Visual Vocabulary Builder Contents

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(1) V1. V2 City and countryside. V4 Mountains and coast. V6 The environment. V8 Trees, plants and flowers. V10 The animal kingdom. V12 Architecture. V13 Buildings. V14 Homes. V15 House. V16 Garden / Yard. V17 DIY and cleaning. V18 Living room. V19 Dining room. V20 Bedroom. V21 Bathroom. V22 Kitchen. V24 Cooking. V26 Fruit and vegetables. V28 Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals. V29 Packaging. V30 Musical instruments. V32 Toys and games. V34 Hobbies. V36 Sports. V40 Extreme sports. V41 Cycles. V42 Cars. V43 Aircraft. V44 Boats and ships. V46 Vehicles. V48 The body. V49 Hair and make-up. V50 Clothes. V52 Accessories. V54 Computing. V56 Office. V57 Classroom. V58 Shapes, solids and angles. V59 The earth and the solar system. V60 The British Isles. V62 Canada and the United States of America. V64 Australia and New Zealand. Contents. Visual Vocabulary Builder Contents.

(2) V2. City and countryside. City and countryside 1. 2 4 5. 6. 9. 11. 14. 13 24. 7 10. 18. 16. 25. 15. 23. 19. 17. 32. 31. 28. 27. 26. 33. 36. 37. 2. 1 4. 5. 3. 6 7. 10 9. 20. 11 13. 14. 12. 16. 15. 23. 21. 20. 17. 22 28. 27. 29. 34. 33. 35. 36. 18.

(3) City 1 skyscraper 2 crane 3 office block (BrE) / office building (NAmE) 4 dome 5 museum 6 clock tower 7 hoarding (BrE) (also billboard especially NAmE) 8 cinema (BrE) / movie theater (NAmE) 9 banner 10 flag 11 flagpole (also flagstaff) 12 alley (also alleyway) 13 awning 14 fountain 15 statue 16 shopping centre (BrE) shopping center (NAmE) 17 arcade 18 street light (BrE also street lamp) 19 lamp post (especially BrE) 20 market 21 market stall 22 road sign 23 theatre (BrE) / theater (especially US). 3. 8 12. 21 22 29. 30 34. 35. 38. 40. 39. 8. 24 shop (BrE) store (NAmE) 25 cafe (also café) 26 postbox / letter box (both BrE) mailbox (NAmE) 27 busker 28 traffic lights (NAmE also stoplights) 29 bollard 30 litter bin (BrE) trash can (NAmE) 31 pedestrian precinct (BrE) / pedestrian mall (NAmE) 32 taxi rank (BrE) (also taxi stand especially NAmE) 33 railings 34 pavement (BrE) sidewalk (NAmE) 35 kerb (BrE) curb (NAmE) 36 parking meter (also meter) 37 pedestrian crossing (BrE) crosswalk (NAmE) 38 cycle lane (BrE) bicycle lane (NAmE) 39 bus stop 40 high street (BrE) main street (NAmE). Countryside. 19 24. 25 26 32. 31. 30. 37. 38. 39. 40. 1 windmill 2 hill 3 hay 4 haystack 5 vineyard 6 copse (also coppice) 7 stream 8 wood (also woods) 9 furrow 10 polytunnel 11 pasture 12 crops 13 tractor 14 field 15 farmyard 16 orchard 17 footpath 18 footbridge 19 stile 20 silo. 21 farmhouse 22 stable 23 hedge 24 signpost 25 village green (BrE) 26 village 27 duck pond 28 farm 29 meadow 30 marsh 31 reeds 32 fence 33 barn 34 hedgerow 35 ditch 36 livestock 37 lane 38 bridge 39 river 40 riverbank. City and countryside. V3.

(4) Mountains and coast. V4. Mountains and coast. 1 2. 5 4. 3. 6. 12. 11. 13 16 15. 14. 18. 17 21. 19 20. 23 24 27. 26. 25. 1. 3. 2. 4 5. 10 11. 12 13. 18. 24. 23. 25 28. 29. 14. 15.

(5) Mountains 7. 8. 9 10. 22. 1 summit 2 ridge 3 glacier 4 snow 5 mountain range 6 plateau 7 peak 8 mountain 9 precipice 10 foothills 11 snowline 12 ice 13 source 14 waterfall 15 forest 16 lake. 17 conifers 18 glade (also clearing) 19 tributary 20 river 21 meander 22 pass 23 slope 24 scree 25 track 26 boulder 27 valley 28 gorge (also canyon). 28. Coast 6 7. 8. 9. 16 20. 19. 17 21. 22. 26 27. 1 coastal path 2 cave 3 headland (also promontory) 4 horizon 5 sea (BrE) ocean (NAmE) 6 lighthouse 7 island 8 cove 9 clifftop 10 dune (also sand dune) 11 estuary 12 wave 13 spit 14 crest 15 foam. 16 reef 17 cliff 18 sandbank 19 wake 20 rock 21 rock pool (BrE) tide pool (NAmE) 22 quay 23 beach 24 bay 25 shingle 26 harbour (BrE) harbor (NAmE) 27 jetty (NAmE also dock) 28 sand 29 seashore. Mountains and coast. V5.

(6) V6. The environment The environment. 7 2. 3. 5. 8. 9. 4 6 1. Acid rain. Causes of the greenhouse effect • Carbon dioxide is produced by vehicle exhaust fumes (1) and by burning fossil fuels (2) from power plants (BrE also power stations), factories and homes. This causes temperatures to rise. Trees, which absorb carbon dioxide, are felled by logging, causing deforestation (3). • Nitrogen oxide comes from vehicles and power plants, and from agricultural fertilizers and pesticides used in intensive farming (4). • Many household products, such as refrigerators and aerosols, emit CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) which damage the ozone layer. • Methane gas is released from household and industrial waste in landfill sites (5), and also from cattle (6). • Sunlight causes these greenhouse gases to undergo chemical change and react with water vapour (BrE) (NAmE vapor), creating acid rain.. • Acid rain (7) falls on leaves and bark, damaging trees and plants in forests. Nutrients are leached out of the soil, and plants die. • Acid levels build up in lakes and rivers (8), poisoning and killing fish. • Acid corrosion attacks buildings, eating away at metal, stone and wood. • Pollution from smog (9) causes respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis.. Global warming • Global warming can cause climate change and environmental disaster. Long-term changes in temperature, wind, pressure, precipitation (rain and snow) and humidity present challenges to our survival. • Environmental degradation, such as desertification and desiccation, creates problems in many parts of the world. • Rising temperatures cause ice caps to melt. Rising sea levels lead to coastal and river flooding and erosion. • Extreme events occur, such as storms, drought, forest fires, soil erosion, landslides, avalanches, tsunamis and the sudden appearance of pests and diseases..

(7) 1 10. 2 9. 11 9 4 3. 5. 8 7 6 4. Solutions and sustainability • Wind turbines (1), solar power and hydroelectric power (2) provide alternative sources of energy that are renewable and do not pollute the air. • In the home, solar panels (3), insulation, energy-efficient light bulbs and biodegradable products are environmentally friendly. Rubbish can be sorted for recycling in bins (4) and bottle banks (5), and biodegradable waste becomes compost (6). • Using a bicycle (7), an electric car (8) or public transport (9) helps to reduce carbon emissions. Avoiding long-distance travel and buying local, seasonal food with low food miles reduces your carbon footprint. • Reforestation (10) and organic farming (11) help to restore the earth’s balance. Trees give off oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide and provide habitats for wildlife. Organic farming is chemical-free.. Some Recyclable Materials • batteries • cans • cardboard • engine oil • fluorescent tubes • glass • organic garden waste. • paper • plastic bottles • scrap metal • textiles • timber. The environment. V7.

(8) Trees, plants and flowers. V8. Trees, plants and flowers Trees. Evergreen trees. berry. foliage blossom. bud. twig branch. limb. leaf. trunk. palm. twig. needles. roots. yew. cone (BrE also fir cone). rings. tree wood bark. fir. log. Deciduous trees. seeds. sycamore (especially BrE). acorn. oak . catkin. willow. blossom. conker (especially BrE). horse chestnut . beech nut. beech . seeds. ash.

(9) V9 flower. stalk. anther. stigma style. thorn. carpel stem. shoot. stamen. roots. bulb. petal. ovule ovary. sepal roots. plant. flower. variegated leaves. bamboo. bulrush. reed. fern . ivy dandelion clock. moss. lichen. cactus. nettle . thistle. dandelion. seed head. bluebell . daisy. buttercup . primrose. poppy. tendril. carnation . chrysanthemum. sweet pea. sunflower. thorn. rose. trumpet. daffodil . tulip. iris. lily. orchid. lotus. Trees, plants and flowers. bud.

(10) V10. The animal kingdom. The animal kingdom Birds. poultry and game. beak / bill wing tail. webbed foot. toe claw. talons. finch. pheasant. duck. turkey. chicken. albatross. puffin. crest. feather. nest. egg. birds of prey. seabirds. carrion. golden eagle. vulture. Mammals coat. gull. barn owl. primates. muzzle. mane. prehensile tail. tail snout. chimpanzee (also informal chimp). lion. antlers. paw whisker. claw. hooves. horn. cetacean. spider monkey. rodents. beaver. red squirrel. marsupials. blowhole. eucalyptus tree. tusk. trunk. sperm whale. joey pouch. Fish. dorsal fin. tail. bat. scales fin ventral fin. trout. gill. koala (also koala bear). kangaroo (also informal roo).

(11) Reptiles. Amphibians. V11. shell. warty skin j. fangs. frogspawn. tortoise (BrE) / turtle (NAmE). forked tongue. j. toad. flipper. salamander. turtle (NAmE also sea turtle). cobra. frog. Insects. eggs. moth. flea. j. head thorax. j. butterfly caterpillar j. chrysalis (also chrysalid) antenna. mosquito. abdomen. ladybird (BrE) ladybug (NAmE). dragonfly. ant. wing j. sting (NAmE also stinger). mandible. larva wasp. bumblebee. Crustaceans. grasshopper. beetle. Arachnids sting (NAmE also stinger). antenna. shell. web. claw / pincer. crab. Taxonomy. prawn (especially BrE) shrimp (NAmE). tick. scorpion spider. woodlouse. Living things are grouped on the basis of Gastropods their similarities and differences into smaller and smaller groups. This scientific process of classification is called taxonomy. The main groups, from the largest to the smallest, are: snail • kingdom (animal or plant) • phylum (plural phyla) (e.g. mollusc, arthropod) • class (e.g. mammal, gastropod, insect) slug • order (e.g. primate, marsupial) • family • genus (plural genera) • species. Cephalopod shell. tentacle. sucker. octopus. The animal kingdom. hood. tadpole.

(12) V12. Architecture. Architecture. geodesic dome. gargoyle. pedestal. obelisk keystone. dome cupola dome. dome. rotunda. arch. vaulted ceiling relief capital. colonnade. cloister. plinth column. portico. Bridges. humpback bridge (BrE). suspension bridge. cantilever bridge. viaduct. aqueduct.

(13) V13. amphitheatre. fort. battlements. turret portico. palace. castle. glasshouse. pyramid. pub (BrE). warehouse. stately home. moat. log cabin. lighthouse. oil rig oil platform. Work connected with building. hut. barn. pagoda. person. work – all [U]. building houses and other buildings:. builder. building. designing buildings:. architect. architecture. designing roads and bridges, etc.:. civil engineer. civil engineering. building walls, etc. with bricks:. bricklayer. bricklaying. repairing or building roofs:. roofer. roofing. making doors and window frames from wood:. joiner. joinery. making and repairing wooden objects and structures:. carpenter. carpentry. fitting glass into the frames of windows, etc.:. glazier. glazing. putting plaster on walls:. plasterer. plastering. fitting and repairing water pipes, toilets, etc.:. plumber. plumbing. connecting, repairing, etc. electrical equipment:. electrician. wiring. skyscraper. Buildings. Buildings.

(14) V14. Homes. Homes. town house (BrE). semi-detached house (BrE). duplex (especially NAmE). row house (NAmE). terraced house (BrE). fire escape. bungalow (BrE) thatch. block of flats (BrE). apartment building (NAmE). Other types of home • Duplex (especially NAmE) has two meanings: it is a building divided into two separate homes, each with its own entrance, or it is a flat/apartment with rooms on two floors, with a shared entrance from the street. • An apartment building or group of houses in which each flat/ apartment/house is owned by the person living in it but the building and shared areas are owned by everyone together is a condominium (especially NAmE) (also informal condo). • A flat/apartment with rooms on two floors, and usually its own entrance from the street, is a maisonette (BrE). • A house built on one level, that is very wide but not very deep from front to back, and has a roof that is not very steep, is a ranch house (NAmE) – compare bungalow. • A very large house is a mansion. • An expensive and comfortable flat/apartment at the top of a tall building is a penthouse. • A set of rooms for an old person, especially in a relative’s house, is called a granny flat (BrE) / in-law apartment / mother-in-law apartment (both NAmE).. thatched cottage. mobile home (especially NAmE). houseboat.

(15) House. 1 chimney pot 2 chimney 3 aerial (BrE) antenna (NAmE, BrE) 4 ridge 5 gable 6 roof 7 skylight. 8 dormer window 9 eaves 10 burglar alarm 11 gutter 12 drainpipe (NAmE also downspout) 13 shutter 14 windowpane. 25 bay window 26 letter box (BrE) mail slot (NAmE) 27 front door 28 wall 29 garage 30 brick 31 doorstep 32 basement 33 step 34 drive (also driveway). 15 sash window 16 casement window 17 balcony 18 window box 19 windowsill 20 porch 21 tile 22 hanging basket 23 door knocker 24 French window (BrE) French door (NAmE). 1 3. 2 4 6. 5 9 12. 7. 10. 8 11. 13. 14. 17 18. 16. 15. 19. 21. 20 23. 22. 26. 25 24. 27. 28. 29. 31. 32. 30 34. 33. Where you live. Buying or renting a house. • The area surrounding a house is the neighbourhood (BrE) / neighborhood (NAmE). • A person who lives next or near to you is your neighbour (BrE) / neighbor (NAmE). The next house, room or building is next door: our next-door neighbours • An area where people live that is outside the main part of a city or town is called a suburb, or the suburbs. The adjective is suburban: suburban houses/streets • An area where a large number of houses are planned and built as a group is called an estate or a development: a new housing estate/development • If you go and live in another house, you move, or move house. You move in/move into a new house, then move out/move out of it when you stop living there.. • A house that is available to buy is for sale or on the market: This property has been on the market for about six weeks. • A person whose job is to buy and sell houses and land for other people is an estate agent (BrE) / real estate agent (NAmE). • When you borrow money from a bank or building society in order to buy a house, you take out a mortgage. • If you pay money for the use of a room, house, etc., you rent it (from sb). The money that you pay, probably each month, is rent. The person who rents a room, house, etc. is a tenant and the person who owns the property is a landlord (or landlady if it is a woman): The landlord has put the rent up again.. House. V15.

(16) Garden / Yard. V16. Garden (BrE) / Yard (NAmE). 24 border 25 lawn 26 cane 27 water feature 28 pond 29 cold frame (also frame) 30 seedling 31 cloche 32 vegetable patch / vegetable plot. 6 conservatory (BrE) 7 pergola 8 climber 9 gate 10 fence 11 sunlounger (BrE) (also lounger, BrE, NAmE). 1 2 3 4. greenhouse shed hedge bird table (BrE) bird feeder (NAmE) 5 parasol / sunshade. 2. 1. 5. 3. 17 stake 18 deck 19 flowerpot 20 patio 21 planter 22 flower bed 23 compost bin. 12 deckchair 13 barbecue (also BBQ) 14 water butt (BrE) rain barrel (NAmE) 15 bench 16 trellis. 7. 6. 8. 4 14. 12 18. 17. 11 13. 6 23. 15. 24. 10. 9. 16. 25. 22. 19 20 21. 26. 27 28. 29. 31. 30. rakes. lawnmower (also mower). fork. wheelbarrow (also barrow). hoe. 32. spade. hose watering can (also hosepipe). shovel. trowel. StrimmerTM (BrE). hand fork. sprinkler.

(17) V17. DIY and cleaning Tools. handsaw. blade. DIY and cleaning. bit. claw. chuck. hammer drill. plane. mallet. coping saw. screwdriver hacksaw. head. bradawl bolt. file. thread. chisel. nut nail. screw. washer. spirit level. spanner (BrE) wrench (especially NAmE). blade. vice (BrE) / vise (NAmE). adjustable spanner (BrE) monkey wrench (especially NAmE) wire cutters. scissors penknife. toolbox. pliers. Cleaning. Decorating rung. bucket (NAmE also pail) feather duster. dustpan and brush broom. mop. squeegee mop. duster. iron. step. ladder. stepladder. squeegee. rubber gloves. vacuum cleaner (BrE also HooverTM). ironing board. roller. paintbrushes.

(18) V18. Living room. Living room 5 coal scuttle 6 fire surround 7 fireplace 8 grate 9 hearth 10 poker 11 house plant (BrE also pot plant). 1 hi-fi system 2 speakers 3 waste-paper basket (BrE) / wastebasket (NAmE) 4 mantelpiece (also mantel especially NAmE). 22 coffee table 23 remote control 24 radiator 25 magazine rack 26 recliner 27 scatter cushion (BrE) throw pillow (NAmE) 28 throw 29 sofa / couch 30 occasional table 31 floorboards. 12 plant pot 13 armchair 14 rug 15 bookcase 16 ornament (especially BrE) 17 bookend 18 flat-screen TV 19 vase 20 coaster 21 footstool. 15 16 4. 11 12. 6. 5. 8. 2. 24. 26. 13. 7. 1. 18. 17. 19. 14. 9. 27. 21. 10. 23 20. 28. 22 29. 3. 30. 25 31. roller. finial slat. curtain pole (BrE) curtain rod (NAmE). roller. venetian blind. roller blind (BrE) shade (NAmE). curtains. shutters. lampshade bulb. table lamp. spotlight back. arm. desk lamp. floor lamp (BrE also standard lamp). lava lamp. cushion. two-seater sofa (BrE) love seat (NAmE). director’s chair. rocking chair (also rocker especially NAmE). chaise longue.

(19) V19. Dining room fruit bowl cheeseboard cheese knife sideboard drawer cutlery (especially BrE) flatware (NAmE) 7 napkin. 8 bowl 9 plate 10 place mat (BrE also table mat) 11 side plate 12 glass 13 pepper pot (especially BrE) pepper shaker (NAmE). 22 21. 23. 2. 7. 8. 1 3. 24 19. 20. 17. 9 10. 6. 12 13 14. 11. 18. 25. 15. 5. 4. saucer. 21 candle 22 wick 23 carafe 24 dining chair 25 high chair 26 dining table 27 tablecloth. 14 salt cellar (BrE) salt shaker (NAmE) 15 butter knife 16 butter dish 17 serving dish 18 lid 19 gravy boat 20 candlestick. Dining room. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 16 26 27. cup handle cup holder. plastic cup. cup and saucer prong / tine. salad servers. teaspoon. mug. blade. knife. fork. soup spoon. baby’s mug / baby’s beaker. egg cup. chopsticks. tablespoon. dessertspoon (BrE). steak knife fish fork fish knife. stem. beer mug. tumbler. wine glass. champagne flute.

(20) V20. Bedroom. Bedroom. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. 1 bedside table (especially BrE) (NAmE usually nightstand, night table) 2 clock radio. 10 built-in/fitted wardrobe (BrE) / closet (especially NAmE) 11 rail 12 hanger 13 chest of drawers (NAmE also bureau, dresser) 14 drawer. headboard pillow pillowcase bottom sheet double bed duvet en suite (BrE, from French). 11. 9. 12 10. 15. 13. 14. 3 4 1. 2. 15 full-length mirror 16 mirror 17 dressing table (NAmE also vanity, vanity table) 18 stool 19 fitted carpet (BrE) wall-to-wall carpet (NAmE) 20 rug. 16 5. 6. 8 17. 18. 7. 20. cradle hammock. 19. cot (BrE) / crib (NAmE). travel cot. canopy. mattress mattress. ing top sheet dd be blanket. bedpost patchwork quilt. valance base base. divan (BrE). four-poster bed. futon sleeping bag. bedspread (BrE also bedcover) (NAmE also spread). single bed (NAmE also twin bed). pump. bunk beds. sofa bed camp bed (BrE) cot (NAmE). air bed (BrE) / air mattress (especially NAmE).

(21) AmE ed). Bathroom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. 8 vanity unit (BrE) 9 shower cubicle 10 shower head 11 soap dish 12 shower tray 13 plughole (BrE) drain (US). bathroom cabinet toothbrush holder beaker mixer tap washbasin soap dispenser flannel (BrE) washcloth (NAmE). 22 tap (especially BrE) faucet (NAmE) 23 bathrobe (also robe) 24 bidet 25 toilet 26 cistern (BrE) 27 toilet paper 28 toilet brush. 14 towel rail (BrE) towel rack (NAmE) 15 hand towel 16 bath towel 17 bathroom scales 18 bath (BrE) / bathtub (especially NAmE) 19 bath mat 20 tiling 21 bath panel. 9 10. 1. 11. 14 15 22. 20 16 4 2 3. 5 7. 12. 6. 13. 18 21. 17. 26. 24. 27. 19. 8. nail file. 23. 25. emery board. nail clippers. nail scissors. 28. nail brush. toothbrush. toothpaste. hairbrush. electric toothbrush. comb. tweezers. blade blade razor. shaver (also electric razor). sponge bag (BrE) toiletry bag (NAmE). loofah. sponge. Bathroom. V21.

(22) V22. Kitchen. Kitchen. 7 gas ring (especially BrE) / burner (NAmE) 8 hob (BrE) / stovetop (NAmE) 9 drawer 10 oven glove (also oven mitt) 11 grill (BrE) 12 oven 13 fridge (BrE) refrigerator (NAmE). 1 microwave 2 worktop (BrE) counter (NAmE) 3 knife block 4 kitchen units 5 cooker hood 6 splashback. 22 dishcloth (NAmE usually dishrag) 23 sink 24 tap (especially BrE) faucet (NAmE) 25 dishwasher 26 tea towel (BrE) dishtowel (NAmE). 14 breakfast bar 15 stool 16 toaster 17 door 18 shelf 19 kitchen roll holder 20 kitchen paper (BrE) paper towel (NAmE) 21 draining board (BrE) drainboard (NAmE). 18 17 5. 1. 11 10. 6 7 2. 16. 13. 12. 19 20 14. 8. 3. 21 22. 15. 23. 24. 9 4 25 26. Appliances. blender (BrE also liquidizer). hand-held blender. food processor. electric whisk. Coffee and tea plunger. spout. pot filter. electric kettle. espresso maker. cafetière (BrE) French press (NAmE). coffee maker (also coffee machine). teapot.

(23) V23. Kitchen utensils. bread knife. handle. serrated blade. measuring spoons. point. edge. carving knife. measuring cups. steel cleaver. timer. measuring jug. peeler. Opening chopping board (BrE) cutting board (NAmE). palette knife. paring knife. kitchen scissors. Crushing, grating, squeezing. lemon-squeezer (BrE) juicer (NAmE). potato masher. grater. corkscrew tin opener (BrE) can opener (NAmE). bottle opener. nutcracker pestle. mortar. zester garlic press (also garlic crusher) pestle and mortar. Other utensils. pepper mill. tongs. sieve (BrE) sifter (NAmE). colander. ramekin ice-cream scoop. cake slice. ladle. wooden spoon. whisk. basting spatula fish slice (BrE) spatula (NAmE) brush. rolling pin. Kitchen utensils. Measuring. Cutting.

(24) V24. Cook. Cooking Cooking. • When talking generally about preparing meals, use the verb to cook: When you’re cooking for your family, make an extra serving. You can cook food or a meal: Lucas is cooking dinner. Cook the onion gently until soft. … or the food or the meal can cook: Add the meat and let it cook for ten minutes. There are different verbs for particular ways of cooking: with water or oil, or in dry heat. flambé. Fry • You can fry meat, fish, eggs, etc. in a shallow pan of hot oil, or the meat, fish, eggs, etc. can fry: Fry the onion and garlic for five minutes. The smell of frying bacon made her mouth water. • Chips (BrE) / French fries (NAmE), etc. can be completely covered in very hot oil and deep-fried. • You can sauté food by frying it quickly in a little hot fat: new potatoes sautéed in butter and thyme. wok. spatula. stir-fry frying pan (NAmE also skillet) tongs. fry. barbecue. lid. steamer saucepan (especially BrE) (NAmE usually pot). boil. steam. oven. bun tin (BrE) muffin pan (NAmE). bake. casserole / casserole dish. casserole. Boil • You can boil vegetables, eggs, rice, etc. by covering them with water and heating to boiling point (=100°C): Boil the potatoes until tender, then drain. • You can also just boil the water: I’m boiling the water for the pasta now. … or the container the water is in: Boil a large pan of salted water. • The vegetables, the water, or (in British English) the container, can boil: The potatoes were boiling away merrily. The kettle’s boiled! Do you want some tea? (BrE) • If you bring something to the boil (BrE) / a boil (NAmE) you heat it until it boils; you can then simmer it or let it simmer by letting it boil gently for a period of time: Simmer the carrots in a large pan of water. Bring to the boil and let it simmer for five minutes. • You can poach food by cooking it gently in a small amount of liquid: Gently poach the salmon fillets for eight minutes..

(25) Steam • You can steam fish, vegetables, etc. by placing the food above boiling water in a covered container with holes in the bottom so the steam reaches it: Chinese rice is always white and usually prepared by steaming.. Roast chop. • You can roast large pieces of meat, potatoes, etc. by covering the surface of the food with oil in the heat of an oven. . Grill • You can grill (BrE) / broil (NAmE) food under direct heat on a grill pan (BrE) / broiler pan (NAmE). dice. Bake • You can bake bread, cakes, potatoes, etc. in the dry heat of an oven or a fire: He baked a cake for her birthday. … or the bread, cakes, etc. can bake: While the cake is baking, avoid opening the oven door. • Baking can be used for things that are baked, or for the activity of baking them: A nice smell of baking came from the kitchen. My grandmother always used to bake/do the baking on Saturdays.. slice. GRAMMaR POINT. knead. rolling pin. roll out whisk potato masher. grater. mash. grate. whip. • The past participle (-ed form) of most cooking verbs can be used as an adjective before an item of food, meaning ‘that has been cooked in this way’: a cooked breakfast (BrE) a warm breakfast (NAmE) a boiled egg sautéed potatoes (also sauté potatoes) BUT roast chicken • The gerund (-ing form) of some cooking verbs can be used as an adjective before an item of food, meaning ‘suitable to be cooked in this way’: cooking apples (= that must be cooked before they are eaten) stewing steak … or before a piece of equipment, meaning ‘suitable to be used when cooking in this way’: a frying pan a baking tray (BrE) / baking sheet (NAmE). V25. Cooking. Preparation.

(26) V26. Fruit and vegetables. Fruit and vegetables • Larger fruit or vegetables, that you do not • Some fruit and vegetables are always eat whole, are uncountable as food: countable: duck with spring cabbage Do you like bananas? Others may be eaten whole (countable)… Some are always uncountable: baked apples Celery is usually eaten raw. baby carrots • Some may be countable or uncountable, … or prepared in such a way that they are depending on whether you are thinking of not eaten whole (uncountable in British them as plants or as food and on how they are English but still countable in American prepared as food. If you are thinking of a fruit English): or vegetable as a plant you are usually talking stewed apple (BrE) / stewed apples (NAmE) about the whole fruit or vegetable, so it will grated raw carrot (BrE) / grated raw carrots be countable: (NAmE) Plant the cabbages in rows. stalk (BrE) stem (NAmE). pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE) core. cherries. stone (BrE) / pit (NAmE). flesh. seeds. peach. apple. kiwi fruit skin (BrE) / peel (NAmE). watermelon. avocado. fig. a bunch of grapes. banana. Citrus fruits. Berries. peel. pith (BrE). lemon. lime strawberries. raspberries. blackberries. gooseberries. pip (BrE) / seed (NAmE). segment. Tropical fruits. mango. grapefruit. orange. mangosteen. persimmon. seeds. passion fruit. pomegranate. pineapple. shell flesh. starfruit. papaya. durian. coconut. milk. lychee.

(27) V27. garlic. onion. shallots fennel cabbage. floret (BrE). cauliflower. Brussels sprouts. leek. mushrooms okra. spring onions (BrE) green onions (NAmE). broccoli. spear. artichoke (also globe artichoke). sweet potato chilli. asparagus. celery potato. sweetcorn (BrE) corn (NAmE). corn on the cob. aubergine (BrE) eggplant (NAmE). yam. Peas and beans. Squash. pod. marrow (BrE). green beans. pumpkin. kidney beans. courgette (BrE) zucchini (NAmE). Root vegetables. peas. chickpeas (especially BrE) garbanzos (NAmE). bean sprouts. Salad vegetables. parsnip. carrot. radishes. lettuce. moolis / daikons. tomato. cucumber beetroot (BrE) beet (NAmE). swede (BrE) rutabaga (NAmE). turnip. peppers (BrE) bell peppers (NAmE). Fruit and vegetables. clove.

(28) V28. Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals. Herbs, spices, nuts and cereals Herbs. bay. sage. basil. oregano. mint. parsley. thyme rosemary dill tarragon chives . coriander (NAmE also cilantro). Spices pod. seeds. cloves. black peppercorns. star anise. cinnamon. cardamom. ginger saffron turmeric paprika cumin seeds . Nuts. nutmeg. coriander seeds. Cereals grain. cashew peanut macadamia hazelnut (also filbert especially NAmE) wheat . pecan . almond. ear of barley wheat . maize (BrE) corn (NAmE). pistachio. shell. brazil. walnut. chestnut. rye. rice . oats. millet.

(29) V29. Packaging. Packaging. multipack. blister pack. box. box (BrE also packet). stick. packet (BrE) stick (NAmE). matchbox cap / top. packet (BrE) pack (NAmE). packet (BrE) package (NAmE). packet (BrE) roll (NAmE). top. tube. sachet (BrE) packet (NAmE). straw. roll. carton (BrE) juice box (NAmE). tub. carton (BrE also pot). carton. cork. nozzle. screw-top. top. aerosol can. can. ring pull (BrE) pull tab (NAmE). lid. bottle lid. label. tin. tin / can (both BrE) / can (NAmE). bag (BrE also packet). bag. shopping bag. punnet (BrE). carrier bag (BrE). tray. shopping basket. jar. shopping trolley (BrE) shopping cart (NAmE).

(30) V30. Musical instruments. Musical instruments Playing an instrument • When talking generally about playing musical instruments, the is usually used before the name of the instrument: He played the trumpet in a jazz band. She decided to take up (= start learning to play) the flute. • The is not usually used when two or more instruments are mentioned: She teaches violin, cello and piano.. Brass. Strings. bow. • The preposition on is used to say who is playing which instrument: The CD features James Galway on the flute. She sang and he accompanied her on the piano. • The is not usually used when you are talking about pop or jazz musicians: John Squire on guitar Miles Davis played trumpet. tuning peg. bat. strings. French horn chin rest belly. violin. viola. cello. harp batsman. double bass (BrE) bass (NAmE) reed. tuba. tuning slide. Woodwind. bell. key. trombone. mouthpiece. valve. trumpet key. piccolo. saxophone. flute. clarinet. oboe. bassoon. recorder. Percussion hi-hat (also high-hat). tom-tom. cymbal. glockenspiel. tambourine. snare drum. congas. drumsticks. xylophone. triangle. steel drum. harmonica. castanets. bass drum. drum kit. kettledrum. maracas.

(31) • There are four sections of instruments in an orchestra: strings, woodwind, brass and percussion. • Different bands or ensembles can be formed when instruments from the different sections play separately: a brass band a string quartet a wind band a jazz trio • Particular adjectives are used before the names of musical instruments to describe the type of instrument it is: a tenor saxophone a bass drum a classical guitar GRAMMaR POINT • The names of instruments can be used like adjectives before other nouns: a clarinet lesson Chopin’s Piano Concerto No. 1 She’s going to do her cello practice. . People who play instruments • Some musical instruments have a special name, ending in –ist or –er for the people who play them: The violinist lifted his bow. The South African drummer, Louis Moholo • Check near the entry for each instrument to find the correct word. If there is no special word, you use player after the name of the instrument: the quartet’s viola player • When talking about pop or jazz, people often use player even when there is a word for the person like saxophonist or bassist: A brilliant young sax player We’re looking for a new bass player. . • In an orchestra playing classical music, principal, deputy principal (BrE), associate principal (NAmE) and assistant principal (NAmE) are used with the names of instruments to describe a player’s position or importance: He became principal cellist within a few years. • A person who directs (or conducts) an orchestra is a conductor. The principal violinist (who leads the orchestra) is the leader (BrE) or the concertmaster (NAmE).. Music for instruments • Music is composed or written for an instrument. In a piece of music written for a group of instruments, each has a different part to play: There are parts for oboe and bassoon. • If there is more than one part for the same type of instrument, the terms first and second, and sometimes third and fourth, are used: She’s a second violin (= plays the second violin part). the deep low notes of the third horn • A solo is a part for one instrument playing alone. A soloist plays it: She performs regularly as a soloist and in chamber music. I love the saxophone solo in this song. More illustrations at accordion and music. strings lid keyboard. piano stool. pedal. grand piano upright piano. amplifier fret. bridge. electric guitar. acoustic guitar. banjo. mandolin. balalaika. sitar. V31. Musical instruments. Describing instruments.

(32) V32. Toys and games. Toys and games. FrisbeeTM. kite. skipping rope sandpit (BrE) (BrE) / jump rope sandbox (NAmE) (NAmE). swing. slide. trampoline. climbing frame (BrE) jungle gym (NAmE). teddy bear (BrE also teddy). soft toy (BrE) / stuffed animal (especially NAmE). rag doll. glove puppet (BrE) hand puppet (NAmE). rocking horse. building blocks. doll’s house (BrE) / dollhouse (NAmE). Cards. a hand of cards. playing cards / cards suits. clubs. jack. diamonds. queen. pack of cards (BrE) deck of cards (especially NAmE) hearts. king. court cards (BrE) face cards (especially NAmE). spades. ace. joker. • To mix the playing cards is to shuffle them: Shuffle the cards well. Shall I shuffle? • To give cards to each individual person who is playing the game is to deal them (out). The person who does this is called the dealer: Whose turn is it to deal? Deal the cards. • To divide the pack of cards into two or three parts is to cut them: Cut the cards to see who starts. • A card which is on the table showing the picture side is face up. A card which is on the table so that you cannot see the picture side is face down. • The cards that you have in your hand when you play cards is a hand. I knew I’d win – I had a really good hand (=I had good cards)..

(33) • The official statements that tell you what you can or cannot do in a game are the rules; something which is not allowed in a game is against the rules. • To play a game in a dishonest or unfair way: cheat; noun [U]: cheating; a person who cheats is a cheat: You can’t do that, it’s cheating. He’s such a cheat.. dominoes. Board games noughts and crosses (BrE) / tic-tac-toe (NAmE). pawn chessboard. • A game played on a flat hard piece of wood or cardboard is a board game. • A small cube with a different number of spots on each side, used in certain games, is called a dice (also die especially NAmE) (plural dice). • A small round flat object that is used in some games to show where a player is on the board is a counter. • To take a piece or a counter and move it to another place on the board: move (something): You can only move your counter one square in any direction. • The time in a game when one person must do something (for example move a piece) is called a move, turn, go (plural goes): It’s your move/turn/go. You’ve just had two goes.. castle / rook. Chess. Chinese chequers (BrE) / Chinese checkers (NAmE) dice (also die especially NAmE) counter snakes and ladders (BrE) queen. chess. knight. king. bishop. backgammon. Puzzles • A game that tests your knowledge or intelligence is a puzzle: to do a puzzle a mathematical puzzle • A picture on cardboard or wood that is cut into small pieces which you have to join together is a jigsaw (puzzle). • A word game with black and white squares where you write the word in the white squares is a crossword (puzzle). To find the right word, you have to solve a clue: I can’t do this crossword, the clues are too difficult. to solve a crossword puzzle. • A stage in the game of chess when a player’s king could be taken by the other person is called check noun [U]. When you are in this position, you are in check. • When one player cannot move his king out of check and the game ends is called checkmate noun [U]. • The end of a game of chess when neither player can win is stalemate noun [U].. sudoku. wordsearch. crossword (also crossword puzzle). jigsaw (puzzle) (BrE) (also puzzle especially NAmE). Toys and games. V33. Playing games.

(34) golf club. golf course. V34 hole. Hobbies. green. Hobbies. map. bunker (NAmE also sand trap, trap) golfer. fairway. compass. golf. Golf orienteering. caving (BrE) / spelunking (NAmE). bow. target. archer ice rink. arrow. archery. ice skating. flipper. snorkel tank mask. wetsuit. scuba-diving. snorkelling (also snorkeling especially US). • A game of golf is called a round of golf (nine or eighteen holes). • At the start of each hole a player tees off by hitting the ball from the tee (= an area of flat ground). • The act of hitting the ball is called a shot. The swinging movement players make with their arms and body when they hit the ball is called their swing: My golf swing is in need of improvement. • Players attempt to hit their ball down the fairway (= a long strip of short grass), avoiding the bunker (NAmE also sand trap, trap) and the rough (= the part of the golf course with long grass making it difficult to hit the ball), to the green. • The green is an area of short grass on which you putt your ball (= hit the ball gently so that it rolls across the ground a short distance into or towards the hole).. Snooker, pool and billiards. in-line skating. skateboarding. bowling green. pins. lane. tenpin bowling. bowls dartboard dart. cue pocket bullseye. table. cushion cue ball. darts. pool. • Snooker is a game for two people, played on a long table covered with green cloth (baize). Players use cues to hit the cue ball (white) against the other balls (fifteen red, and six of other colours) in order to pot the coloured balls (= hit them into pockets at the edge of the table), in a particular order. • Snooker also refers to a position in the game of snooker in which one player has made it very difficult for the opponent to play a shot within the rules. • A game of snooker is called a frame: He won the frame easily. • Pool is similar to snooker, but is played with a cue ball (white), a black ball, and two sets of coloured balls (seven solid colours and seven striped balls). • Billiards is played with three balls (one white, one white with a spot, and one red). Each player uses one of the white balls as the cue ball. Points are scored by pocketing a ball after contact with another ball, or by striking your cue ball against the other two balls..

(35) V35. potter’s wheel. palette zoom lens. Hobbies. chisel. flash canvas easel. photography. painting. magnifying glass. pottery. woodcarving. stamps. album. model making knitting needle. stamp collecting. gardening. crochet hook. rows. sewing machine cross stitch. wool / yarn. knitting. crochet. needle. embroidery. sewing reel of cotton (especially BrE) spool of thread (especially NAmE). Keeping fit Staying healthy. press-up (BrE) push-up (especially NAmE). jogging. yoga. sit-up. exercise bike. barbell. dumb-bell. rowing machine. treadmill. • If you are fit (BrE), physically fit, or in shape (especially NAmE), you are healthy and strong, especially as a result of diet and exercise: Top athletes have to be very fit.(BrE) The doctor said I should get more exercise (BrE also …take more exercise). No cream for me – I’m on a diet. She cycles up to 90 miles a day to keep fit. (BrE) I still run every day to stay in shape. (especially NAmE). Aerobics, step, and circuit training • Aerobics involves physical exercises to make the heart and lungs stronger, often done in classes and to music: do an aerobics class • Step is a type of aerobics that you do by stepping on and off a raised piece of equipment called a step. • Circuit training is a type of training in which different exercises are each done for a short time..

(36) V36. Sports. Sports Talking about a particular sport • You can play a specific sport: Do you play tennis? • This is used particularly for competitive sports in which one team or person plays or plays against another: We played them in last year’s final. Who are you playing against this afternoon? • Members of a sports team play for their team: He used to play for the Dallas Cowboys.. • If the name of a sport or an activity ends in –ing we often use it with the verb to go: I go swimming twice a week. Have you ever been rock climbing? • Typical sports and activities with this pattern include: go skiing; go sailing; go riding (BrE) or go horseback riding (NAmE); and go dancing. Check at the entry for each sport to see if it can be used in this way. Other sports and activities can take the verbs to do or to go to: • I do aerobics once or twice a week. • I go to judo (= to my judo class) on Mondays.. Team Sports. court. wicketkeeper. hoop. pitch. batsman wicket. basket. cricket. basketball. bat batter. baseball. bat. tackle. catcher catcher. rugby. baseball crossbar. goal. jersey. football goalkeeper. shoulder pad. strip (BrE) uniform (NAmE). football. soccer (BrE also football). American football (BrE) / football (NAmE) helmet. blocking glove. catching glove. hockey stick. ball. hockey (BrE) / field hockey (NAmE). skate face mask puck. ice hockey (BrE) / hockey (NAmE). ice rink.

(37) V37. Where sports are played • The area that is specially marked for playing a sports game is often called a pitch (BrE), field or court, depending on the sport being played: a cricket/ football/rugby/hockey pitch (BrE) a soccer/baseball field (especially NAmE) a tennis/badminton/squash/basketball court • A large sports ground surrounded by rows of seats for spectators is called a stadium (plural stadiums or stadia): an all-seater stadium. • Names of American sports teams always start with ‘the’; names of British sports teams almost never do. Names of sports teams may look either singular or plural but always take a plural verb: The Jazz are playing the Chicago Bulls. Aston Villa have started the season well. • Teams are often referred to just by the name of the place they come from. In American English this means a singular verb is used, but in British English the verb is still plural. Cincinnati is having a great season. Norwich were disappointed with the score.. Swimming. crawl. butterfly. backstroke. breaststroke. Racket sports racket / racquet shuttlecock court net. tennis. badminton bat. squash. table tennis (BrE) / Ping-PongTM (NAmE). Sports. GRAMMaR POINT.

(38) Sports. V38. People who take part in sports • A person who plays a particular sport is usually called a football/tennis/basketball player: Welsh rugby players could get £2000 each from a new sponsorship deal. • Some sports have a special name for the players or people who do them. Some of these names end in -er but others do not follow a particular pattern. Check near the entry for each sport to find the correct word. talented young footballers (BrE only) an Olympic boxer top athletes from around the world cyclists competing in the Tour de France. Track events. hurdle. sprinting lane. sprinting. hurdling. starting blocks. Track events • run the 100 metres • run the relay. Field events. bar. the high jump. the discus. the pole vault. Field events • do the long jump • do the high jump • do the pole vault • do the triple jump • throw the javelin • throw the discus • throw the hammer • put the shot the hammer. the javelin. Equestrian sports jockey. rider. jump mallet racehorse racecourse (BrE) / racetrack (NAmE). horse racing. showjumping. polo.

(39) • You can do sport (BrE): Do you do a lot of sport? …or you can play sports (especially NAmE): We played sports together when we were kids. …but these verbs are not used very often. It is more usual to talk about liking sport/ sports or being good at sport/sports: Are you good at sport? (BrE) Are you good at sports? (NAmE) What sports do you like best? • Do not say that you ‘practise’ sport or a sport if you just mean that you do or play it. Say: I love sport. (BrE) I love sports. (NAmE) (No other verb is necessary.) NOT I love practising sport. • Say which sports you play: Every Sunday I play volleyball or badminton with my friends. NOT Every Sunday I practise sport with my friends. • However, you can use the verb ‘practise’, especially in American English (where it is spelt ‘practice’), if it means ‘to train’: The team is practicing for its big game. (NAmE) The team are in training for their big match. (BrE). V39. GRAMMaR POINT • The names of sports can be used like adjectives before other nouns: a tennis match cycling shorts a football team • The words sports and sporting (but not ‘sport’) can be used in the same way: a sports club sports shoes a sporting event sporting goods. helmet rings. cycling. gymnastics head guard. boxing glove. Winter sports. the luge. goggles. ski. downhill skiing. binding. foil. the ropes. boxing. bobsleigh (BrE) / bobsled (NAmE). mask. cross-country skiing. fencing. Sports. Talking about sports in general.

(40) V40. Extreme sports. Extreme sports. paragliding. hang-gliding. snowboarding. abseiling (BrE) rappelling (NAmE). skydiving. bungee. • Activities that involve danger or speed or both are often called extreme sports. Many extreme sports are done on or in water. • Surfing and bodyboarding are similar, but a surfer stands on a surfboard to ride on the waves while a bodyboarder lies on their stomach on a bodyboard. Kitesurfing involves riding on a type of surfboard and being pulled along by a kite. • Waterskiing and wakeboarding both involve being pulled through the water by a fast boat: a waterskier wears one or two waterskis, while a wakeboarder stands sideways on a wakeboard. • Other extreme sports involve jumping from great heights. Skydivers jump from a plane and fall for as long as they safely can before opening their parachutes. You can jump from the side of a mountain, wearing a kind of parachute in paragliding, or a frame like a very large kite in hang-gliding. Parasailing and base jumping are both also done wearing parachutes. In parasailing you are pulled behind a fast boat and rise into the air. A base jumper jumps from the top of a tall building or bridge (BASE stands for building, antenna, span, earth). • In rock climbing, a rope is attached to the climber and the rock for safety– this is called belaying. The climber wears a harness to which the rope is attached with a metal ring called a karabiner. • Skateboarders and snowboarders may ride on a half-pipe: a U-shaped structure or a U-shaped channel cut into the snow. They do jumps and tricks, for example a fakie, an ollie, or a kick-turn.. bungee jumping. waterskiing. wakeboarding. sailboard (also windsurfer). windsurfing. surfing. jet-skiing. bodyboarding. white-water rafting. kitesurfing / kiteboarding. parkour.

(41) V41. Cycles. handlebar brake lever water bottle brake cable fork front brake. rear brake. hub. helmet chinstrap. Cycles. saddle. crossbar. spoke frame. chain wheel. D-lock. crank. pump. pedal tyre (BrE) tire (NAmE). reflector. valve. stand. rim. chain. gears. bicycle. light. drop handlebars. stabilizers (BrE) training wheels (NAmE). mountain bike. racing bike / racer. tricycle (also informal trike). unicycle. dirt bike. quad bike petrol tank (BrE) gas tank (NAmE). engine. tandem. silencer (BrE) muffler (NAmE). motorcycle (also motorbike especially BrE). mirror. kickstand. scooter. Other types of bicycle and motorcycle • An early type of bicycle with a very large front wheel and a very small back wheel is a penny-farthing. • A stationary bicycle that is used indoors to exercise is an exercise bike. • A motorcycle with a small engine and pedals is a moped. .

(42) V42. Musical instruments Cars. Cars 2. 1 3. 4. 5. 10 9. 7. 12. 11. 13 14 15. 16 17. 6. 8 23. 18. 19. 21. 25. 24 22. boot (BrE) trunk (NAmE). 20. 26. bonnet (BrE) hood (NAmE) tail light. exhaust (also tailpipe especially NAmE). convertible. saloon (BrE) sedan (NAmE). tyre (BrE) tire (NAmE). indicator (BrE) turn signal (NAmE) aerial (BrE) / antenna (especially NAmE) rear window. 1 rear-view mirror 2 visor 3 windscreen (BrE) windshield (NAmE) 4 windscreen wiper (BrE) windshield wiper (NAmE) 5 wing mirror (BrE) side-view mirror (NAmE) 6 door handle 7 air vent 8 glove compartment glove box 9 satnav (also sat nav) 10 dashboard 11 milometer (BrE) odometer (NAmE) 12 speedometer 13 rev counter 14 fuel gauge 15 steering wheel 16 ignition 17 horn 18 gear lever (BrE) gear shift (NAmE) 19 clutch 20 brake 21 accelerator (BrE) / gas pedal (especially NAmE) 22 handbrake (especially BrE) / emergency brake (NAmE) 23 headrest 24 passenger seat 25 driver’s seat 26 seat belt headlight. wing (BrE) fender (NAmE) side window door. bumper. people carrier (BrE) minivan (especially NAmE). four-wheel drive. hubcap. hatchback sports car (US also sport car). estate car (BrE) station wagon (NAmE). Verbs to talk about driving • to control the direction in which the car is going: steer • to change direction suddenly: swerve • to signal that your car is going to turn: indicate • to make a car go faster: speed up, accelerate, put your foot down • to make a car go more slowly: slow down, brake, put the brake on . • to put the engine into a higher/lower gear as you get faster/slower: change up/down • to allow another vehicle to go before you: give way (BrE) / yield (NAmE) • to pass another vehicle because you are moving faster: overtake • to turn round and go back along the same road: do/make a U-turn • to stop and leave the car: park.

(43) V43. Aircraft. fin. Aircraft. wing aileron rudder tail. flap fuselage. elevator. cabin tailplane. nose. hold trailing edge. flight deck. undercarriage (also landing gear). slat jet engine. leading edge. cowling cockpit. rotor blade. propeller. aerobatic display. ski-plane. ski. light aircraft. helicopter. glider. microlight (BrE). fighter. biplane. skid. seaplane. At the airport. • An airport building where journeys begin and end is a terminal. You go to the check-in desk and say you have arrived (check in). • You check in the baggage (especially NAmE) that will go into the hold (= the part of the plane where goods are stored) but you carry your hand luggage (especially BrE) / carry-on airship baggage (especially NAmE) with you onto the plane. If your bags are heavier than the weight limit you have to pay excess baggage. • You wait in the departure lounge and when your flight is boarding (= is ready for passengers to get on) you leave the terminal from a gate. • When you arrive at your destination in a different country you disembark and go through immigration. Collect your luggage hot-air balloon (especially BrE) from baggage reclaim (BrE) / baggage claim (NAmE) and exit through customs. . basket.

(44) V44. Boats and ships. Boats and ships. the bridge. tug / tugboat. container ship. lifeboat. ferry. skirt. twin hulls. hovercraft bow. liner. hydrofoil. catamaran. stern. canal boat / narrowboat. More kinds of boat • Any large boat that is used for carrying passengers or goods by sea is a ship, or (formal) a vessel: In which country was this vessel registered? • A ship that carries goods from one place to another is a freighter or cargo ship, and one that is used for carrying large amounts of petrol, oil, etc. is an (oil) tanker. • A boat that is used for catching fish is a fishing boat, and a special type of fishing boat which pulls a long net through the sea to catch fish is a trawler. • Lifeboat has two meanings: it is a special boat that is used to rescue people who are in danger at sea, or it is a small boat that is kept on a ship and used by people to escape if the ship is going to sink. • Raft also has two meanings: it is a small boat made of rubber or plastic that is filled with air, or it is a flat structure made of pieces of wood tied together and used as a boat. . Groups of boats. sailing dinghy (NAmE also sailboat). paddle wheel. paddle steamer (BrE) / paddleboat (NAmE). cruiser / cabin cruiser. speedboat. • A group of boats that sail and work together is a fleet: a fishing fleet • A group of boats travelling together is a flotilla or a convoy: The boats travelled in convoy. We were travelling in a flotilla of boats. . oar. rowing boat (BrE) / rowboat (NAmE).

(45) V45. Travelling by boat paddle. blade. kayak (BrE also canoe). canoe. pole. punt. gondolier. gondola. • You sail a sailing boat or yacht, row a rowing boat, and paddle a canoe or kayak: My brother’s planning to sail (his yacht) to Bermuda. They rowed (the boat) back to shore. • You go sailing, go yachting, go rowing and go canoeing. • When you get on a ship you board (it), or (formal) embark: We boarded the ship at midday. One passenger had embarked at Alexandria. • When you get off a ship you go ashore, or (formal) disembark. • To begin a journey by sea is to set sail (from/to/for a place): Twenty competitors set sail from Rio on the round-the-world race. • When you are on a ship you are on board or aboard: There were a thousand passengers on board. All aboard please! • When you are sailing on the sea in a ship, you are at sea. • A holiday where you travel by boat and visit a number of places is a cruise: They’re going on a cruise. • A long journey by sea is a voyage: Captain Cook made his first voyage to the South Pacific in 1768. • If a boat moves backwards and forwards it pitches; if it moves from side to side it rolls: The trawler was pitching and rolling violently in the storm. • To be carried along by wind or water in no particular direction is to drift: The boat drifted out to sea.. Parts of boats • The side of a boat that is on the left when you are facing the front: port • The side of a boat that is on the right when you are facing the front: starboard • The top outside floor of a boat is called the deck: Let’s go and sit on deck. • The other floors are also called decks: the lower deck of a ship • A small room in a boat where you can sleep is a cabin, and a kind of bed in a cabin is a bunk or a berth: a cabin with four berths • The kitchen on a boat is the galley and a round window is called a porthole.. Steering a boat • A piece of wood or metal in the water at the back of a boat that is used for controlling its direction is a rudder. • A bar that is used to turn the rudder of a small boat in order to steer it is a tiller. • A handle or wheel used for steering a larger boat or ship is called the helm. • The part of a ship where the captain and other officers stand when they are controlling the ship is the bridge.. spinnaker. mainsail. mast. boom cockpit jib. yacht (NAmE also sailboat). Boats and ships. life jacket (NAmE also life vest).

(46) V46. Vehicles. Vehicles Buses. double-decker. single-decker. school bus. minibus. bus (BrE also coach). Trucks, etc. cab. articulated lorry (BrE) / tractor-trailer (NAmE). lorry (BrE) / truck (especially NAmE). transporter. tanker. van. forklift truck. breakdown truck (BrE) tow truck (especially NAmE). pickup (also pickup truck). JeepTM. Transporting goods • Items that are carried by lorries, trains, aeroplanes and ships are called freight [U]: a freight train • Items that are carried by road or rail are also called goods (BrE)(pl.): a goods vehicle • Items that are carried by air and sea are also called cargo [C, U]: a cargo plane. • Something that is being carried, usually in large amounts, is a load: A lorry shed its load (= accidentally dropped its load) on the motorway. • A load of goods that is sent from one place to another is a shipment. • A large metal box in which goods are transported by sea, rail or road is a container..

(47) V47. caravan (BrE) / camper (NAmE). camper (BrE) / recreational vehicle (RV) minibus (NAmE). Vehicles. trailer. tractor. taxi (also cab, taxicab). Trains, etc.. carriage (BrE) / car (NAmE). rail. platform (BrE). sleeper (BrE) tie (NAmE). engine / locomotive. high-speed train. freight train (BrE also goods train). passenger train. funicular. underground (BrE) / subway (NAmE). cable car. steam train. tram (BrE) / streetcar (US). Construction vehicles. excavator. bulldozer. cement mixer. dumper truck (NAmE also dump truck). Caterpillar track™ (especially BrE) tank tread (especially NAmE).

(48) V48. The body The body. crown of the head head. hair. middle finger. ear neck shoulder armpit. arm. index finger / first finger. forehead bridge of the nose. temple. chest. nipple. cheek nose nostril mouth. elbow forearm back. stomach navel waist. small of the back hip buttocks. nape of the neck jaw. palm. lip gum tongue tooth. chin. fingernail wrist. thigh. the hand. eyebrow ciliary muscle. leg calf. knee. heel. instep toenail. ankle foot sole. ball of the foot. the body. sclera retina. iris cornea lens. arch eyelid of the white foot eyelash. shin. big toe. little finger. the face. groin. ring finger cuticle knuckle. thumb. iris pupil. optic nerve. tear duct. the eye. eyeball. skull / cranium. breastbone / sternum. ribcage. cheekbone jawbone / mandible collarbone / clavicle shoulder blade / scapula humerus rib vertebra ulna. backbone / spine hip bone. radius pelvis . brain. uvula pharynx larynx windpipe / trachea. thigh bone / femur. bile duct kidney gall bladder duodenum. shin bone / tibia. lung. heart liver. cartilage. tonsil gullet / oesophagus (BrE) esophagus (NAmE). bronchial tube. tailbone / coccyx. kneecap / patella. spinal cord. lung. stomach spleen pancreas. colon. large intestine small intestine. appendix rectum. bladder anus. fibula. the skeleton. capillaries. the internal organs.

(49) V49. moustache (BrE) mustache (NAmE). cleanshaven. sideburns (BrE also sideboards). stubble. crew cut. goatee. beard. shaved head. bald head. receding hairline. long hair. straight hair. layered hair. flat-top. spiky. dreadlocks. cornrows. bob widow’s peak. chignon. bun. French pleat (BrE) French twist (NAmE). long, wavy. French plait (BrE) French braid (NAmE). ringlet. curly. perm. parting (BrE) part (NAmE). fringe (BrE) bangs (NAmE). plait (BrE) braid (NAmE). shoulder-length. pigtails (BrE) braids (NAmE). bunches (BrE) pigtails (NAmE). ponytail. Make-up compact. sponge. mirror. brush. foundation. concealer. blusher (NAmE also blush). powder. eyeliner (also liner). eyeshadow applicator. wand. lip gloss. lip liner. lipstick. mascara. nail polish (BrE also nail varnish). Hair and make-up. Hair.

(50) fer. V50. suit. Clothes. braces (BrE) suspenders (NAmE). lapel. Clothes. tie striped. rolled-up sleeve. jacket. polka dots. crease. trousers (BrE) pants (NAmE). tartan / plaid. patterned waistcoat (BrE) / vest (NAmE). bow ties. coats and jackets • The general word for what you wear is clothes (plural) or clothing [U] (formal): She always wears such lovely clothes. a piece of clothing • A set of clothes that you wear together, especially for a particular occasion or purpose, is an outfit. • Any piece of clothing worn on the top part of the body, especially by women, can be called a top. • The clothes which some children wear at school, or which some people wear at work, are called a uniform [C, U]. • When police officers wear ordinary clothes instead of uniforms, they are in plain clothes: a plain clothes police sergeant. Describing clothes and the way people look Clothes can be: • attractive and designed well: elegant • untidy and dirty: scruffy • clean, tidy and rather formal: smart (especially BrE) • not formal: casual • fashionable and attractive: stylish • very fashionable: trendy (informal) • fitting closely to your body: tight, close-fitting, skintight • not fitting closely: loose, baggy • if a piece of clothing is not too big and not too small, it fits you: These jeans don’t fit me any more. • If a piece of clothing looks good on you, it suits you: It’s a nice coat, but it doesn’t really suit you. . overcoat. body warmer. raincoat. denim jacket hood. leather jacket. anorak short-sleeved blouse. sleeveless dress. collar. skirt. lining.

(51) • a short piece of clothing with buttons down the front but no sleeves, usually worn over a shirt and under a jacket: British English waistcoat American English vest • a piece of underwear worn under a shirt, etc. next to the skin: British English vest American English undershirt • a piece of clothing that covers the body from the waist down, and is divided into two parts to cover each leg separately: British English trousers American English pants • a piece of men’s underwear worn under their trousers/pants: British English pants (or underpants) American English underpants • a loose dress with no sleeves, usually worn over a shirt or blouse: British English pinafore American English jumper • a knitted woollen or cotton piece of clothing for the upper part of the body with long sleeves and no buttons: British English jumper American English sweater • straps for holding trousers/pants up: British English braces American English suspenders • short elastic fastenings for holding up socks or stockings: British English suspenders American English garters. Fastening clothes • To talk about fastening a piece of clothing in general, use do sth up, fasten sth; opposite: undo sth: Do your coat up. Your shirt is undone. • There are some special verbs for particular types of fastener: buttons: button sth (up); opposite: unbutton sth a zip: zip sth up; opposite: unzip sth eye. V51 breast pocket. button-down collar. hoody sleeve. Clothes. British and American differences. shirt belt. cuff. fly. cargo pants. jeans. pocket. hanger. V-neck. shorts cardigan. polo shirt. sweaters (BrE also jumpers). T-shirt. nightdress (BrE) nightgown (NAmE). polo neck (BrE) turtleneck sweater (NAmE). dressing gown pyjamas crew neck sweater pajamas (especially (BrE) / bathrobe (NAmE) US). fasteners buttonhole teeth. zip (BrE) / zipper (especially NAmE). VelcroTM. toggle. button. drawstring. hook. hook and eye. press stud / popper (both BrE) snap (NAmE). buckle. safety pin. lace.

(52) V52. Accessories. Accessories Shoes toe. slingback. mule. stiletto. wedge. stiletto heel. ankle strap. heel. court shoes (BrE) pumps (NAmE). platform. clogs. kitten heels. slippers. flip-flops (NAmE also thongs). jelly shoe. sandal. flats (BrE also pumps). moccasins. tongue upper shoelace. sole. lace-ups (especially BrE) / oxfords (especially NAmE). brogues. loafer. trainers (BrE) sneakers (NAmE). baseball boots. wellingtons (BrE) rubber boots (NAmE). buckle. boot. cowboy boot. hiking boots (also walking boots). Bags strap. clutch bag. handbag (NAmE also purse). purse (especially BrE) / change purse (NAmE). shoulder bag. bumbag (BrE) fanny pack (NAmE). backpack (BrE also rucksack) handle. holdall (BrE) duffel bag (NAmE). wallet (NAmE also billfold) attaché case (also briefcase). briefcase. suitcase. trunk.

(53) V53. Hats. panama. band. boater. trilby. bowler (BrE) derby (NAmE). cowboy hat. peak (BrE) bill (NAmE). mortar board. top hat. cap. cloth cap / flat cap (both BrE) pom pom (BrE also bobble). visor. beret. hard hat. sou’wester. hood. baseball cap. crash helmet. beanie. bobble hat. sun hats. Gloves. sombrero. Scarves. fingerless gloves. mitten. glove. scarf. chiffon scarf. Jewellery. stud. clip-on earring. clasp bead. chain pendant. hoop earring. medallion. locket. dangly earrings. string of beads signet ring. wedding ring wedding band. cufflinks pearl. charm. bangle. charm bracelet. brooch (BrE) pin (NAmE). badge (also button especially NAmE). pearl necklace. Accessories. brim.

(54) V54. Equipment. Computing Computing. screen flat-screen monitor system unit. keys. mouse keyboard space bar. PC. USB port CD-ROM CD/DVD drive. laptop. • This computer has a processor speed of 3 GHz (= gigahertz), 2 Gb (= gigabytes) of RAM (=random access memory) and a hard disk capacity of 500 Gb. • It comes with a 56K modem and a speech recognition system. • The multimedia system includes a sound card with 4D stereo sound and a graphics card with 128 Mb of video RAM for a high resolution colour display. • With DVD (= digital versatile disc or digital videodisc) you can watch films/movies. • You pay extra for the laser printer, scanner and other peripherals. • The new operating system should be compatible with existing hardware. • You can download the pictures from your digital camera and burn them to a CD. • Wi-fiTM (= wireless fidelity) broadband connections are not only in computer stores but in coffee shops, public libraries and bookstores – you can log into the Internet without physically plugging into anything. . Getting started flash drive / USB drive (also memory stick especially BrE). router. flatbed scanner. webcam (NAmE also WebcamTM). stylus. screen. PDA. digital camera. MP3 player. headset. • PC users should log on to the network by entering their username and password. • Load the program into the computer. • Save your files onto your hard disk and back them up onto CDs or DVDs. • Important data is archived on the central file server.. When things go wrong • I can’t log in – the server is down. • The system keeps crashing – I’ve lost all my files. • You’ll have to switch off and reboot. • Error. Username contains invalid characters. • My computer can’t read this disk. • The virus in the software was programmed to corrupt the hard disk. • A firewall provides essential security for your computer network. • Download and install this patch to fix the fault. . earbud. microphone.

(55) pull-down/drop-down menu. application (= a word-processing, database, spreadsheet, etc. program). PC training schedule - March. Course. Date. Time. Room. spreadsheets. 9 March. 10.00. A37. spreadsheets. 12 March. 10.00. A37. intro to DTP. 12 March. 9.00. A38. DTP (intermediate) 13 March. 9.00. A38. dialog box. cursor. User interface • Click on the window to make it active. • You can run several applications at the same time. • To create a new document, select New from the File menu. • Insert the cursor at the beginning of the line. • Use the mouse to drag the icon to the desktop. • Scroll up or down the text by clicking on the scroll bar. • Search and replace options are activated from the command prompt. • Interactive computer terminals allow visitors to take an ‘electronic walk’ through a virtual Pompeii. Screen desktop. document. scroll bar. • This search engine indexes over a million websites. • Do a search on language schools in the UK. • Brief summaries are hyperlinked to the complete texts. • The site’s webmaster says it has over 100,000 hits a day. • This chat room is a forum for debating civil liberties issues online. • My email address is ‘joanna_smith@oup. com’ (said ‘joanna underscore smith at o-u-p dot com). • The web address / URL (= uniform/universal resource locator) is ‘www.oup.com/elt’ (said ‘double-U, double-U, double-U dot o-u-p dot com slash e-l-t). • The website lets you upload photos, then edit and share them. • You can download images to your PC much more quickly with broadband than with a dial-up connection. • Bookmarking a page stores the information which enables you to revisit a favourite website instantly. • Cookies are files used by some websites to gain information about their visitors, or to simplify the login process by saving usernames and passwords. • He maintains a personal weblog in which he writes (= blogs) extensively about film and his own film-making. • Most spam mails disguise the sender’s identity. • VoIP allows you to use your computer as a telephone, or use the Internet to transmit your call over ordinary phone lines.. PC training schedule - March Course. Date. Time. Room. spreadsheets. 9 March. 10.00. A37. spreadsheets. 12 March. 10.00. A37. intro to DTP. 12 March. 9.00. A38. DTP (intermediate) 13 March. 9.00. A38. icons. Home page web browser website. windows. The Internet • There is a wide range range of ISPs (= Internet Service Providers). • My free time is spent surfing the net in Internet cafes. • It’s a software package that helps you browse the Web.. contents. link. V55. Computing. Window.

(56) V56. Office. Office. 1 wall planner 2 noticeboard (BrE) bulletin board (NAmE) 3 flip chart 4 data projector 5 laptop 6 meeting/conference room. 22 swivel chair 23 arm 24 printer 25 hard copy / printout 26 castor 27 filing cabinet (BrE) file cabinet (NAmE) 28 suspension file 29 photocopier. 15 mouse mat (BrE) mouse pad (especially NAmE) 16 flatbed scanner 17 calculator 18 desk diary (BrE) datebook (NAmE) 19 desk 20 stationery tray 21 waste-paper basket (BrE) / wastebasket (NAmE). 7 water cooler 8 desk lamp 9 workstation / PC 10 partition 11 in tray (NAmE also in box) 12 out tray (BrE) out box (US) 13 calendar 14 pen holder. 2. 1. 3 4. 8. 6. 5. 10. 9. 7 11. 13. 12. 14. 27. 15 19. 17 16. 20 24. 29. 28. 18 22. 21. 23. 26. 25. Stationery and office supplies. paper clips. Bulldog clipTM ring binder. files. Post-itTM. folders. clip. nib. spiral-bound. fountain pen staple remover stapler. lead. pencil sharpener. notebook. notepad. clipboard. index card. pencil ballpoint (BrE also BiroTM). eraser correction card index (BrE) (BrE also rubber) pushpins (NAmE) fluid card catalog (NAmE) Sellotape TM (BrE) Scotch tape TM (NAmE). highlighter felt tip. marker. staples. glue stick. tape dispenser. drawing pins (BrE) thumbtacks (NAmE). flap. envelope. rubber band (BrE also elastic band). ink- pad. rubber stamp hole punch.

(57) V57. 6 whiteboard 7 board pen 8 sports field 9 desk 10 school bag. 1 projector 2 corridor (NAmE also hallway) 3 poster. 11 backpack (BrE also rucksack) 12 textbook (NAmE also text) 13 workbook (BrE) exercise book (NAmE) 14 exercise book (BrE) notebook (NAmE). 15 pencil case 16 satchel 17 protractor 18 ruler 19 set square (BrE) triangle (NAmE). Classroom. Classroom 4 5 locker interactive whiteboard. 1 2 5. 3. 7. 6. 4. 8. 9. 11. 10 13 14. 12. 17 18. 15 16. 19. burette (US also buret). Laboratory equipment. cover. glass rod dropper Petri dish. tongs. plunger. syringe beaker. clamp. spatula. flask. evaporating dish. stand. gauze mat. pestle. graduated cylinder. spatula pipette. crucible. retort filter paper. tripod. mortar. eyepiece stopper objective lens. flame test tube. slide. rubber tubing. magnet Bunsen burner. funnel. test tube rack. microscope.

(58) V58. Shapes, solids and angles. Shapes, solids and angles Shapes. triangles. quadrilaterals scalene triangle. square. trapezium (BrE) trapezoid (NAmE). rectangle. rhombus. hypotenuse. equilateral triangle. rhomboid. trapezoid (BrE) trapezium (NAmE). right angle. isosceles triangle. circles. other polygons. right-angled triangle (especially BrE) / right triangle (NAmE). semicircle. arc. circumference. side. radius. sector. centre (also center especially US). diameter. chord. quadrant arc. hexagon. pentagon. Solids. octagon. vertex. tangent. segment. conic sections. edge. face. cone. cylinder. prism. pyramid. cube. tetrahedron. sphere. circle. ellipse. octahedron. parabola. hyperbola. Angles. 37° 90°. acute angle. right angle. 143° 143°. 37°. 40°. alternate angles (also Z angles). 143°. 143°. 115°. 324°. reflex angle. obtuse angle. corresponding angles (also F angles). interior angle 108°. exterior angle. 72°.

(59) V59. The earth. line of longitude. North Pole. The world. Arctic Circle. • A map is a drawing or plan of the world or a part of the world.. prime meridian (also Greenwich meridian) (0º longitude). • A n atlas is a book of maps and a globe is a model of the earth in the shape of a ball.. northern hemisphere. • T he planet where we live, and its surface: earth, the earth (also the Earth).. tropic of Cancer (23º 26´ north). equator (0º latitude). • T he earth, including all the countries, people, etc.: world (often the world).. tropic of Capricorn (23º 26´ south). • T he study of the world, including its natural and man-made features (seas, mountains, countries, cities, etc.), is geography [U]; adjective: geographical; person: geographer. line of latitude. southern hemisphere Antarctic Circle. International Date Line (180º longitude). South Pole. axis northern spring southern autumn/fall. 21 March equinox. northern winter southern summer. southern winter. 21 June solstice. northern autumn/fall. The stars and planets • The planets in the solar system orbit. 22 December (= go round) the sun. • Everything that exists, including the solstice earth, the planets, the stars, etc. is called the universe.. southern spring. The solar system. • A group of stars with a name is a constellation and a very large group of stars is a galaxy.. 23 September equinox. • A piece of rock moving through space is a meteor and a meteor that has landed on earth is a meteorite.. orbit. Su. n. • T he scientific study of the stars, planets, etc. is astronomy [U]; adjective: astronomical; person: astronomer.. ne ptu Ne. s an u Ur. urn Sat. r ite Jup. rs. th. Ma. Ear. Ve. nu. s. the ry rcu Me. Seasons • W hen talking about the seasons we normally do not use the, but we may do if we want to talk about a particular winter, summer, etc.: I love spring – it’s my favourite season. That was the summer we went to Australia.. The seasons. northern summer. • T he study of the rocks, etc. which form the surface of the earth is geology [U]; adjective: geological; person: geologist.. • T he belief that the positions and movements of the stars and planets influence what people do and what happens to them is astrology [U]; adjective: astrological; person: astrologer. See also geographical names. The earth and the solar system. The earth and the solar system.

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