Spss & Surfer Tutorial (1)
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(2) EDA using SPSS • Open your file “data.xlxs” and copy your data in SPSS data. • Check your “Variable View” change “type” to numeric.
(3) EDA using SPSS • SCATTER PLOT for checking stationary.
(4) EDA using SPSS.
(5) NORMALITY TEST.
(6) NORMALITY TEST.
(7) HISTOGRAM.
(8) Normal Q-Q Plot.
(9) BOX PLOT.
(10) Surfer-Basics • • • •. Give your files meaningful names! E.g. dataset_01_invdist_pow2_20140826.grd Use a well organized folder structure Don‘t mess up different file categories: raw data (.xls,.dat,…), Surfer files (.grd), cross validation result files (.dat), krige standard deviation files (.grd), … • Do not change file extensions!. General procedure • Check data consistency and plausability! • Make a scatter plot (e.g. in Excel or in Surfer as post map) • Check data point distribution (spatial and statistical) • Decide which interpolation methods could be appropiate • Do a variogram analysis (even if you don‘t plan to use Kriging) • Interpolate (simple or Kriging) and visualize • Cross-validation / Krige standard deviation and discussion of results.
(11) Interpolation – start and choose data file •. Interpolation via Grid-> Data. •. Data selection (e.g. Excel file). •. Check Data column assignment.
(12) Interpolation – General options • •. •. •. Variation of parameters in Advanced Options. Choose an interpolation method „simple“ methods like Inverse Distance, Minimum Curvature, Radial Basis Function etc. -> Kriging ->.
(13) Interpolation – breaklines and faults • •. •. •. File Containing Fault Traces -> File in „.bln“ – format (see Surfer reference) Press OK. Definition of faults and breaklines ->. not possible for all interpolation methods.
(14) Interpolation - Cross-validation (leave one out) •. Important: choose interpolation method and respective options („Advanced Options“) first, before starting cross-validation!. Menu „Cross Validate“ Choose name and location of save file („.dat“) - Meaningful file name! Containing e.g. „XV“ Press OK Cross-validation will be conducted (can take a while).
(15) •Creation of the grid file Interpolation – finish interpolation • Choose filename and location for interpolated grid file (meaningful filename!) • Choose Grid Line Geometry (grid resolution, grid extent) • Start interpolation (Press OK).
(16) Create map for cross validation results. •• Visualize XV residuals as class map • -> Map -> New -> (Classed) Post Map. Properties • Be sure to choose the right column! (residuals in xv (.dat) result file you saved in the Cross validate sub menu) • Number of classes • Choose a Binning Method • or better user defined: define symmetric classes according to your data range.
(17) Calculate RMS from cross validation results •. Grid data choose data click cross validate choose a storage location save as .dat. •. Copy the data into an excel sheet calculate the last column.
(18) Geostatistics – Experimental semi-variogram •• Experimental semi-variogram • -> Grid -> Variogram -> New Variogram -> Choose data set (e.g. Excel table) -> OK.
(19) Geostatistics – Fitting of the math. model •. Fitting of a math. Model to the• experimental semivariogram • -> Variogram Properties (right click) -> Model -> Add/remove component.
(20) Geostatistics – Fitting of the math. model •. Fitting of the selected model • • -> Select „Variogram Component“ -> Change parameters scale und length -> Click „Apply“ to see changes directly in the semi-variogram.
(21) Geostatistics – Anisotropy Check data set for anisotropy • • Go to tab „Experimental“ • • Change Tolerance (e.g. 40) – note angle shown in blue color • change Direction by clicking „Step CW/Step CCW“ • see changes in variogram directly. General settings • Max lag distance / Number of lags • Change scale vertically to avoid flipping of axis scale.
(22) Geostatistics – Kriging Kriging Interpolation (after finishing semi-variogram fitting) • Grid -> Data • Gridding Method: Kriging • Advanced Options.
(23) Geostatistics – Kriging Choose variogram model • Manual input of variogram model settings (Add, choose type and parameters) • Better: choose existing variogram „Get variogram“ and select one contained in Surfer project (note: if you have multiple variograms in your project, name them on the left side of program window).
(24) Geostatistics – Kriging. Krige standard deviation • Output Grid of Kriging Standard Deviations • Choose folder and file name (this is only the Krige standard deviation output file in .grd format, so better put that information in the filename!).
(25) •. Visualization. Different possibilities -> Map -> New. e.g. Contour Map or 3D Wireframe. • •.
(26) Visualization. Properties • e.g. filled contours • Properties -> Levels -> click on „Fill“ • Change labeling properties • …. • •.
(27) Visualization Stacking of maps • On the object manager • e.g. drag the contour-map into the 3Dmodel section. • • Stacking of 3D wireframe, contour map and post Map.
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