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A

Project Report

On

Training Undertaken At

Titled

WHEEL ALIGNMENT

At

Ashok Leyland, Alwar

Submitted in 40 days Summer training

2009-10

M.B.M. Engineering College

(2)

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

2

History of Ashok Leyland

3

Introduction to Alwar plant

4

(3)

Layout

6

Ashok Leyland departments

7

Certificate and quality policies

13

Energy power resources

16

Ashok Leyland products

17

Project-study of ULE bus and N7i

19

Study of ULE bus

20

Chassis assembly

20

Performance testing

25

Bus body assembly

29

Weld line

29

Paint line

31

Trim line

31

N7i

34

Benefits of N7i

38

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

(4)

I wish to acknowledge indebtedness to

Mr. A.K.Chopra

(GM,

Ashok Leyland Alwar), Mr. Ramesh Kumar Yadav (Div. Manager

HR, Ashok Leyland Alwar), ), Mr. Ashok Kumar(AGM, Production.

Department, Ashok Leyland Alwar)., for giving me an opportunity

to take my training in Ashok Leyland,alwar. For their support

motivation and Guidance in throughout my training session.

I also pay thanks to Mr. molishanker sir and all the

engineers, supervisors, and workers without whom this training

would not have been a successful one.

Last but not the least-I thank to all the people who

directly or indirectly

supported in this endeavor.

(5)

Here by declare that all the information of in this report is based on my experience

and study during training.

I further declare that all the information and facts furnished in this

report are based on my intensive research and findings. They are original in

nature.

(6)

History of Ashok Leyland:

Ashok Leyland was urge for self reliance industry felt by India’s first Prime Minister Pt.Jawhar

Lal Nehru, persuaded Mr. Raghunandan charan, an industrialist to enter automotive manufacture.

In 1948,Ashok motors was set up but was then in Madras,for the assembly of Austin cars after

that in 1955 company’s name and luck changed by equity participation by British company

Leyland and Ashok motors get a new brand “ASHOK LEYLAND” the manufacture of

commercial vehicles. Since Ashok Leyland has been a foremost existence in India’s commercial

vehicle industrial. With a convention of technological leadership achieved by tie ups and

collaboration with international technology leading organization through enthusiastic in-house

research and development it set up its existence in Indian and Foreign market.

Admittance to global technology and equipment enabled the company to set first with

technology in full Air-brakes, Power-Steering, and Rear engine buses etc, Ashok Leyland

pioneered all these concepts. Responding to the operating conditions and practice in the country,

the company made its vehicle strong over engineering then with extra metallic Muscles

Ashok Leyland vehicles have built repute for reliability and austerity. The 5,00,000 Vehicles put

on the roads have considerably eased the additional pressure placed on road transportation in

independent India.

Ashok Leyland buses are used by four for out of five most populated states as there state

transportation corporation Vehicles.

Some of them like Double decker and vestibule buses are unique models trom Ashok Leyland

taylor made for high density routs. The company’s products are inherent to Indian lives Ashok

Leyland dominates in city passenger transportation with specialized high capacity buses such as

the double decker and vestibule bus for which the company is the only Indian source.

(7)

Ashok Leyland supplies a host of modern special purpose to India defense sector. This includes

stallion 4x4s forming the back bone of Indian army’s logistics operations, now being assembled

with in the defense sector through a technology transfer agreement. The stallions left an indelible

mark for reliability during the Kargil conflict. When India and Pakistan open there common gate

at baga, Ashok Leyland buses were the choice for this prestigious cross border passenger service.

Ashok Leyland has maintained its technology even as it offers the most comprehensive range of

model configurations in its class, offering the costumers the closest fit with his unique

requirements. A pioneer in alternate fuels, Ashok Leyland made India’s first CNG powered

buses in 1997. In 2002, India entered another frontier technology Ashok Leyland developed

India’s first hybrid electric bus in a partnership with the Govt sector.

In 1987, the overseas holding by land rover Leyland international holdings limited was taken

over by a joint venture between the Hindu group, the known residential Indian transport group

and IVECO. (Since July 2006, Hinduja group is 100% holder of LRLIH)

In the journey towards global standard of quality of Ashok Leyland reached a major milestone in

1993, when it becomes the first Indian history to win the ISO-9002 certification. The more

comprehensive ISO-9001 certification came in 1994, QS-9000 in 1998 and ISO-14001

certification for all vehicles manufacturing units in 2002.It has also become the first Indian auto

company to receive the latest ISOTS-16949 corporate certification (in July 2006) which is

specified to the auto industry.

INTRODUCTION OF ASHOK LEYLAND ALWAR PLANT

Ashok Leyland ,Alwar plant is one of the production unit of Ashok Leyland Ltd. Alwar city

situated in west north in Rajasthan and is very near to Delhi ,The capital of India. Alwar comes

in NCR (National capital region) also it is located at M.I.A (Matasya industrial area) Alwar.

(8)

This plant was established in 1982 and has completed his 25 years successfully. This plant

is known for his high productivity. It is basically an assembly plant where the chassis is

assembled.

Ashok Leyland , Alwar is world’s largest CNG vehicle’s producing plant. CNG (compressed

natural gas) is used as an alternate fuel to diesel and is very less polluting. The pollution of CNG

vehicles is less than even EURO-IV vehicles which is known for its lesser pollution value

.

The total covered area of Alwar plant is 352 acres. And fencing is done around 161 acres of area. The plant comprises of 4 shops called shop-I, shop-II, shop-V and shop-VII. The plant has three gates; One main gate one for entering the goods carries and the third for the products going out of the plant for sale.

There is an administrative office, one P&A department block, department-offices, a medical centre, a canteen, a news paper reading room and library, a training centreand systems department, RSO yard and the construction is going on for new stores. The over view of alwar plant is

The plant is inaugurated on 22-08-1982.

The total land area is 352.09 acres.

Fenced area is 161.52 acres .

WORK SHOP:-

In alwar plant the various workshops are

SHOP-1

– Chassis assembly takes place in the line by old assembly method and the

PDI (pre delivery inspection) is carried

.

SHOP-2

Chassis assembly takes place on conveyor line which is newly installed

in the plant.

(9)

SHOP-5

– Bus body manufacturing takes place on the conveyor line which is newly

installed in the plant.

SHOP-7

– Pre inspection delivery of chassis takes place in this shop which is newly

installed in the plant

.

LAYOUT :-

The various parameter of the company are

SHOPS AREA AND DISCRIPTION

4 shops 140x100 – 14000 sq mt each

Shop office area 274.5 sq meters in each shop.

Shop no – 1 : Assembly activity

Shop no – 2 : Chassis assembly shop

Shop no – 5 : Bus body manufacturing shop

Shop no – 7 : Pre delivery inspection (PDI)

TRAINING CENTRE

• 1350 sq meter being used by service promotion for training and display models.

(10)

Main admin block Office space of 297 sq meters which include following sectors  Manufacturing manager’s office

 Purchase department  Systems department

 Reception and office service  Finance department

PERSONNEL AND ADMN. BLOCK

Total space allotted for the personnel department is- 428 sq meters this include following sector

 Personnel department  Medical centre

ASHOK LEYLAND DEPARTMENTS

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT:

This department handles all the plan work for production. This department is responsible for all

the production and its process going at assembly line and also the PDI (pre delivery inspection)

They deal with all the workers to get the work output from them for production. They

decide which model is to be assembled according to the availability of material and demand of

production

.

(11)

PERSONNEL AND ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

:

This department has to perform the no. of functions such as all kind of recruitments like executives, managers and workers. They conduct various types of tests and interviews for vacancy lying in the organization or at demand of managers.

They also take care of medical facility, canteen facility, library and security too. They are also responsible for the discipline in the plant. Mainly they deal with all the personal behaviors of employees. They arrange seminars and other motivating events for the employees. They also conduct cultural events and get together, in which they include the family members of the employees for giving a change from routine work.

They also record all individual working record in organization. They deal the relations with other organizations and institutes. This department is known as human resource department in other organization.

QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT:

This department is responsible for the quality of products and parts whatever they sell or purchase. The quality checking is done in three processes, which are given as follows:

1. Incoming material inspection 2. In – process inspection 3. Final inspection

There is a GR & D (goods receipt and dispatch) section, which receives goods, and QC department inspect them and ensure the quality as per the recommended standards and then send them to store.

(12)

For in – process inspection they use one chassis card in which the worker check whether all things has been done which he had to do and then do his signature in the card. This is known as self – certification.

When the chassis become off track to the assembly line then the chassis goes for a road test. The defects and shortcomings in the chassis are noted such as noise, smoke, driving control etc. then an inspection of chassis takes place at PDI and then all the defects are noted and are rectified. After that the chassis is passed to sales department by QC department.

PPC DEPARTMENT

:

Production planning and control department is known as PPC department. This department control GR & D section and storerooms. They receive the goods coming from the factories. Then according to the vouchers, counting of parts is done. They prepare a daily report of goods receive and send it to finance department for further procedure.

They allot part number for the parts and parts are arranged according to the part number in the store – room. They keep all the records of store – room. Monthly counting of parts is also done.

PPC department does whole of the material – planning for production. Also they make available all the material required for the production at the time of production at all the stages. Two bin – system is being used here for the supply of material at all the stages. This is like there will be two bins at a stage and, as one becomes empty that will be replaced by a bin full of the material.

(13)

This department basically does the planning work. They are given the project of some new units to be prepared in the plant for which they plan the appropriate place for installation of the new unit, the approximate duration of completion of project, cost – estimation and benefits of the installation of new unit.

Presently they are taking care of new rear axle assembly conveyor line project being installed in shop-2, paint booth for body painting of foton bus in shop-5.

PRODUCTION SERVICES DEPARTMENT:

This department is also known as maintenance department. They are responsible to provide the services required for the production and also for the maintenance of all the equipments being used. They rectify the problem occurred in the equipment at the time of break down of some equipment. For example the equipments are bolt – tightening machine, impact wrench, forklift, overhead crane, conveyor, compressor, generator and electricity, oil – filling machine, greasing machine, pneumatic devices, lightning devices and fans etc.

They do regular checking and maintenance. A formal calling system is being used. Whenever the maintenance is required at assembly line or some break down occurs in machine, a person press the button and the maintenance department will be informed by the system. Then the person from maintenance section will come at the location and will solve the problem.

They also take care of horticulture in the plant. This makes the beauty of the plant and makes the plant environment – friendly green plant.

They are responsible for those instrument and services provided by them to achieving the production.

(14)

PURCHASE DEPARTMENT:

Raw material is very important for the production. Purchase department purchases all the raw materials from various dealers and companies. They decide which material should be bought from which company.

They also look at the cost of material to be purchased and the transportation charges. It is better if the material is coming from a place nearer to the plant because the transportation cost will be reduced.

They also the firm to sell the scrap items of iron, wood etc. the tender will be given who ever will pay more.

They also hire the contractors from the market by tendering to manage many works in plant like material unloading, transportation, and construction.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

This department takes care of all financial things of plant. They keep record of all the salaries and alliance of the employees, the money spent on purchasing the things for plant, the money earned by the sale of products and other financial activities. They prepare monthly and annual budget of the plant.

Also they monitor the attendance of employees by an electronic card punching attendance system. All the employees are provided with an electronic card, which is punched in the card-punching machine at the time of entering the plant and at the time of leaving the plant. The machine will note the time of punching and thus the department gets the data.

(15)

SALES AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT:

Products are made in the plant and they need to be sold for the customers. This department takes care of all the marketing activities. After the product is passed from QC department, sales and marketing department keeps all the products at R.S.O (regional sales office) with safety. The vehicle is kept in the RSO after fitting the heat guards, warning triangles, RUPD (rear under protection device) and canopy as per the government rule. Then at demand and requirement the products are sent to the dealers.

They look at the demand of product in the market

and

the customer’s feedback about the product. They also provide the training for servicing of the product.

They send their report that in what amount market has demand to production department so that they can decide the amount of production that they can.

PDI (PRE DELIVERY INSPECTION):

It comes under the production department but it has its much utility that it has an important role in the production.

The vehicle coming from assembly line is not perfect in quality. It has many defects. So the chassis is inspected, faults are arrested in this section and all the defects and faults are noted. The chassis comes into PDI section after road – testing.

(16)

Then all the defects and faults found in the chassis are rectified using necessary tools and items. Then the chassis is painted in paint booth and if there is any dent on the chassis FES then it is removed. And finally passed to sales department. The chassis passed from PDI is fault free and prefect in quality.

Painting of the chassis is also done under this department.

GR&D (Goods Receive and Dispatch)

:

This department is providing for giving their services when the goods are received and dispatch in the plant as a material from out side and when it dispatch out side the plant.

This basically gives for their quality and amount assuring.

Certificates and quality policy of ashok Leyland

In the journey towards global standard of quality of Ashok Leyland reached a major

milestone in 1993, when it becomes the first Indian history to win the ISO-9002

certification.

(17)

QS-9000 in 1998

ISO-14001 certification for all vehicles manufacturing units in 2002.

It has also become the first Indian auto company to receive the latest ISOTS-16949

corporate certification (in July 2006) which is specified to the auto industry.

QUALITY POLICIES

It is the objective of Ashok Leyland’s quality policy to achieve customer satisfaction by meeting the customer expectations in relation to the product and services offered by the company.

Towards this objective, the quality policy of Ashok Leyland is;

 To make continuous improvements in the products manufactured by the company.

 Give uninterrupted quality services offered to the customer

 To enhance employee potential to contribute to quality by improving the knowledge and skills of the employee as appropriate to their functions.

 To induce in vendors, commitment to continue improvement to meet quality standards.

 To make good relation with the customer by providing regular service to vehicle by their service centre.

 Get feedback from the customer to improve the quality of product and customer satisfaction.

 Increasing the research and development centre to achieving quality standards and quality goal of the organization.

(18)

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY:

More production More automobiles More food required

Any type of activity that is performed or any type of product that is manufactured has an effect on the surrounding or environment.

At Ashok Leyland are committed to preserving the environment through a comprehensive environmental policy and a proactive approach in planning and executing our manufacturing and service activities.

We are concerned about the earth our children will inherit. That’s why we make sure our vehicles consume less fuel and pollute less. This concern is reflected in the manufacturing systems, the various processes, energy conservation measure and conscious greening indicatives of the company.

A system is employed to control or minimize the adverse impact on the environment is environment management system (EMS).

Tech development Industrializatio n Population growth

(19)

Objective of Ashok Leyland environment policy are:

 To adhere to all applicable environment legislations and regulations.

 To adopt pollution preventive techniques in design & manufacturing of our products.

 To conserve all such resources such as power, oil, gas, water,

compressed air etc. and optimizes their uses through scientific methods.

 To provide a clean working environment to our employees, contractors, and neighbors.

 Commit to comply with all relevant legal and other requirements

.

 Continuously strive to minimize waste generation by all possible ways and to reuse and recycle same through a time bound action plan.

SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY:

INTENTION AND COMMITMENT OF THE TOP MANAGEMENT

Ashok Leyland affirms that all its employees irrespective of the cadre or rank need to be safe guarded against any person injures or damage to the properties during working period. That the management recognize the principle that accident prevention contributes in the long run to all process and development of the organization.

Towards this objective, Ashok Leyland is committed to:

 Implementing all practical safety measures like safe working and environmental condition.

(20)

 Carrying out a systematic critical appraisal of all potential hazards involving personal, plant service and operating methods.

 Following strictly safety rules and regulation incorporated in the factories act and rules.

 Maintaining safe and health education program for employee with specific emphasis on creating safety and health awareness.

 Welcoming useful and constructive suggestions and ideas in regard to safety and health.

ENERGY POWER RESOURSES

The power is being received from Jaipur Vidhut Vitran Nigam limited of 33KVA line which is stepped down to 11KVA at main receiving station. Each shop has got further step down transformer to bring down the voltage to 440 Volts.

The plant has SKL Diesel generator of 1100KVA kept in generator house. Total diesel storing capacity of the generator house is 133KL. The generator output Voltage is 11KV.

LEYLAND PRODUCTS

From 18 seated mini buses used by schools and corporate to 82 seated to double Decker buses from 7.5 ton to 49 ton in haulage vehicles, from numerous special vehicle applications to diesel engines for industrial, marine and genset applications. Ashok Leyland offers a wide range of products. though timely innovations the company has created new products and application segments, there by expanding the market. From eggs to steel, from flowers to cars…what doesn’t moves Ashok Leyland vehicles?

Ashok Leyland have made and sold product like roadways buses, CNG buses, Defense trucks Vestibule buses, luxury buses, Rear engine buses, School buses, Tripper and Dumper, Vehicles for fire brigade.

(21)

The bus run on Delhi-Lahore route is also made by Ashok Leyland.

Apart from these Ashok Leyland makes the engine which are being used for Generators, marine and industrial applications. Ashok Leyland makes three kinds of engines-Al engines, Iveco engine, Mostly hino engines are being used,

(22)

(23)

STUDY OF WHEEL ALIGNMENT

Wheel Alignment should be checked whenever new tires are

installed, suspension components installed, when the vehicle has

encountered a major road hazard or curb and any time unusual

tire wear patterns appear.

Wheel Alignment is the Measurement of complex suspension

angles and the adjustment of a variety of suspension

components. It is a suspension-tuning tool which greatly

influences the vehicle's handling and tire wear.

Wheel alignment consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so

that they are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the

ground, thus maximizing tire life and ensures straight and true

tracking along a straight and level road.

The primary static suspension angles that need to be measured

and adjusted are caster, camber, toe and thrust angle.

The following are definitions Conditions and Possible Causes of

each angle and its influence on a vehicle and its tires.

Wheel Alignment : Abstract of These Fundamental Elements

(24)

CASTER:

Caster is the angle between an imaginary line drawn

through the upper and lower steering pivots and a line

perpendicular to the road surface (viewed from side of

vehicle).

If the top of the line tilts rearward, the vehicle

is said to have “POSITIVE” caster. If the top of the line

tilts forward, the vehicle is said to have “NEGATIVE”caster.

Positive caster can also be defined as when the

spindle is tipped so that the pivot support centerline

intersects the road surface at a point in front of the

initial tire contact. Negative caster would then be the

center line intersection to the road surface behind the

initial tire contact.

Purpose:

The King Pin is usually set so that tire contact

point with the ground is behind the intersection

point between the steering axis and the ground

(25)

This forces the tire to always go ahead.

This improves Straight-Ahead Drivability,

and improves Handling/Steering Return.

Characteristics:

Larger Caster Angle

-Merit : -

Better Straight-Ahead DrivabilityTire contact point Caster Trail

Intersection point Better Steering Wheel Return

with the ground between steering

Demerit:

- Heavier Steering

Camber Angle

The camber angle will affect the wear on the inner

or outer edge of the tire. Camber is the inclination

of the centerline of the wheel from the vertical as

viewedfrom the front of the vehicle. Camber angle

is measured in positive or negative degrees.

Positive camber is the outward tilt of the top of the

tire. Negative camber is the inward tilt of the tire at

the top. If a tire was absolutely vertical, the degree

of camber would be zero. Unlike the caster angle,

(26)

With the weight of thedriver in the vehicle

Purpose:

1. Improve Steering Control Performance

(which is related with King Pin Offset).

2. Improve Cornering Performance.

Characteristics:

Larger Positive Angle (King Pin Offset is smaller)

Merit :-

Better Handling Control

Better Handling/Steering Return

Demerit :-

Reduced Cornering Capacity *

Larger Negative Angle (King Pin Offset is larger)

Merit :- Better Initial Handling Response

Better Cornering Capacity

Demerit :- Reduced Handling Control

( Cornering Capacity – Safety on Cornering Speed or Radius)

Thrust Angle

Thrust angle is the direction that the rear wheels are pointing in

relation to the centerline of the vehicle.

(27)

The vehicle will "dog track" if the thrust angle is not zero and the

steering wheel will not be centered.

The best solution is to first adjust the rear toe to the centerline

and then adjust the front toe. This is done during a all wheel

alignment if the rear toe is adjustable. If the rear is not

adjustable, then the front toe must be set to compensate for the

thrust angle, allowing the steering to be centered.

If the thrust angle is not correct on a vehicle with a solid rear axle,

it often requires a frame straightening shop to correctly reposition

the rear axle.

A vehicles with independent rear suspension, the toe must be

adjusted individually until it has reached the appropriate setting

for its side of the vehicle, incorrect thrust angle is often caused

by an out-of-position suspension or incorrect toe settings.

So in addition to the handling problems that are the result of

incorrect toe settings, thrust angles can also cause the vehicle to

handle differently when turning left vs. right.

(28)

Toe-In and Toe-Out

Toe is the difference between the leading edge (or

front) and trailing edge (or rear) of the tires. Toe-in is

the measurement in fractions of an inch, millimeters or

decimal of degrees that the tires are closer together in

the front than they are in the back. Toe-out is the same

A < B = Toe-In

A > B = Toe-Out

measurement, except the tires are further apart in the

front than in the rear.

Some manufacturers measure the angular change

from straight-ahead in degrees. Slight toe-in is preferred

to toe-out on most vehicles because steering is

aligned while the vehicle is stationary. is moving, linkage

components flex causing a change in

alignment angles. The usual tendency is for the tires to turn

outward

while the vehicle is in motion, so most vehicles are

designed with a static toe-in setting.

Purpose

:-By setting the most appropriate Toe condition

with the correct Camber condition, driving

performance is well arranged to :

1. Improve Straight Drivability.

2. Improve Handling Response.

The Case.

According to the Camber condition, the Toe-In or Toe-Out settings

are adapted as follows to :

• avoid irregular wear, and

• balance side forces by Camber and by Toe for high speed

driving performance.

(29)

Scrub Radius

Scrub Radius is the distance between the extended centerline

of the steering axis and the centerline of the tire where the

tread contacts the road. This distance must be exactly the

same from side to side or the vehicle will pull strongly.

If the steering centerline is inboard of the tire centerline, the

scrub radius is positive. If the steering centerline is outboard

of the tire centerline, the scrub radius is negative.

Rear-wheel drive cars and trucks generally have a positive scrub

radius while FWD cars usually have zero or a negative scrub

radius

because they have a higher Steering Axis Inclination (SAI), angle.

Using different wheels other than stock can alter the scrub radius.

(30)

TOOLS USING IN WHEEL ALIGNMENT FOR

3116 MODEL

Space Aladin 3 Aligner (Bluetooth)

Running plot

Numetic gun

Tork rinch

Jack

Wooden block

Sockets

Pressure gauge

Other tools

(31)

Wheel Aligning Process

Remove cover from the equipment

Switch on the UPS, CPU and monitor

Fix the running plot with the base by studs

Bring the assembled chessis on running plot

Inflate all 12 tyres to 40 psi

Remove the running plot stud

Enter the chassis number, vehicle type, etc. in the log book.

Axle 1:

Mount the sensor bracket on the 1st front axle and the

rear axle 2

Mount the front sensor on the 1st front axle and rear

sensor on the rear axle 2

Rise the 1st front axle and 2nd rear axle using jack.

Rotate the wheel and keep the knob on the bottom

(32)

Press centre button in the sensor and loosen the knob

Rotate the wheel and keep the knob on the up direction

and tighten the knob

Press centre button in the sensor.

See the monitor it shows stop and the wheel direction

shows up.

Lower the jack and remove the jack.

Follow the steps 1 to 6 on four wheels

The monitor shows all four wheels in up direction

Press F4 to show next step

Level all four sensor and the monitor shows level position

of each sensor

After levelling the sensors the monitor shows stop and

goes to next step

Steer the steering and place the steering box in green

column as shown in the monitor

And make steering position in centre as shown in the

monitor

The monitor shows thrust angle reading.

Correction of Thrust Angle

(33)

Place wooden piece (3"x18") in the 1st and 2nd rear

axle.

Place the jack in between the wooden piece.

Rise the jack upto the reading shows 0 00' in the

monitor.

Tighten all the U bolts in 2nd rear axle.

Remove the jack and wooden box

See the readings in the monitor it should show in the

range -0 05' to +0 05'

Torque all U bolt nuts to 375lbft

Press F4 to go to next step.

The monitor shows the 1st front axle toe reading

Correction Of Toe:

The toe reading shows in the monitor

Loosen the pinch bolt in the track rod

Adjust the track rod by rotating it should in the

range of 0.00mm to +2.00mm.

Tighten the pinch bolt using gun.

Press F4 to go to next step.

(34)

Axle 2:

The monitor shows the second position in the screen

Retain the 1st axle sensor position

Remove the sensor with bracket from 2nd rear axle

Mount the sensor with bracket in the 1st rear axle

Follow the steps from 1 to 6 on two wheels in the 1st rear

axle

Press F4 to go to next step.

The monitor shows Scrub angle reading.

Correction of Scrub Angle

Loosen all the 1st front axle U bolt nut

Place wooden box in the 1st and 2nd rear axle.

Place the jack in between the wooden box.

Rise the jack upto the reading shows 0 00' in the

monitor.

Tighten all the U bolts in 2nd rear axle.

Remove the jack and wooden box

See the readings in the monitor it should show in the

range -0 02' to +0 02'

Torque all U bolt nuts to 375lbft.

Press F4 to go to next step.

(35)

Axle 3:

The monitor shows the third position in the screen

Retain the 1st rear axle sensor position

Remove the sensor with bracket from 1st front axle

Mount the sensor with bracket in the 2nd front axle

Follow the steps from 1 to 6 on two wheels in the 1st rear

axle.

Press F4 to go to next step.

The monitor shows the 2nd front axle toe position

Axle 4:

The monitor shows the fourth position in the screen

Retain the 1st rear axle sensor position

Remove the sensor with bracket from 2nd front axle

Mount the sensor with bracket in the 1st front axle

Follow the steps from 1 to 6 on two wheels in the 1st rear

axle.

Press F4 to go to next step.

Steer the steering and place the steering box in green

column as shown in the monitor

(36)

And make steering position in centre as shown in the

monitor

NOTE

Run-out :-

For run-out rotate the any one side

wheel in any direction to 180⁰ and push the center

button of camera. rotate once again wheel to 180⁰

and push button.

Keep steering always in centre position

Always level first front axle cameras

Use locking device as steering, brakes when

needed.

Always lock running plot in the starting of wheel

alignment

Apply torque wrench (345 lbft) after tightening

U-bolts.

Use hand brake when lifting rear axles.

There should not be present any objects between

sensor heads.

(37)

References

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Quality: We measure quality (Q in our formal model) by observing the average number of citations received by a scientist for all the papers he or she published in a given

All the figures and tables should be labeled (Times New Roman 11) and included in list of figures and list of tables respectively.

How Many Breeding Females are Needed to Produce 40 Male Homozygotes per Week Using a Heterozygous Female x Heterozygous Male Breeding Scheme With 15% Non-Productive Breeders.

In this study, it is aimed to develop the Science Education Peer Comparison Scale (SEPCS) in order to measure the comparison of Science Education students'

For the feature ranking and selection procedures, it is not surprising that CAD score is the most relevant fea- ture for the combined strategy, as it is a complete screening strategy