the
fuel cell on the
anode side.
This gas is forced
through the
catalyst by the
pressure.
H2 molecule comes in contact with the platinum on the catalyst, it splits into
two H+ ions and two electrons (e-).
The electrons are
conducted
through the
anode.
On the cathode side of the fuel cell, oxygen gas (O2) is being forced through the
catalyst, where it forms two oxygen atoms.
Each of these
atoms has a strong
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This negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through
the membrane, where they combine with an oxygen
atom and two of the electrons from the external circuit
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This reaction in a single fuel cell produces only about 0.7 volts.
To get this voltage up to a reasonable level, many separate fuel cells
must be combined to form a fuel-cell stack.
Bipolar plates are used to connect one fuel cell to another and are
subjected to both oxidizing and reducing conditions and
potentials.
A big issue with bipolar plates is stability. Metallic bipolar plates can
corrode, and the by products of corrosion (iron and chromium ions)
can decrease the effectiveness of fuel cell membranes and
electrodes. Low-temperature fuel cells use lightweight metals,
graphite and carbon/thermoset composites (thermoset is a kind of
plastic that remains rigid even when subjected to high
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Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies
Fuel Cell Type Common Electrolyte Operating Temperature Typical Stack
Size Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Perfluoro sulfonic acid 50-100°C 122-212° typically 80°C < 1kW–100kW 60% transportation 35% stationary • Backup power • Portable power • Distributed generation • Transporation • Specialty vehicles
• Solid electrolyte reduces corrosion & electrolyte management problems • Low temperature • Quick start-up • Reduce a polution
•Expensive catalysts •Sensitive to fuel impurities
Alkaline (AFC) Aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide soaked in a matrix 90-100°C 194-212°F 10–100 kW 60% • Military • Space
• Cathode reaction faster in alkaline electrolyte, leads to high performance
• Low cost components
• Sensitive to CO2 in fuel and air • Electrolyte management Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) Phosphoric acid soaked in a matrix 150-200°C 302-392°F 400 kW 100 kW module
40% Distributed generation • Higher temperature enables CHP
• Increased tolerance to fuel impurities
• Pt catalyst • Long start up time • Low current and power
Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Solution of lithium, sodium, and/ or potassium carbonates, soaked in a matrix 600-700°C 1112-1292°F 300 kW-3 MW 300 kW module 45-50% • Electric utility • Distributed generation • High efficiency • Fuel flexibility • Can use a variety of catalysts
• Suitable for CHP
• High temperature corrosion and breakdown of cell components
• Long start up time • Low power density
Solid Oxide (SOFC) Yttria stabilized zirconia 700-1000°C 1202-1832°F 1 kW–2 MW 60% • Auxiliary power • Electric utility • Distributed generation • High efficiency • Fuel flexibility • Can use a variety of catalysts
• Solid electrolyte
• Suitable for CHP & CHHP • Hybrid/GT cycle
• High temperature corrosion and breakdown of cell components
• High temperature operation requires long start up time and limits