9. Paradigm Shift_Genap_2014-2015_TP.pptx

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Dr. Ir. Eko

Widiant

o, MT

Semester G

enap

_201

4

4 -

-

201

5

5 Program

Program

Studi

Teknik

Perminyakan

Fakultas

Teknologi

Kebumian

dan

Energi

Universitas

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1

••

INTRODUCTION:

Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of Geophysical MethodsGeophysical Methods

2

••

Fundament

Fundamental of

al of Seismic Method

Seismic Method

3

••

Seismic Acquisition

4

••

Seismic Processing

5

••

Seismic Structural Interpretation

6

••

Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation

7

••

Seismic Interpretation Exercise (2X)

8

••

Review of Gravity Method

9

••

Paradigm Shift in Gravity Data Utilization

10

••

Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration

11

••

Gravity Data analysis for Reservoir Monitoring

LECTURE MATERIALS

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Resources Classification System

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1st •

EXPLORATION

2nd

• DELINEATION

3rd

• DEVELOPMENT

4th

• PRODUCTION

EXPLORATION

PHASE

DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION PHASE

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Frequently used of geophysical methods

for surface recording and typical application

Geophysical

method

Physical property

measured

Typical applications

Comment on

applicability

Seismology Seismic wave velocity, seismic impedance contrast, attenuation, anisotropy

Delineation of stratigraphy and structures in petroleum exploration

Exploration seismology is the most widely used geophysical method in petroleum

exploration. Gravity Surveys Rock density contrast Reconnaissance of

large-scale density anomalies in petroleum and mineral exploration

Gravity survey are generally less expensive but have less resolving power than seismic exploration.

Magnetic Surveys Magnetic susceptibility

or the rock’s intrinsic

magnetization

Reconnaissance of the crustal magnetic properties, especially for determination of basement features

Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used in both petroleum and mining application for determining large, deep structure. Electrical and electromagnetic surveys Rock resistivity, capacitance, and inductance properties

Mineral exploration These methods are used most frequently in mining exploration and well logging (resistivity, SP, and induction log)

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GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (1)

ISSUE

GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK

INTEGRATED WITH



Source Rock Deposition



Where were the source rocks deposited?



How deep are the source rocks?

Depth to magnetic basement

Regional basin enhancements

Seismic data

Regional geology



Source Maturation



Where are the

“

cooking pots

”

and fetch areas?



What is the present-day heat influx into the

basin and how much dose it vary?



What is the thickness of the crust?



What is the overburden?

Depth to magnetic basement

Isostatic residual

Sediment thickness

Depth versus density modeling

Regional structural modeling

Curie point (regional heat flow)

Delineation of volcanic

Seismic data

Well data

Density and Velocity

data

Heat-flow data



Hydrocarbon Migration



How much relief is there on the basement?



What are the

“

shape

”

of the

“

cooking pots

”

?



Are major vertical conduits near surface areas?



Are major lineations present and how do they

relate with more recent geologic features?

Magnetic inversion

Depth to magnetic basement

Vertical fault identification

Gradient analysis

Regional depocenter and

sediment path enhancement

Well and outcrop data

Topography

Remote sensing

Seismic data

Sequence stratigraphic

analysis

Seismicity

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GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (2)

ISSUE

GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK

INTEGRATED WITH

Reservoir Prediction



Where are the thickest sediment?



Where are the highest sand probability?



Where was the sources of sedimentation?



What is the influence of tectonic on

deposition?



Have the sediment depocenters shifted over

time?



What is the compaction history of the

sediments?



Do the sands have lateral continuity and

connectivity?

Depocenter and sediment path

enhancement.

Integrated basin modeling

Density inversion

Provenance (magnetic lithology)

determination

Sedimentary magnetic analysis

Paleomagnetic analysis

Integrated velocity analysis (2-D

and 3-D)

Seismic data

Lithology data (outcrop

and well)

Sequence stratigraphic

analysis

Biostratigraphic data

Trap



Where are the major structures?



What is the structural grain?



Are faults in the sedimentary section?



Are lateral porosity changes present?

Residuals and enhancements

2-D/3-D structural/stratigraphic

modeling

Fault identification – gradient

analysis

Structural inversion

Density inversion

Seismic data

Outcrop information

Topography

Remote sensing

Seismicity

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Development and Production Phases:

Problem statement

1. How we can build reservoir model

accurately?

2. How we can monitor and image the dynamic

properties of reservoir until field termination?

3. How we can optimize production?

4. How we can improve the Recovery

Factor?

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What reservoir properties do we want to

predict?

The critical reservoir characteristic

Static properties:

1. Fluid phase (oil and gas

percent)

2. Areal extent of the trap

3. Depth

4. Thickness

5. Compartmentalization

6. Reservoir net to gross

7. Porosity

Dynamic properties:

1. Well deliverability

2. Reservoir connectivity

3. Permeability

4. Pressure change

5. Phase change

6. Reservoir compaction

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Geological Model Geophysical Model Geochemical Model Petrophysical Model Geomechanical Model Fluid Model Production Logging Model Tracer Model Well test Model

RESERVOIR

MODEL

RESERVOIR

MODEL

Tracer Data Production Logging Data Fluid Data Geomechanical Data Petrophysical Data Geochemical Data Geophysical Data Well test Data Geological Data

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Data Process ing A lg orithm

Phys ical Properties E xtraction

R es ervoir Monitoring Technolog y

Data Vis ualization

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Project

phase

Critical subsurface information

Technology

Involvement

1) Exploration



Proven Petroleum System and Play



Resources information



Geophysics



Geology Concept



Drilling

2) Delineation



Total hydrocarbon volume



Areal limits of petroleum reservoir



Deliverability



Geophysics



Geology Concept



Drilling



Reservoir

3) Development



Compartmentalization



Exact locations of development wells



Geophysics



Development Geology



Drilling



Reservoir

4) Production



Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes



Flow restrictions and channeling



Production



Reservoir



Geophysics

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Some aspects which drive gravity

utilization



Improve R ecovery Factor



Hardware / Ins trumentation



Multi Dicipline A pproach



E fficient Time Laps e Technolog y for

R es ervoir Monitoring



Problems in G eophys ical A cquis ition

due to G eolog ical conditions

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TACTICS

Regional

reconnaissance

Petroleum

system

analysis

Play analysis

Establishing

exploration

focus

and G&G

expenditure

Prospect

identification

and risk

assessment

Lease and G&G

acquisition

Tectono-stratigraphic

framework

Basin Modeling

Prospect Risk

reduction

Drill-site

decision

(less complex

prospect)

Asset

delineation and

development

Drill-site

decision

( complex

imaging)

Reservoir

performance

monitoring

Enhance

recovery

PLAY IDENTIFICATION PROSPECT CAPTURE PROSPECT EVALUATION RESOURCES APPRAISAL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

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Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998 PLAY IDENTIFICATION PROSPECT CAPTURE PROSPECT EVALUATION RESOURCES APPRAISAL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

USE HIGHER RESOLUTION MAGNETIC DATA

MAGNETIC UTILIZATION Regional depth to magnetic basement Regional tectonic analysis Euler deconvolution Curie point analysis Detailed basement interpretation Detailed fault and

lineament analysis Delineation of volcanics, salt, and shale Detailed, integrated 2D/3D modeling-faulting, basement structure, volcanic, salt edges, and sediment timing “Depth slicing” and

lineament analysis Sedimentary magnetic analysis Detailed 2D / 3D modeling inversion Integrated depth migration (pre-or postack) Magneto-startigraphy None published MAGNETIC RESOLUTION REQUIRED * 20 km spacing 5 – 8 km grid 1 – 5 nT Continental grids, older surveys 2 – 5 km spacing 1 - 2 km grid 0.5 – 2 nT Modern digital surveys, marine surveys, digitized older analog surveys 0.5 - 1 km spacing 0.1 – 0.5 nT High-resolution, low-altitude surveys 0.25 – 0.5 km spacing 0.1 – 0.5 nT High-resolution, low-altitude surveys Borehole magnetometer * Typical required resolution; needs to be tailored to source depth and signal strength

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20

Modified from Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998

GRAVITY DATA PLAY IDENTIFICATION PROSPECT CAPTURE PROSPECT EVALUATION RESOURCES APPRAISAL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION

BY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION OF GRAVITY DATA

GRAVITY UTILIZATION Isostatic residual Regional tectonic analisis Basin and depocenter enhancement Regional modeling Digital data integration (with remote sensing, etc) Semiregional structural / stratiigraphic modeling Target-spesific enhancements Layer stripping for

improved delineation of exploration targets Sensitivity studies tied to density and lithology Detailed, integrated 2D / 3D modeling (with seismic horizons, density, and velocity information) Porosity / pressure prediction Salt edge / base

determination Enhanced velocity analysis Integrated 3D rock properties and velocity modeling Integrated depth migration (pre-or poststack) Borehole gravity-remote porosity detection Detection of shallow hazards Integrated reservoir characterization Borehole gravity

Time-lapse

precision

gravity ,

including for

Carbon

Storage

Monitoring

GRAVITY RESOLUTION REQUIRED * 1 – 5 mGal 2 – 20 km wavelength Continental grids, satelite gravity, airborne gravity 0.2 – 1 mGal 1 – 5 km wavelength Conventional marine

and land surveys

0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.5 – 2 km

wavelength High-resolution

land and marine surveys 0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.2 – 1 km wavelength 0.01 – 0.005 mGal (borehole) High-resolution land, marine, and gradiometer surveys 0.02 – 0.1 mGal 1 – 5 years