Completion Fluids Manual

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C

OMPLETION

FLUIDS

Manual

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INTRODUCTION. . . iv Chapter 1

DIVALENTBRINES. . . 1·1 • Calcium Chloride . . . 1·1 • Calcium Bromide. . . 1·2 • Calcium Chloride and Calcium Bromide . . . . 1·2 • Calcium Chloride, Calcium Bromide,

Zinc Bromide . . . 1·4 • Blending Tables U.S. . . 1·5 Metric . . . 1·23 Chapter 2 MONOVALENTBRINES. . . 2·1 • Sodium Chloride (Dry). . . 2·1 • Potassium Chloride (Dry). . . 2·1 • Ammonium Chloride (Dry) . . . 2·1 • Sodium Bromide (Liquid). . . 2·1 • Sodium Bromide (Dry) . . . 2·2 • Sodium Formate (Dry). . . 2·2 • Potassium Formate (Liquid) . . . 2·2 • Potassium Formate (Dry). . . 2·2 • Cesium Formate (Liquid) . . . 2·3 • Miscellaneous Blends . . . 2·3 • Blending Tables U.S. . . 2·4 Metric . . . 2·15 Chapter 3 EXAMPLECALCULATIONS. . . 3·1 Chapter 4 QHSE . . . 4·1 Chapter 5

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• RDF Testing Procedures . . . 6·32 Chapter 7

DISPLACEMENTTECHNOLOGY. . . 7·1 Chapter 8

VISCOSIFIERS ANDFLUID-LOSSCONTROL. . . 8·1 Chapter 9

CORROSIONINHIBITION AND

PACKERFLUIDS. . . 9·1 Chapter 10 FILTRATION . . . 10·1 Chapter 11 SPEEDWELL* TOOLS. . . 11·1 Chapter 12

INTERVENTIONFLUIDSYSTEMS. . . 12·1 Chapter 13

RESERVOIRDRILL-INFLUIDS . . . 13·1 Chapter 14

ENGINEERINGFORMULAS ANDTABLES. . . 14·1 Chapter 15

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M-I SWACO* provides a complete line of reser-voir drill-in, completion and workover fluids and additives that help make oil and gas wells more productive. The company also offers fluid reclamation and filtration services comple-mented by a complete line of scrapers and brushes for internal cleaning of casing, liners and risers.

This manual provides information and tech-nical data to support these systems and assist in their management during well design and field operations.

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With the recent proliferation of horizontal wellbores and open-hole completions, many drilling and completion engineers now consider the completion operation to begin as soon as the drill bit enters the productive interval. Therefore, it is necessary to plan procedures and implement practices to reduce formation damage and maximize productivity at the earliest possible stage. Proper selection and application of the completion fluid is an inte-gral part of this process.

Completion fluid can be defined as any fluid

pumped downhole to conduct operations after the initial drilling of a well. Workover fluids are those used during remedial operations after a well has been completed and produced oil and/ or gas. Clear, solids-free brine completion/ workover fluids serve to control downhole for-mation pressures while reducing the risk of permanent formation damage (permeability damage) resulting from solids invasion or some form of incompatibility between the comple-tion fluid and the in situ matrix. The clear brines used for completion and workover applications are pure solutions of dissolved salt in water and must be stable at surface and downhole con-ditions. Depending on the application, other completion/workover fluid types are some-times used, including solids-laden, oil-base and emulsions. For the purpose of this docu-ment, no distinction is made between comple-tion and workover fluids and the terms are used interchangeably throughout. Packer fluids are those that fill the annular volume above a pro-duction packer. The term reservoir drill-in fluid refers to a drilling fluid designed specifically for the productive interval. Drill-in fluids are

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designed to minimize damage to the interval, typically by eliminating insoluble solids such as barite, minimizing the total solids content and formulating such that a thin, resilient, remov-able, non-damaging filter cake is placed.

Among the typical operations in which clear brines are applied are well kills, fishing, perforating, washing, drilling and gravel pack-ing and as packer fluids. In order to perform the desired function, completion fluids must con-trol formation pressures, circulate and trans-port solids, protect the productive zone, be stable under surface and downhole conditions, be safely handled, be environmentally friendly or used with controlled exposure, and be cost effective. Completion fluids have no purpose within the formation and may in fact reduce the permeability. The operator has two choices: 1) minimize fluid losses to the formation and 2) use a formation-compatible fluid and accept partial losses.

Clear brine completion fluids are formulated and applied in the field according to perform-ance specifications that ensure well control with minimal permeability reduction. These specifications are not always expressly iden-tified but should always be understood and assigned. Density and solids content (expressed as clarity — NTU) are typical performance specifications for clear brine, although selec-tion of a particular compleselec-tion fluid according to these alone can be dangerous to the produc-tivity of a well. Proper density is necessary for pressure control.

Clarity is necessary to eliminate formation plugging by solids. In addition to these, the all-encompassing term “formation compatible” is

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also a requirement and must not be overlooked. In order to select a completion or workover fluid appropriate for the application, one must understand the various types and properties of clear brine fluids. The remainder of this sec-tion provides this introductory informasec-tion.

Types and Properties

The most common types of completion fluids are selected from those listed in Table 1.

Density Typical Range Density Brine Type (lb/gal) (lb/gal) NaCl 8.33 – 10.0 8.4 – 10.0 KCl 8.33 – 9.7 8.4 – 9.0 NH4Cl 8.33 – 8.9 8.4 – 8.7 NaBr 8.33 – 12.7 10.0 – 12.5 NaCl/NaBr 8.33 – 12.5 10.0 – 12.5 NaHCO2 8.33 – 11.1 9.0 – 10.5 KHCO2 8.33 – 13.3 10.8 – 13.1 NaHCO2/KHCO2 8.33 – 13.1 8.4 – 12.7 KHCO2/CsHCO2 8.33 – 20.0 13.1 – 18.3 CaCl2 8.33 – 11.8 ±9.0 – 11.6 CaBr2 8.33 – 15.3 ±12.0 – 14.2 CaCl2/CaBr2 8.33 – 15.1 11.7 – 15.1 ZnBr2 ±12 – 21.0 19.2 – 21.0 ZnBr2/CaBr2 ±12 – 19.2 ±14.0 – 19.2 ZnBr2/CaBr2/CaCl2 ±12 – 19.1 ±14.2 – 19.2 CsHCO2 ±8.33 – 20.0 13.2 – 19.2 Table 1

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Density and Blending

The density of clear brine is obtained by dis-solving salt in water. The density achieved is directly related to the amount of salt in solu-tion. Table 2 shows the maximum solubility of standard completion-fluid salts in water at room temperature.

The data in Table 2 demonstrates that the solubility of these salts in water is extremely high, capable of producing densities up to 21 lb/gal (2.52 SG). It is also evident that as the solubility increases, the ratio of salt-to-water

Sol Density Specific lb lb Salt wt % (lb/gal) Gravity Salt Water Sodium 26 10.0 1.200 109 311 Chloride Potassium 24 9.7 1.164 98 309 Chloride Sodium 46 12.7 1.525 245 288 Bromide Calcium 40 11.8 1.416 198 298 Chloride Calcium 57 15.3 1.837 366 277 Bromide Zinc 78 21.0 2.521 688 194 Bromide Sodium 50 11.1 1.329 231 235 Formate Potassium 78 13.3 1.595 434 125 Formate Cesium 84 19.17 2.30 676.3 128.8 Formate

Table 2: Maximum Solubility of Salt in Water one bbl at room temperature

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becomes increasingly small. In fact, the satu-rated solutions of several of these systems contain more salt than water. This fact is extremely important. It defines much of the “special chemistry” and properties of high-density completion fluids.

Commercial completion brines are often prepared with a combination of dry salts and liquid “stock fluids.” Some salts such as NaCl and KCl are produced as dry material, i.e., they are mined or formed through simple evapora-tion. Other brines like sodium bromide, potas-sium formate, calcium chloride and calcium bromide are manufactured as liquids. The dry salts are obtained only after processing the liquid. This process is energy consumptive and expensive, so, solutions prepared with these salts are generally more expensive than their all-liquid-blended counterparts. Zinc bromide is produced only in the liquid form. Table 3 lists commercially available “stock” fluids and dry salts. Comparing Tables 2 and 3 indicates the stock fluids are not produced as saturated solu-tions. In this way, the crystallization temper-ature is low enough as to allow storage in unheated tanks.

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“Standard” brine tables follow that provide the necessary data to blend various clear brine fluids to a specific density. Simple blending calculations are also included. To blend fluids to achieve a specific crystallization tempera-ture (see TCT) or, to blend to a lowest-cost density, consult an M-I SWACO completion fluids representative.

Stock Fluids that are Manufactured as Liquids 11.6 lb/gal (1.39) [38%] CaCl2(U.S.)

11.3 lb/gal (1.36) [35%] CaCl2(Europe)

12.5 lb/gal (1.50) [45%] NaBr 14.2 lb/gal (1.70) [52%] CaBr2

13.1 lb/gal (1.57) [78%] KHCO2

19.2 lb/gal (2.30) [53% / 23%] ZnBr2/ CaBr2

18.3 lb/gal (2.20) Cesium Formate 20.5 lb/gal (2.46) ZnBr2

Fluids Prepared From Salts

10 lb/gal (1.20) NaCl Stock, 3 to 8% KCl, 3-8% NH4Cl

Stock Salts

NaCl, NaBr, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2, CaBr2, NaHCO2, KHCO2 Table 3

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Crystallization Temperature (TCT)

As salt is dissolved in water, it lowers the freez-ing point of the solution until the eutectic point is reached. The eutectic temperature represents the lowest temperature on the saltwater phase diagram. Increasing the salt concentration beyond the eutectic raises the crystallization point. The concentration at which the solution is saturated is a function of its temperature. As shown in Table 2, calcium chloride is soluble in water to a final concen-tration of 40-wt % at room temperature. This solution is referred to as “saturated at room temperature.” If the solution is cooled, salt will precipitate from solution. If the solution is heated, additional salt can be dissolved. That temperature, at which a salt is saturated, is called the True Crystallization Temperature (TCT). There are many instances where the crystallization temperature of brine is a primary selection criterion. For example, when stored in cold weather or when used offshore where the seawater may be cold, the temper-ature at which a salt solution crystallizes (TCT) is an important consideration. Figures 2 and 3 show crystallization curves for various completion fluids. Pressure increases the crys-tallization point of a brine solution when the concentration of salt is above the eutectic con-centration. See section 5 for a discussion of the effect of pressure on TCT.

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55 35 15 –5 –25 –45 –65 Temperature (° F) Density (lb/gal) 8.3 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.9 14.7 15.1 Eutectic pt Eutectic pt TCT (CaBr2) TCT (CaCl2)

Figure 2: Crystallization curves for CaCl2and CaBr2

60 40 20 0 –20 –40 –60 –80 Density (lb/gal) Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride Calcium Chloride 8.5 8 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 Temperature (° F) Eutectic pt Eutectic pt Eutectic pt

Figure 3: Crystallization curves for KCl, NaCl and CaCl2

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Chapter 1 D

IVALENT

B

RINES

C

OMPLETION FLUIDS

M

ANUAL

1. B

RINES

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Calcium Chloride

Calcium chloride is available either as a con-centrated solution or as a dry powder. The solu-tion is manufactured at two different densities depending on the source, i.e., 11.6 lb/gal (1.392 SG) and 11.3 lb/gal (1.356 SG). Liquid calcium chlo-ride is the most economical form. The anhy-drous (94 to 97%) form of CaCl2is used at the

rigsite to adjust fluid density.

The dry form of calcium chloride contains trace amounts of insoluble contaminants that cause brines mixed on location to be more tur-bid than premixed brines. These contaminants should be filtered out of solution before use.

With addition of dry calcium chloride to freshwater, a great deal of heat is generated. Adding the solid calcium chloride too rapidly can result in enough heat to bring the temper-ature of the solution to over 200° F (93.3° C). Safe handling must be exercised to avoid being burned by the hot liquid or equipment.

Less heat is produced when the concen-trated solution is diluted to prepare the desired density. As a result, problems related to heat are generally not encountered.

Personnel protective equipment must be used when mixing brines with dry calcium chloride. This material will generate dust that is hygroscopic and will also generate heat as it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere or from skin. Exposure to this dust must be avoided.

Formation waters or seawater should not be used to prepare calcium chloride completion fluids because sodium chloride and/or insoluble calcium salts may precipitate.

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Calcium Bromide

Calcium Bromide (CaBr2) brine systems are

single-salt solutions used to form clear-brine workover and completion fluids with densities ranging from 8.4 to 15.3 lb/gal (1.404 to 1.812 SG). The desired density is obtained by mixing stan-dard 14.2 lb/gal (1.704 SG) calcium bromide brine with dry calcium bromide (or water) or by simply mixing dry calcium bromide in water. Calcium bromide systems exhibit lower crystallization points than the corresponding calcium bromide/ calcium chloride fluids.

Calcium bromide systems provide inhibition, preventing the hydration and migration of swelling clays, and can be used for packer fluids or to adjust the density of other brine systems.

Calcium bromide brine systems can be formu-lated with various crystallization points and are available for special applications and winter use.

Calcium Chloride and Calcium Bromide

Clear brines having a density range of 11.7 lb/gal (1.404 SG) and 15.1 lb/gal (1.813 SG) are prepared using a combination of calcium chloride and calcium bromide. Liquid CaCl2, pelletized calcium

chloride, concentrated liquid CaBr2, or solid

cal-cium bromide powder are used in combination to prepare these brines. CaBr2concentrate is

produced at a density of 14.2 lb/gal (1.705 SG). Calcium bromide costs approximately ten times as much as calcium chloride. When TCT and density requirements allow, field-prepared brines should contain as much calcium chloride as is practical.

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Increasing the density of a CaCl2-CaBr2

blended brine by adding dry salts can cause wellsite problems unless proper blending tech-niques are employed. For example, the addition of calcium bromide powder to a saturated blend can result in the precipitation of calcium chlo-ride. Under these conditions, both water and calcium bromide must be added to avoid precip-itation. An example of this is provided at the end of this section.

High-density, solids-free brines ranging up to 15.3 lb/gal (1.837 SG) can be prepared using either calcium bromide or the combination of calcium bromide and calcium chloride. The ratio of bromide-to-chloride in any particular density determines the True Crystallization Temperature (TCT), or “freezing point.” Crystallization tem-perature must always be considered when blending brines of any type, however, the chloride-bromide brines are particularly sensi-tive because small changes in the ratio of the two salts can result in significant changes in TCT. Environmental factors such as surface tem-perature, water depth and water temperature and the influence of pressure on the crystal-lization point are important considerations and must be taken into account when formulating the appropriate blend.

High-density slugs are used to ensure that a dry string is pulled when coming out of the hole. This is an important safety consideration since calcium bromide brines can be irritating to the skin and eyes.

When solid calcium bromide is added to freshwater, considerable heat is released. Care must be taken to avoid getting splashed by the hot liquid or burned by hot equipment. Unlike

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calcium chloride, this is not a problem when liquid calcium bromide is added to water because very little heat is generated.

Calcium Chloride, Calcium Bromide

and Zinc Bromide

Concentrated zinc bromide-calcium bromide solutions are manufactured to a density of 19.2 lb/gal (2.305 SG). Solution densities between ±14.0 to 19.2 lb/gal (1.681 to 2.305 SG) are prepared by blending this 19.2 lb/gal (2.305 SG) “stock” fluid with lower density calcium bromide or calcium bromide-calcium chloride brines. The three-salt formulations are less expensive due to the presence of calcium chloride. As with the lower density chloride-bromide brines, special blend formulations are used to achieve a specific density and TCT.

Zinc bromide or zinc bromide-calcium bro-mide solutions of up to 20.5 lb/gal (2.46 SG) are also available in smaller quantities for slugging or spiking purposes. When agitated in pits which are exposed to the atmosphere for as lit-tle as 4 hrs, the density of these concentrated liquids can decrease by as much as 0.02 lb/gal (2.397 kg/m3_{). A calm solution does not pick up}

moisture as readily and will not lose density as quickly. To prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere, these high-density brines should be mixed and stored in covered tanks.

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Density CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 8.3 0.0 0.0000 0.00% 0 0 32 8.4 3.8 0.9989 1.00% 3,641 6,443 32 8.5 9.4 0.9951 2.50% 9,212 16,298 30 8.6 14.9 0.9914 3.90% 14,540 25,724 29 8.7 20.4 0.9875 5.30% 19,989 35,365 27 8.8 26.0 0.9836 6.70% 25,560 45,221 25 8.9 31.6 0.9796 8.00% 30,866 54,608 24 9.0 37.2 0.9755 9.40% 36,675 64,886 22 9.1 42.9 0.9714 10.70% 42,211 74,680 20 9.2 48.6 0.9671 11.90% 47,461 83,968 18 9.3 54.3 0.9627 13.20% 53,218 94,153 15 9.4 60.1 0.9583 14.50% 59,087 104,538 13 9.5 65.9 0.9537 15.70% 64,658 114,394 10 9.6 71.7 0.9491 16.90% 70,333 124,433 7 9.7 77.5 0.9443 18.10% 76,111 134,657 4 9.8 83.4 0.9395 19.30% 81,994 145,065 1 9.9 89.4 0.9346 20.40% 87,552 154,897 –3 10.0 95.3 0.9296 21.60% 93,638 165,666 –7 10.1 101.3 0.9245 22.70% 99,391 175,843 –12 10.2 107.3 0.9193 23.80% 105,239 186,190 –16 10.3 113.4 0.9140 24.90% 111,182 196,705 –22 10.4 119.4 0.9086 26.00% 117,221 207,389 –27 10.5 125.6 0.9031 27.00% 122,900 217,436 –33 10.6 131.7 0.8975 28.10% 129,125 228,450 –39 10.7 137.9 0.8918 29.10% 134,982 238,812 –46 10.8 144.1 0.8860 30.20% 141,394 250,155 –51 10.9 150.4 0.8801 31.20% 147,428 260,831 –36

Calcium Chloride CaCl2(U.S.)

Mixing dry CaCl2(94 to 97%) and water

Composition for one barrel fluid

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Density CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 11.0 156.7 0.8741 32.20% 153,549 271,661 –22 11.1 163.0 0.8680 33.20% 159,757 282,644 –10 11.2 169.4 0.8618 34.20% 166,052 293,780 2 11.3 175.8 0.8555 35.20% 172,433 305,070 13 11.4 182.2 0.8491 36.10% 178,407 315,639 22 11.5 188.7 0.8426 37.10% 184,957 327,228 31 11.6 195.2 0.8360 38.10% 191,594 338,970 38 11.7 201.7 0.8293 39.00% 197,810 349,969 44 11.8 208.1 0.8227 39.90% 204,105 361,105 50

To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity. Continued from previous page

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CaCl2

Density 11.6 lb/gal Water TCT

70° F bbl bbl ° F 8.3 0.022 0.978 32 8.4 0.022 0.978 32 8.5 0.052 0.948 30 8.6 0.083 0.917 29 8.7 0.113 0.887 27 8.8 0.144 0.856 25 8.9 0.174 0.826 24 9.0 0.203 0.797 22 9.1 0.233 0.767 20 9.2 0.264 0.736 18 9.3 0.294 0.706 15 9.4 0.325 0.675 13 9.5 0.356 0.644 10 9.6 0.390 0.610 7 9.7 0.420 0.580 4 9.8 0.450 0.550 1 9.9 0.480 0.520 –3 10.0 0.510 0.490 –7 10.1 0.540 0.460 –12 10.2 0.571 0.429 –16 10.3 0.601 0.399 –22 10.4 0.632 0.368 –27 10.5 0.663 0.337 –33 10.6 0.694 0.306 –39 10.7 0.724 0.276 –46

Blending 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2(liquid) and water

Composition for one barrel of fluid

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CaCl2

Density 11.6 lb/gal Water TCT

70° F bbl bbl ° F 10.8 0.755 0.245 –51 10.9 0.785 0.215 –36 11.0 0.820 0.180 –22 11.1 0.850 0.150 –10 11.2 0.880 0.120 2 11.3 0.910 0.090 13 11.4 0.940 0.060 22 11.5 0.970 0.030 31 11.6 1.000 0.000 38

Continued from previous page

Blending 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2(liquid) and water

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Density CaBr2 Water CaBr2 Ca+2 Br– TCT @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 8.33 0.0 1.0000 0.00% 0 0 32 8.4 3.6 0.9992 1.00% 2,022 8,062 30 8.5 9.0 0.9958 2.40% 4,910 19,580 30 8.6 14.4 0.9923 3.80% 7,866 31,366 29 8.7 19.9 0.9889 5.20% 10,889 43,421 28 8.8 25.3 0.9854 6.50% 13,768 54,900 27 8.9 30.7 0.9819 7.80% 16,709 66,628 27 9.0 36.1 0.9784 9.10% 19,713 78,606 26 9.1 41.6 0.9749 10.30% 22,560 89,961 25 9.2 47.0 0.9713 11.60% 25,687 102,428 24 9.3 52.4 0.9678 12.80% 28,653 114,253 23 9.4 57.9 0.9642 13.90% 31,449 125,405 22 9.5 63.3 0.9606 15.10% 34,528 137,681 21 9.6 68.8 0.9570 16.20% 37,433 149,266 19 9.7 74.3 0.9534 17.30% 40,391 161,061 18 9.8 79.7 0.9498 18.40% 43,402 173,068 17 9.9 85.2 0.9461 19.50% 46,466 185,286 16 10.0 90.7 0.9425 20.50% 49,343 196,756 14 10.1 96.2 0.9388 21.50% 52,267 208,417 13 10.2 102.0 0.9351 22.50% 55,240 220,270 11 10.3 107.0 0.9314 23.50% 58,261 232,316 10 10.4 113.0 0.9277 24.50% 61,329 244,553 8 10.5 118.0 0.9239 25.50% 64,447 256,982 7 10.6 124.0 0.9202 26.40% 67,357 268,586 5 10.7 129.0 0.9164 27.30% 70,310 280,362 3 10.8 135.0 0.9126 28.20% 73,307 292,312 2 10.9 140.0 0.9088 29.10% 76,347 304,434 0 11.0 146.0 0.9050 30.00% 79,430 316,729 –2

Calcium Bromide CaBr2(U.S.)

Mixing dry CaBr2(95%) and water

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Density CaBr2 Water CaBr2 Ca+2 Br– TCT @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 11.1 151.0 0.9012 30.80% 82,289 328,131 –4 11.2 157.0 0.8973 31.70% 85,457 340,762 –6 11.3 162.0 0.8935 32.50% 88,396 352,481 –8 11.4 168.0 0.8896 33.30% 91,373 364,353 –10 11.5 174.0 0.8857 34.10% 94,389 376,379 –12 11.6 179.0 0.8818 34.90% 97,444 388,559 –14 11.7 185.0 0.8779 35.70% 100,537 400,892 –16 11.8 190.0 0.8740 36.50% 103,668 413,379 –18 11.9 196.0 0.8700 37.20% 106,552 424,877 –21 12.0 201.0 0.8660 38.00% 109,758 437,661 –23 12.1 207.0 0.8621 38.70% 112,711 449,438 –25 12.2 213.0 0.8581 39.40% 115,698 461,349 –28 12.3 218.0 0.8540 40.10% 118,719 473,394 –30 12.4 224.0 0.8500 40.80% 121,773 485,574 ≤–30 12.5 229.0 0.8460 41.50% 124,861 497,888 ≤–30 12.6 235.0 0.8419 42.20% 127,983 510,336 ≤–30 12.7 241.0 0.8378 42.90% 131,139 522,919 ≤–30 12.8 246.0 0.8338 43.50% 134,020 534,408 ≤–30 12.9 252.0 0.8296 44.20% 137,240 547,249 ≤–30 13.0 258.0 0.8255 44.80% 140,182 558,978 ≤–30 13.1 263.0 0.8214 45.40% 143,152 570,822 ≤–30 13.2 269.0 0.8172 46.10% 146,469 584,048 ≤–30 13.3 274.0 0.8131 46.70% 149,499 596,131 ≤–30 13.4 280.0 0.8089 47.30% 152,558 608,330 ≤–30 13.5 286.0 0.8047 47.90% 155,646 620,644 ≤–30 13.6 291.0 0.8005 48.50% 158,763 633,073 ≤–30 13.7 297.0 0.7962 49.10% 161,909 645,618 ≤–30 13.8 303.0 0.7920 49.60% 164,752 656,953 ≤–30

Continues on next page

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Density CaBr2 Water CaBr2 Ca+2 Br– TCT @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 13.9 309.0 0.7877 50.20% 167,953 669,718 –29 14.0 314.0 0.7835 50.80% 171,183 682,598 –19 14.1 320.0 0.7792 51.30% 174,103 694,240 –10 14.2 326.0 0.7749 51.90% 177,389 707,341 –1 14.3 331.0 0.7705 52.40% 180,359 719,185 7 14.4 337.0 0.7662 52.90% 183,353 731,125 15 14.5 343.0 0.7618 53.50% 186,720 744,552 23 14.6 349.0 0.7575 54.00% 189,765 756,693 30 14.7 354.0 0.7531 54.50% 192,834 768,931 36 14.8 360.0 0.7487 55.00% 195,927 781,264 43 14.9 366.0 0.7443 55.50% 199,044 793,693 48 15.0 371.0 0.7398 56.00% 202,185 806,218 54 15.1 377.0 0.7354 56.50% 205,350 818,839 59 15.2 383.0 0.7309 57.00% 208,540 831,557 63 15.3 389.0 0.7264 57.50% 211,753 844,370 68

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Density CaBr2

lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal Water TCT

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 8.33 0.0 1.0000 32 8.4 0.012 0.989 30 8.5 0.028 0.972 30 8.6 0.045 0.957 29 8.7 0.061 0.940 28 8.8 0.078 0.924 27 8.9 0.094 0.908 27 9.0 0.111 0.892 26 9.1 0.127 0.876 25 9.2 0.144 0.859 24 9.3 0.162 0.840 23 9.4 0.177 0.826 22 9.5 0.194 0.810 21 9.6 0.211 0.793 19 9.7 0.228 0.777 18 9.8 0.244 0.760 17 9.9 0.261 0.744 16 10.0 0.278 0.727 14 10.1 0.295 0.710 13 10.2 0.312 0.693 11 10.3 0.329 0.676 10 10.4 0.345 0.660 8 10.5 0.362 0.643 7 10.6 0.379 0.626 5 10.7 0.396 0.609 3 10.8 0.413 0.592 2 10.9 0.430 0.575 0

Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2(liquid) and water

Composition for one barrel

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Density CaBr2

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 11.0 0.447 0.558 –2 11.1 0.464 0.541 –4 11.2 0.481 0.524 –6 11.3 0.499 0.507 –8 11.4 0.516 0.490 –10 11.5 0.533 0.472 –12 11.6 0.550 0.456 –14 11.7 0.567 0.438 –16 11.8 0.584 0.421 –18 11.9 0.601 0.403 –21 12.0 0.619 0.386 –23 12.1 0.636 0.369 –25 12.2 0.653 0.351 –28 12.3 0.670 0.334 –30 12.4 0.687 0.317 ≤–30 12.5 0.705 0.299 ≤–30 12.6 0.722 0.282 ≤–30 12.7 0.739 0.264 ≤–30 12.8 0.757 0.247 ≤–30 12.9 0.774 0.229 ≤–30 13.0 0.791 0.212 ≤–30 13.1 0.809 0.194 ≤–30 13.2 0.826 0.177 ≤–30 13.3 0.843 0.159 ≤–30 13.4 0.861 0.142 ≤–30

(27)

Density CaBr2

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 13.5 0.878 0.124 ≤–30 13.6 0.895 0.106 ≤–30 13.7 0.913 0.089 ≤–30 13.8 0.930 0.071 ≤–30 13.9 0.948 0.053 –29 14.0 0.965 0.036 –19 14.1 0.982 0.018 –10 14.2 1.000 0.000 –1

(28)

Density CaBr2 CaCl2 lb/gal Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT @70° F bbl/bbl dry lb/bbl dry lb/bbl ° F 11.7 0.809 8.1 200.3 40 11.8 0.803 16.1 198.3 41 11.9 0.798 24.2 196.2 42 12.0 0.793 32.3 194.1 42 12.1 0.788 40.3 192.0 42 12.2 0.783 48.4 189.9 43 12.3 0.778 56.5 187.8 43 12.4 0.773 64.5 185.8 43 12.5 0.768 72.6 183.7 44 12.6 0.763 80.6 181.6 45 12.7 0.758 88.7 179.5 46 12.8 0.752 96.8 177.4 47 12.9 0.747 104.8 175.4 47 13.0 0.742 112.9 173.3 47 13.1 0.737 121.0 171.2 48 13.2 0.732 129.0 169.1 48 13.3 0.727 137.1 167.0 49 13.4 0.722 145.2 165.0 50 13.5 0.717 153.3 162.9 50

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride

CaBr2/CaCl2Dry (U.S.)

Mixing water, dry CaBr2(95%) and

dry CaCl2(94 to 97%)

(29)

Density CaBr2 CaCl2 lb/gal Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT @70° F bbl/bbl dry lb/bbl dry lb/bbl ° F 13.6 0.712 161.3 160.8 52 13.7 0.707 169.4 158.7 53 13.8 0.701 177.5 156.6 55 13.9 0.696 185.5 154.6 56 14.0 0.691 193.6 152.5 57 14.1 0.686 201.7 150.4 58 14.2 0.681 209.7 148.3 58 14.3 0.676 217.8 146.2 59 14.4 0.671 225.8 144.1 60 14.5 0.666 233.9 142.1 60 14.6 0.661 242.0 140.0 61 14.7 0.658 249.2 137.9 61 14.8 0.651 258.1 135.8 61 14.9 0.645 266.2 133.7 62 15.0 0.640 274.2 131.7 62 15.1 0.635 282.3 129.6 63

CaBr2/CaCl2Dry (U.S.)

Mixing water, dry CaBr2(95%) and

dry CaCl2(94 to 97%)

(30)

Density CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2

lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 11.6 lb/gal dry TCT

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl lb/bbl ° F 11.7 0.024 0.971 3.6 40 11.8 0.048 0.943 7.2 41 11.9 0.073 0.915 10.9 42 12.0 0.097 0.886 14.5 42 12.1 0.121 0.857 18.1 42 12.2 0.146 0.829 21.7 43 12.3 0.170 0.800 25.3 43 12.4 0.194 0.772 29.0 43 12.5 0.218 0.744 32.6 44 12.6 0.243 0.715 36.2 45 12.7 0.267 0.686 39.8 46 12.8 0.291 0.658 43.4 47 12.9 0.315 0.630 47.0 47 13.0 0.340 0.601 50.7 47 13.1 0.364 0.572 54.3 48 13.2 0.388 0.544 57.9 48 13.3 0.412 0.516 61.5 49 13.4 0.437 0.487 65.2 50 13.5 0.461 0.458 68.8 50 13.6 0.485 0.430 72.4 52 13.7 0.509 0.402 76.0 53

CaBr2/CaCl2(U.S.)

Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2(liquid), 11.6 lb/gal

CaCl2liquid and dry CaCl2(94 to 97%)

(31)

Density CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2

lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 11.6 lb/gal dry TCT

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl lb/bbl ° F 13.8 0.534 0.373 79.6 55 13.9 0.558 0.345 83.2 56 14.0 0.582 0.316 86.9 57 14.1 0.606 0.288 90.5 58 14.2 0.631 0.259 94.1 58 14.3 0.655 0.231 97.7 59 14.4 0.679 0.202 101.3 60 14.5 0.703 0.174 l05.0 60 14.6 0.728 0.145 108.6 61 14.7 0.749 0.120 111.8 61 14.8 0.776 0.088 115.8 61 14.9 0.800 0.060 119.4 62 15.0 0.825 0.031 123.1 62 15.1 0.851 0.000 126.9 63

CaBr2/CaCl2(U.S.)

Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2(liquid), 11.6 lb/gal

CaCl2(liquid) and dry CaCl2(94 to 97%)

(32)

Density CaBr2 ZnCaBr2

lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 19.2 lb/gal TCT

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 14.2 1.000 0.000 –1 14.3 0.980 0.020 –5 14.4 0.960 0.040 –11 14.5 0.940 0.060 –17 14.6 0.920 0.080 –21 14.7 0.900 0.100 –27 14.8 0.880 0.120 –31 14.9 0.860 0.140 –34 15.0 0.840 0.160 –37 15.1 0.820 0.180 –40 15.2 0.800 0.200 –43 15.3 0.780 0.220 –46 15.4 0.760 0.240 –49 15.5 0.740 0.260 –52 15.6 0.720 0.280 –55 15.7 0.700 0.300 –58 15.8 0.680 0.320 –60 15.9 0.660 0.340 –62 16.0 0.640 0.360 –58 16.1 0.620 0.380 –55 16.2 0.600 0.400 –51 16.3 0.580 0.420 –46 16.4 0.560 0.440 –42 16.5 0.540 0.460 –37 16.6 0.520 0.480 –31

Calcium Bromide/Zinc Bromide

CaBr2/ZnBr2(U.S.)

Blending 14.2 CaBr2(liquid) with

19.2 ZnCaBr2(liquid)

(33)

Density CaBr2 ZnCaBr2

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 16.7 0.500 0.500 –27 16.8 0.480 0.520 –23 16.9 0.460 0.540 –20 17.0 0.440 0.560 –17 17.1 0.420 0.580 –14 17.2 0.400 0.600 –11 17.3 0.380 0.620 –9 17.4 0.360 0.640 –7 17.5 0.340 0.660 –5 17.6 0.320 0.680 –3 17.7 0.300 0.700 –2 17.8 0.280 0.720 –1 17.9 0.260 0.740 1 18.0 0.240 0.760 2 18.1 0.220 0.780 3 18.2 0.200 0.800 4 18.3 0.180 0.820 5 18.4 0.160 0.840 6 18.5 0.140 0.860 8 18.6 0.120 0.880 9 18.7 0.100 0.900 11 18.8 0.080 0.920 13 18.9 0.060 0.940 14 19.0 0.040 0.960 13 19.1 0.020 0.980 12 19.2 0.000 1.000 10

CaBr2/ZnBr2(U.S.)

Blending 14.2 CaBr2(liquid) with

19.2 ZnCaBr2(liquid)

(34)

Density CaCl2/CaBr2 CaBr2/ZnCaBr2

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 15.1 1.000 0.000 62 15.2 0.976 0.024 60 15.3 0.951 0.049 59 15.4 0.927 0.073 58 15.5 0.903 0.098 56 15.6 0.878 0.122 55 15.7 0.854 0.146 54 15.8 0.829 0.171 53 15.9 0.805 0.195 51 16.0 0.780 0.220 51 16.1 0.756 0.244 49 16.2 0.732 0.268 48 16.3 0.707 0.293 47 16.4 0.683 0.317 46 16.5 0.658 0.342 44 16.6 0.634 0.366 42 16.7 0.610 0.390 39 16.8 0.585 0.415 34 16.9 0.561 0.439 28 17.0 0.537 0.463 25 17.1 0.512 0.488 26 17.2 0.488 0.512 28 17.3 0.463 0.537 28 17.4 0.439 0.561 30 17.5 0.415 0.585 32

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/

Zinc Bromide CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2(U.S.)

Blending 15.1 CaCl2/CaBr2(liquid)

with 19.2 ZnCaBr2(liquid)

(35)

Density CaCl2/CaBr2 CaBr2/ZnCaBr2

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 17.6 0.390 0.610 34 17.7 0.366 0.634 36 17.8 0.341 0.659 38 17.9 0.317 0.683 40 18.0 0.293 0.707 35 18.1 0.268 0.732 32 18.2 0.244 0.756 29 18.3 0.220 0.780 27 18.4 0.195 0.805 25 18.5 0.171 0.829 23 18.6 0.146 0.854 21 18.7 0.122 0.878 20 18.8 0.097 0.903 19 18.9 0.073 0.927 17 19.0 0.049 0.951 16 19.1 0.024 0.976 12 19.2 0.000 1.000 10

To make 1 bbl 15.1 lb/gal = .851 (14.2 lb/gal CaBr2) + 127 ppb dry CaCl2.

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/

Zinc Bromide CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2(U.S.)

Blending 15.1 CaCl2/CaBr2(liquid)

with 19.2 ZnCaBr2(liquid)

(36)

Specific

Gravity CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT

(SG) kg/m3 _m3_/m3 _{wt %} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.00 0.0 0.0000 0.00% 0 0 0 1.01 11.2 0.9988 1.10% 4,012 7,098 0 1.02 24.2 0.9957 2.30% 8,472 14,988 –1 1.03 37.2 0.9926 3.40% 12,646 22,374 –2 1.04 50.4 0.9895 4.60% 17,276 30,564 –2 1.05 63.5 0.9863 5.80% 21,992 38,908 –3 1.06 76.8 0.9830 6.90% 26,412 46,728 –4 1.07 90.0 0.9797 8.00% 30,911 54,689 –5 1.08 103.0 0.9763 9.10% 35,490 62,790 –6 1.09 117.0 0.9728 10.20% 40,149 71,031 –6 1.10 130.0 0.9693 11.30% 44,886 79,414 –7 1.11 144.0 0.9657 12.40% 49,704 87,936 –8 1.12 157.0 0.9620 13.40% 54,196 95,884 –10 1.13 171.0 0.9583 14.40% 58,760 103,960 –11 1.14 185.0 0.9546 15.50% 63,809 112,891 –12 1.15 199.0 0.9507 16.50% 68,521 121,229 –13 1.16 213.0 0.9468 17.50% 73,306 129,694 –15 1.17 226.0 0.9428 18.40% 77,741 137,539 –16 1.18 240.0 0.9388 19.40% 82,666 146,254 –18 1.19 255.0 0.9347 20.40% 87,664 155,096 –20 1.20 269.0 0.9305 21.30% 92,301 163,299 –21 1.21 283.0 0.9263 22.30% 97,439 172,391 –23 1.22 297.0 0.9220 23.20% 102,210 180,830 –26 1.23 311.0 0.9177 24.10% 107,045 189,385 –28 1.24 326.0 0.9132 25.00% 111,945 198,055 –30 1.25 340.0 0.9087 25.90% 116,911 206,839 –33 1.26 355.0 0.9042 26.80% 121,941 215,739 –36

Calcium Chloride CaCl2(Metric)

Composition for one m3_{of fluid}

(37)

Specific

Gravity CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT

(SG) kg/m3 _m3_/m3 _{wt %} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.27 369.0 0.8995 27.70% 127,036 224,754 –38 1.28 384.0 0.8948 28.60% 132,196 233,884 –41 1.29 399.0 0.8901 29.50% 137,422 243,128 –52 1.30 413.0 0.8852 30.30% 142,243 251,657 –45 1.31 428.0 0.8803 31.20% 147,594 261,126 –38 1.32 443.0 0.8754 32.00% 152,534 269,866 –32 1.33 458.0 0.8703 32.80% 157,532 278,708 –26 1.34 473.0 0.8652 33.70% 163,072 288,508 –20 1.35 488.0 0.8600 34.50% 168,189 297,561 –15 1.36 504.0 0.8548 35.30% 173,363 306,717 –10 1.37 519.0 0.8494 36.10% 178,596 315,974 –6 1.38 534.0 0.8440 36.90% 183,886 325,334 –2 1.39 550.0 0.8386 37.70% 189,234 334,796 2 1.40 565.0 0.8330 38.50% 194,640 344,360 5 1.41 581.0 0.8274 39.30% 200,104 354,026 8 1.42 596.0 0.8217 40.00% 205,113 362,887 10

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Specific CaCl2 Gravity 1.39 SG Water TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.00 0.000 1.000 0 1.01 0.022 0.978 –1 1.02 0.052 0.948 –1 1.03 0.083 0.917 –1 1.04 0.113 0.887 –2 1.06 0.144 0.856 –3 1.07 0.174 0.826 –4 1.08 0.203 0.797 –6 1.09 0.233 0.767 –7 1.10 0.264 0.736 –8 1.12 0.294 0.706 –9 1.13 0.325 0.675 –11 1.14 0.356 0.644 –12 1.15 0.390 0.610 –14 1.16 0.420 0.580 –16 1.18 0.450 0.550 –17 1.19 0.480 0.520 –19 1.20 0.510 0.490 –22 1.21 0.540 0.460 –24 1.22 0.571 0.429 –27 1.24 0.601 0.399 –30 1.25 0.632 0.368 –33 1.26 0.663 0.337 –36 1.27 0.694 0.306 –39 1.29 0.724 0.276 –43

Blending 1.39 SG CaCl2(liquid) and water

(39)

Specific CaCl2 Gravity 1.39 SG Water TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.30 0.755 0.245 –46 1.31 0.785 0.215 –38 1.32 0.820 0.180 –30 1.33 0.850 0.150 –23 1.35 0.880 0.120 –17 1.36 0.910 0.090 –11 1.37 0.940 0.060 –6 1.38 0.970 0.030 –1 1.39 1.000 0.000 3

Blending 1.39 SG CaCl2(liquid) and water

(40)

Specific CaBr2

Gravity Water 95% dry CaBr2 Ca+ Br– TCT

(SG) m3_/m3 _kg/m3 _{% wt} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.00 1.0000 0.0 0.0% 0 0 0 1.01 0.9991 10.9 1.0% 2,025 8,074 –1 1.02 0.9963 23.7 2.2% 4,499 17,939 –1 1.03 0.9934 36.5 3.4% 7,021 27,995 –2 1.04 0.9905 49.4 4.5% 9,383 37,412 –2 1.05 0.9876 62.2 5.6% 11,789 47,005 –2 1.06 0.9847 75.1 6.7% 14,239 56,774 –3 1.07 0.9818 87.9 7.8% 16,733 66,719 –3 1.08 0.9789 100.8 8.9% 19,271 76,839 –3 1.09 0.9760 113.7 9.9% 21,635 86,264 –4 1.10 0.9730 126.6 11.0% 24,259 96,729 –4 1.11 0.9701 139.5 12.0% 26,705 106,481 –5 1.12 0.9671 152.4 13.0% 29,191 116,394 –5 1.13 0.9641 165.4 13.9% 31,491 125,563 –6 1.14 0.9612 178.3 14.9% 34,055 135,788 –6 1.15 0.9582 191.3 15.8% 36,429 145,253 –7 1.16 0.9552 204.2 16.8% 39,072 155,789 –7 1.17 0.9521 217.2 17.7% 41,520 165,550 –8 1.18 0.9491 230.2 18.6% 44,004 175,454 –8 1.19 0.9461 243.2 19.5% 46,524 185,503 –9 1.20 0.9430 256.2 20.3% 48,839 194,736 –10 1.21 0.9400 269.2 21.2% 51,430 205,065 –10 1.22 0.9369 282.2 22.0% 53,812 214,562 –11 1.23 0.9338 295.3 22.9% 56,472 225,170 –12 1.24 0.9308 308.3 23.7% 58,920 234,931 –12 1.25 0.9277 321.4 24.5% 61,400 244,819 –13 1.26 0.9246 334.4 25.3% 63,912 254,836 –14

Calcium Bromide CaBr2(Metric)

Mixing CaBr2dry (95%) and water

(41)

Specific CaBr2

(SG) m3_/m3 _kg/m3 _{% wt} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.27 0.9214 347.5 26.1% 66,456 264,980 –15 1.28 0.9183 360.6 26.8% 68,776 274,230 –15 1.29 0.9152 373.7 27.6% 71,383 284,622 –16 1.30 0.9120 386.8 28.4% 74,021 295,142 –17 1.31 0.9089 399.9 29.1% 76,429 304,743 –18 1.32 0.9057 413.1 29.8% 78,865 314,456 –19 1.33 0.9025 426.2 30.5% 81,329 324,281 –20 1.34 0.8993 439.4 31.2% 83,821 334,217 –20 1.35 0.8961 452.5 31.9% 86,341 344,266 –21 1.36 0.8929 465.7 32.6% 88,889 354,426 –22 1.37 0.8897 478.9 33.3% 91,466 364,699 –23 1.38 0.8864 492.1 34.0% 94,070 375,083 –24 1.39 0.8832 505.3 34.6% 96,424 384,468 –25 1.40 0.8799 518.5 35.3% 99,082 395,068 –26 1.41 0.8767 531.7 35.9% 101,486 404,653 –27 1.42 0.8734 545.0 36.6% 104,199 415,469 –28 1.43 0.8701 558.2 37.2% 106,653 425,254 –29 1.44 0.8668 571.5 37.8% 109,131 435,135 –30 1.45 0.8635 584.7 38.4% 111,633 445,111 –31 1.46 0.8602 598.0 39.0% 114,159 455,184 –33 1.47 0.8568 611.3 39.6% 116,709 465,352 –34 1.48 0.8535 624.6 40.2% 119,284 475,617 <–35 1.49 0.8502 637.9 40.8% 121,882 485,977 <–35 1.50 0.8468 651.2 41.4% 124,504 496,433 <–35 1.51 0.8434 664.6 41.9% 126,848 505,779 <–35 1.52 0.8400 677.9 42.5% 129,517 516,419 <–35

Continues on next page Continued from previous page

(42)

Specific CaBr2

(SG) m3_/m3 _kg/m3 _{% wt} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.53 0.8366 691.3 43.1% 132,209 527,155 <–35 1.54 0.8332 704.6 43.6% 134,617 536,756 <–35 1.55 0.8298 718.0 44.1% 137,045 546,437 <–35 1.56 0.8264 731.4 44.7% 139,806 557,444 <–35 1.57 0.8230 744.8 45.2% 142,276 567,293 <–35 1.58 0.8195 758.2 45.7% 144,766 577,222 <–35 1.59 0.8160 771.6 46.2% 147,276 587,230 <–35 1.60 0.8126 785.0 46.8% 150,127 598,598 <–35 1.61 0.8091 798.5 47.3% 152,679 608,774 <–35 1.62 0.8056 811.9 47.8% 155,252 619,031 <–35 1.63 0.8021 825.4 48.3% 157,844 629,367 <–35 1.64 0.7986 838.9 48.7% 160,128 638,473 <–35 1.65 0.7951 852.3 49.2% 162,758 648,961 <–35 1.66 0.7915 865.8 49.7% 165,408 659,529 –39 1.67 0.7880 879.3 50.2% 168,079 670,177 –34 1.68 0.7844 892.8 50.6% 170,433 679,562 –30 1.69 0.7809 906.4 51.1% 173,141 690,362 –25 1.70 0.7773 919.9 51.6% 175,870 701,242 –21 1.71 0.7737 933.5 52.0% 178,276 710,835 –17 1.72 0.7701 947.0 52.5% 181,043 721,867 –13 1.73 0.7665 960.6 52.9% 183,483 731,596 –10 1.74 0.7629 974.2 53.4% 186,287 742,780 –6 1.75 0.7592 987.8 53.8% 188,762 752,644 –3 1.76 0.7556 1001.4 54.2% 191,252 762,573 0 1.77 0.7519 1015.0 54.6% 193,758 772,566 3 1.78 0.7483 1028.6 55.1% 196,637 784,045 6

(43)

Specific CaBr2

(SG) m3_/m3 _kg/m3 _{% wt} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.79 0.7446 1042.2 55.5% 199,177 794,174 9 1.80 0.7409 1055.9 55.9% 201,733 804,366 11 1.81 0.7372 1069.5 56.3% 204,306 814,623 14 1.82 0.7335 1083.2 56.7% 206,894 824,943 16 1.83 0.7298 1096.9 57.1% 209,498 835,327 18 1.84 0.7260 1110.5 57.5% 212,119 845,775 20

To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity.

(44)

Specific CaBr2 Gravity 1.705 SG Water TCT (SG) m3 _m3 _{° C} 1.008 0.012 0.989 –1 1.020 0.028 0.972 –1 1.032 0.045 0.957 –2 1.044 0.061 0.940 –2 1.056 0.078 0.924 –2 1.068 0.094 0.908 –3 1.080 0.111 0.892 –3 1.092 0.127 0.876 –4 1.104 0.144 0.859 –5 1.116 0.162 0.840 –5 1.128 0.177 0.826 –6 1.140 0.194 0.810 –7 1.152 0.211 0.793 –7 1.164 0.228 0.777 –8 1.176 0.244 0.760 –9 1.188 0.261 0.744 –9 1.200 0.278 0.727 –10 1.212 0.295 0.710 –11 1.224 0.312 0.693 –12 1.236 0.329 0.676 –12 1.248 0.345 0.660 –13 1.261 0.362 0.643 –14 1.273 0.379 0.626 –15 1.285 0.396 0.609 –16 1.297 0.413 0.592 –17

Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2(liquid) and water

(45)

Specific CaBr2 Gravity 1.705 SG Water TCT (SG) m3 _m3 _{° C} 1.309 0.430 0.575 –17 1.321 0.447 0.558 –18 1.333 0.464 0.541 –19 1.345 0.481 0.524 –20 1.357 0.499 0.507 –21 1.369 0.516 0.490 –22 1.381 0.533 0.472 –23 1.393 0.550 0.456 –25 1.405 0.567 0.438 –28 1.417 0.584 0.421 –28 1.429 0.601 0.403 –29 1.441 0.619 0.386 –29 1.453 0.636 0.369 –31 1.465 0.653 0.351 –34 1.477 0.670 0.334 –37 1.489 0.687 0.317 –37 1.501 0.705 0.299 –37 1.513 0.722 0.282 –37 1.525 0.739 0.264 –37 1.537 0.757 0.247 –37 1.549 0.774 0.229 –37 1.561 0.791 0.212 –38 1.573 0.809 0.194 –38 1.585 0.826 0.177 –38 1.597 0.843 0.159 –38

(46)

Specific CaBr2 Gravity 1.705 SG Water TCT (SG) m3 _m3 _{° C} 1.609 0.861 0.142 –38 1.621 0.878 0.124 –38 1.633 0.895 0.106 –38 1.645 0.913 0.089 –38 1.657 0.930 0.071 –38 1.669 0.948 0.053 –32 1.681 0.965 0.036 –28 1.693 0.982 0.018 –26 1.705 1.000 0.000 –18

(47)

Specific CaBr2 CaCl2 Gravity Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _{dry kg/m}3 _{dry kg/m}3 _{° C} 1.405 0.809 23.1 572.1 4 1.417 0.803 46.0 566.2 5 1.429 0.798 69.1 560.3 6 1.441 0.793 92.2 554.3 6 1.453 0.788 115.2 548.4 6 1.465 0.783 138.2 542.4 6 1.477 0.778 161.2 536.5 6 1.489 0.773 184.3 530.5 6 1.501 0.768 207.3 524.6 7 1.513 0.763 230.1 518.6 7 1.525 0.758 253.4 512.7 8 1.537 0.752 276.5 506.8 8 1.549 0.747 299.4 500.8 8 1.561 0.742 322.5 494.9 8 1.573 0.737 345.5 488.9 9 1.585 0.732 368.5 483.0 9 1.597 0.727 391.6 477.1 9 1.609 0.722 414.6 471.1 10 1.621 0.717 437.7 465.1 10 1.633 0.712 460.7 459.2 11 1.645 0.707 483.7 453.3 12

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride Dry

CaBr2/CaCl2(Metric)

Mixing procedure for dry CaBr2(95%),

dry CaCl2(94 to 97%) and water

Composition for m3_{of fluid}

(48)

Specific CaBr2 CaCl2 Gravity Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _{dry kg/m}3 _{dry kg/m}3 _{° C} 1.657 0.701 506.8 447.3 13 1.669 0.696 529.8 441.4 13 1.681 0.691 552.8 435.5 14 1.693 0.686 575.9 429.5 14 1.705 0.681 599.0 423.5 14 1.717 0.676 622.0 417.6 15 1.729 0.671 645.0 411.7 16 1.741 0.666 668.0 405.7 16 1.753 0.661 691.0 399.8 16 1.765 0.658 711.8 393.8 16 1.777 0.651 737.2 387.9 16 1.789 0.645 760.2 381.9 17 1.801 0.640 783.2 376.0 17 1.813 0.635 806.2 370.1 17

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride Dry

CaBr2/CaCl2(Metric)

Mixing procedure for dry CaBr2(95%),

dry CaCl2(94 to 97%) and water

(49)

Specific CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2 Gravity 1.705 SG 1.39 SG (94 – 97%) TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{dry kg/m}3 _{° C} 1.405 0.024 0.971 10.3 4 1.417 0.048 0.943 20.6 5 1.429 0.073 0.915 31.1 6 1.441 0.097 0.886 41.4 6 1.453 0.121 0.857 51.7 6 1.465 0.146 0.829 62.0 6 1.477 0.170 0.800 72.3 6 1.489 0.194 0.772 82.8 6 1.501 0.218 0.744 93.1 7 1.513 0.243 0.715 103.4 7 1.525 0.267 0.686 113.7 8 1.537 0.291 0.658 124.0 8 1.549 0.315 0.630 134.2 8 1.561 0.340 0.601 144.8 8 1.573 0.364 0.572 155.1 9 1.585 0.388 0.544 165.4 9 1.597 0.412 0.516 175.6 9 1.609 0.437 0.487 186.2 10 1.621 0.461 0.458 196.5 10 1.633 0.485 0.430 206.8 11 1.645 0.509 0.402 217.1 12

CaBr2/CaCl2(Metric)

Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2(liquid), 1.39 SG

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Specific CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2 Gravity 1.705 SG 1.39 SG (94 – 97%) TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{dry kg/m}3 _{° C} 1.657 0.534 0.373 227.3 13 1.669 0.558 0.345 237.6 13 1.681 0.582 0.316 248.2 14 1.693 0.606 0.288 258.5 14 1.705 0.631 0.259 268.7 14 1.717 0.655 0.231 279.0 15 1.729 0.679 0.202 289.3 16 1.741 0.703 0.174 299.9 16 1.753 0.728 0.145 310.2 16 1.765 0.749 0.120 319.3 16 1.777 0.776 0.088 330.7 16 1.789 0.800 0.060 341.0 17 1.801 0.825 0.031 351.6 17 1.813 0.851 0.000 362.4 17

CaBr2/CaCl2(Metric)

Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2(liquid), 1.39 SG

(51)

Specific CaBr2 ZnCaBr2 Gravity 1.705 SG 2.31 SG TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.705 1.0000 0.0000 –18 1.720 0.9780 0.0220 –22 1.730 0.9613 0.0387 –24 1.740 0.9447 0.0553 –27 1.750 0.9281 0.0719 –29 1.760 0.9114 0.0886 –31 1.770 0.8948 0.1052 –32 1.780 0.8781 0.1219 –34 1.790 0.8615 0.1385 –36 1.800 0.8449 0.1551 –38 1.810 0.8282 0.1718 –39 1.820 0.8116 0.1884 –41 1.830 0.7949 0.2051 –42 1.840 0.7783 0.2217 –43 1.850 0.7617 0.2383 –44 1.860 0.7450 0.2550 –46 1.870 0.7284 0.2716 –47 1.880 0.7117 0.2883 –48 1.890 0.6951 0.3049 –49 1.900 0.6785 0.3215 –51 1.910 0.6618 0.3382 –52 1.920 0.6452 0.3548 –51 1.930 0.6285 0.3715 –49 1.940 0.6119 0.3881 –47 1.950 0.5953 0.4047 –45

CaBr2/ZnBr2(Metric)

Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2(liquid)

with 2.31 SG ZnCaBr2(liquid)

Composition for one m3_fluid

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Specific CaBr2 ZnCaBr2 Gravity 1.705 SG 2.31 SG TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.960 0.5786 0.4214 –43 1.970 0.5620 0.4380 –41 1.980 0.5454 0.4546 –39 1.990 0.5287 0.4713 –37 2.000 0.5121 0.4879 –34 2.010 0.4954 0.5046 –32 2.020 0.4788 0.5212 –31 2.030 0.4622 0.5378 –29 2.040 0.4455 0.5545 –28 2.050 0.4289 0.5711 –27 2.060 0.4122 0.5878 –25 2.070 0.3956 0.6044 –24 2.080 0.3790 0.6210 –23 2.090 0.3623 0.6377 –22 2.100 0.3457 0.6543 –21 2.110 0.3290 0.6710 –20 2.120 0.3124 0.6876 –19 2.130 0.2958 0.7042 –19 2.140 0.2791 0.7209 –18 2.150 0.2625 0.7375 –18 2.160 0.2458 0.7542 –17 2.170 0.2292 0.7708 –17 2.180 0.2126 0.7874 –16 2.190 0.1959 0.8041 –16 2.200 0.1793 0.8207 –16

CaBr2/ZnBr2(Metric)

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Specific CaBr2 ZnCaBr2 Gravity 1.705 SG 2.31 SG TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 2.210 0.1626 0.8374 –14 2.220 0.1460 0.8540 –14 2.230 0.1294 0.8706 –13 2.240 0.1127 0.8873 –12 2.250 0.0961 0.9039 –11 2.260 0.0794 0.9206 –11 2.270 0.0628 0.9372 –10 2.280 0.0462 0.9538 –11 2.290 0.0295 0.9705 –11 2.300 0.0129 0.9871 –12

CaBr2/ZnBr2(Metric)

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Specific CaCl2/CaBr2 ZnCaBr2 Gravity 1.81 SG 2.31 SG TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.81 1.000 0.000 17 1.83 0.976 0.024 16 1.84 0.951 0.049 15 1.85 0.927 0.073 14 1.86 0.903 0.098 13 1.87 0.878 0.122 13 1.89 0.854 0.146 12 1.90 0.829 0.171 12 1.91 0.805 0.195 11 1.92 0.780 0.220 11 1.93 0.756 0.244 9 1.95 0.732 0.268 9 1.96 0.707 0.293 8 1.97 0.683 0.317 8 1.98 0.658 0.342 7 1.99 0.634 0.366 6 2.01 0.610 0.390 4 2.02 0.585 0.415 1 2.03 0.561 0.439 –2 2.04 0.537 0.463 –4 2.05 0.512 0.488 –3 2.07 0.488 0.512 –2 2.08 0.463 0.537 –2 2.09 0.439 0.561 –1 2.10 0.415 0.585 0

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/Zinc

Bromide CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2(Metric)

Blending 1.81 SG CaCl2/CaBr2(liquid)

with 2.31 SG CaBr2/ZnCaBr2(liquid)

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Specific CaCl2/CaBr2 ZnCaBr2 Gravity 1.81 SG 2.31 SG TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 2.11 0.390 0.610 1 2.13 0.366 0.634 2 2.14 0.341 0.659 3 2.15 0.317 0.683 4 2.16 0.293 0.707 2 2.17 0.268 0.732 0 2.19 0.244 0.756 –2 2.20 0.220 0.780 –3 2.21 0.195 0.805 –4 2.22 0.171 0.829 –5 2.23 0.146 0.854 –6 2.25 0.122 0.878 –7 2.26 0.097 0.903 –7 2.27 0.073 0.927 –8 2.28 0.049 0.951 –9 2.29 0.024 0.976 –11 2.31 0.000 1.000 –12

To make 1 m3_{15.1 lb/gal = 0.851 m}3_{(1.71 SG) + 57.8 kg/bbl dry} CaCl2(94 to 97%).

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/Zinc

Bromide CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2(Metric)

Blending 1.81 SG CaCl2/CaBr2(liquid)

with 2.31 SG CaBr2/ZnCaBr2(liquid)

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Chapter 2 M

ONOVALENT

B

RINES

M

ANUAL

2. M

ONO

VALENT

B

RINES

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Sodium Chloride (Dry)

Sodium Chloride (dry) is a high-purity salt used in brines with a density range between 8.4 to 10.0 lb/gal (1.008 to 1.200 SG). When mixed with NaBr, densities up to 12.5 lb/gal (1.501 SG) can be achieved. It is packaged in 100-lb (45.4-kg), 80-lb (36.3-kg), 110-lb (50-kg) sacks and 2,000-lb (909-kg) tote bags.

Potassium Chloride (Dry)

Potassium Chloride (dry) is a high-purity salt that can achieve brine densities from 8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) to 9.7 lb/gal (1.164 SG). It is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), 100-lb (45.4-kg) sacks and 2,000-lb (909-kg) tote bags.

Ammonium Chloride (Dry)

Ammonium Chloride (dry) is a high-purity salt that can generate brine densities from 8.4 to 9.7 lb/gal (1.008 to 1.164 SG). It is also used at 2 to 4% as a clay and shale stabilizer. It may liber-ate ammonia gas at pHs above 9.0. Ammonium chloride (dry) is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) and 55-lb (25-kg) sacks.

Sodium Bromide (Liquid)

Sodium Bromide (liquid) is a single-salt clear brine fluid. Pure sodium bromide solutions can be prepared with densities between 8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) and 12.8 lb/gal (1.537 SG). Typically, it can be mixed with NaCl to prepare brines with densities between 10.0 and 12.5 lb/gal (1.200 and 1.501 SG). It is used where formation waters contain high concentrations of bicar-bonate or sulfate ions. It can be formulated for

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various crystallization temperatures and for summer or winter blends. It is packaged in bulk-liquid quantities.

Sodium Bromide (Dry)

Sodium Bromide (dry) is a high-purity salt. Pure sodium bromide solutions can be prepared with densities between 8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) and 12.8 lb/gal (1.537 SG). Typically, it can be mixed with NaCl to prepare brines with densities between 8.4 and 12.5 lb/gal (1.008 and 1.501 SG). It is used where formation waters contain high concentrations of bicarbonate or sulfate ions and is packaged in 55-lb (25-kg) sacks.

Sodium Formate (Dry)

Sodium formate (dry) is a high-purity, organic salt that can deliver brine fluid densities rang-ing from 8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) to 11.1 lb/gal (1.330 SG). It is packaged in 55-lb (25-kg) sacks and 2,205-lb (1,000-kg) “big” bags.

Potassium Formate (Liquid)

Potassium Formate (liquid) is a single-salt clear brine fluid. Pure potassium formate solu-tions can be prepared with densities between 8.4 lb/gal (1.08 SG) and 13.1 lb/gal (1.571 SG). Potassium formate provides excellent thermal stabilization effects on natural polymers. The potassium ion provides excellent clay stabili-zation and swelling inhibition of shales.

Potassium Formate (Dry)

Potassium formate (dry) is a high-purity, organic salt with eventual densities between

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8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) and 13.1 lb/gal (1.573 SG). It is packaged in 55-lb (25-kg) sacks or in 2,205-lb (1,000-kg) “big” bags.

Cesium Formate (Liquid)

Cesium formate (liquid) is a single-salt clear brine fluid. Pure cesium formate systems can be prepared with densities between 8.4 lb/gal (1.01 SG) and 20.0 lb/gal (2.40 SG), but cesium formate is most often commercially available at 17.5 lb/gal (2.10 SG) and 18.3 lb/gal (2.20 SG). Like potassium formate, cesium formate provides excellent thermal stability on natural polymers, clay stabilization and shale-swelling inhibition.

Miscellaneous Blends

• Sodium Chloride/Calcium Chloride • Potassium Bromide

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Density

lb/gal NaCl Water NaCl Na+ _Cl– _TCT

@70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 8.33 0.0 1.000 0.0 0 0 32 8.40 3.7 0.998 1.0 4,133 6,350 31 8.50 9.6 0.993 2.7 10,710 16,524 29 8.60 16.2 0.986 4.4 18,060 27,761 27 8.70 22.2 0.981 6.0 24,638 38,106 25 8.80 28.1 0.976 7.5 31,258 48,259 23 8.90 34.8 0.969 9.2 38,662 59,701 21 9.00 41.0 0.962 10.7 45,576 70,200 19 9.10 47.7 0.955 12.4 53,071 81,900 16 9.20 54.3 0.948 13.9 60,389 93,178 14 9.30 61.3 0.940 15.5 68,188 105,239 11 9.40 68.0 0.933 17.1 75,576 116,748 8 9.50 74.6 0.926 18.5 82,992 128,022 5 9.60 81.3 0.919 20.0 90,432 139,507 1 9.70 88.6 0.910 21.5 98,474 152,135 –2 9.80 95.6 0.902 23.0 106,310 164,052 –6 9.90 102.3 0.895 24.4 113,810 175,586 12 10.00 109.0 0.890 25.7 121,200 187,080 25

Sodium Chloride NaCl (U.S.) Mixing dry NaCl (99%) and water

(61)

Density NaCl

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 8.33 0.000 1.000 32 8.40 0.034 0.968 31 8.50 0.088 0.914 29 8.60 0.149 0.854 27 8.70 0.204 0.799 25 8.80 0.259 0.746 23 8.90 0.320 0.684 21 9.00 0.377 0.628 19 9.10 0.439 0.566 16 9.20 0.500 0.505 14 9.30 0.564 0.439 11 9.40 0.626 0.377 8 9.50 0.686 0.317 5 9.60 0.748 0.255 1 9.70 0.815 0.186 –2 9.80 0.879 0.121 –6 9.90 0.941 0.059 12 10.00 1.000 0.000 25

Sodium Chloride NaCl (U.S.)

Blending 10.0 lb/gal NaCl (liquid) and water

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Density lb/gal KCl Water KCl K Cl– _TCT @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 8.33 0.0 1.000 0.00 0 0 32 8.40 4.3 0.995 1.21 6,350 5,745 31 8.50 11.6 0.986 3.22 17,237 15,605 29 8.60 19.0 0.977 5.21 28,171 25,592 28 8.70 26.0 0.970 7.04 38,521 34,971 26 8.80 33.4 0.960 8.95 49,522 44,876 24 8.90 41.0 0.950 10.86 60,871 55,104 22 9.00 47.7 0.943 12.49 70,734 64,147 20 9.10 55.7 0.932 14.43 82,658 74,905 18 9.20 62.7 0.924 16.06 93,060 84,339 16 9.30 69.4 0.917 17.59 102,999 93,290 14 9.40 76.8 0.908 19.26 113,919 103,317 12 9.50 84.1 0.898 20.87 124,706 113,079 23 9.60 91.5 0.890 22.47 135,695 123,024 38 9.70 98.6 0.882 23.96 146,303 132,569 54

Potassium Chloride KCl (U.S.) Mixing dry KCl (99%) and water

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Density NaBr

lb/gal Water 97% dry NaBr Na Br TCT

@70° F bbl/bbl lb/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 9.0 0.973 37.9 9.73 23,434 81,533 24 9.1 0.969 43.4 11.01 26,861 93,359 23 9.2 0.965 48.9 12.28 30,247 105,203 0 9.3 0.961 54.5 13.53 33,701 117,282 21 9.4 0.957 60.2 14.79 37,334 129,597 19 9.5 0.953 65.8 16.00 40,809 141,577 17 9.6 0.948 71.5 17.20 44,233 153,895 16 9.7 0.944 77.2 18.38 47,837 166,090 14 9.8 0.940 83.0 19.56 51,387 178,620 12 9.9 0.935 88.7 20.69 54,881 190,896 11 10.0 0.931 94.5 21.83 58,555 203,384 9 10.1 0.926 100.3 22.94 62,171 215,840 7 10.2 0.922 106.1 24.02 65,724 228,258 5 10.3 0.917 111.9 25.09 69,334 240,754 4 10.4 0.912 117.8 26.16 73,002 253,449 2 10.5 0.907 123.6 27.19 76,602 265,965 0 10.6 0.903 129.5 28.22 80,257 278,673 –2 10.7 0.898 135.3 29.20 83,838 291,188 –4 10.8 0.893 141.2 30.19 87,473 303,888 –6 10.9 0.888 147.1 31.17 91,160 316,511 –7 11.0 0.884 153.0 32.12 94,768 329,182 –9 11.1 0.879 158.9 33.06 98,427 341,897 –11 11.2 0.874 164.7 33.96 102,001 354,384 –13 11.3 0.869 174.6 35.69 108,200 375,718 –14 11.4 0.864 176.5 35.76 109,294 379,863 –16 11.5 0.859 182.4 36.63 113,013 392,441 –18 11.6 0.855 188.3 37.49 116,640 405,179 –19

Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.) Mixing dry NaBr (97%) and water

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Density NaBr

lb/gal Water 97% dry NaBr Na Br TCT

@70° F bbl/bbl lb/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 11.7 0.850 194.2 38.33 120,313 417,937 –19 11.8 0.845 200.1 39.16 123,890 430,571 –16 11.9 0.840 206.0 39.98 127,653 443,216 –11 12.0 0.835 211.9 40.78 131,174 456,012 –5 12.1 0.830 217.8 41.57 134,880 468,668 2 12.2 0.826 223.6 42.33 138,483 481,178 10 12.3 0.821 229.5 43.09 142,127 493,830 19 12.4 0.816 235.4 43.84 145,812 506,475 28 12.5 0.811 241.2 44.56 149,388 518,958 37 12.6 0.807 247.2 45.31 153,153 531,879 46 12.7 0.804 252.5 45.92 156,350 543,415 54

Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.) Mixing dry NaBr (97%) and water

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Density NaBr

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 9.0 0.157 0.845 24 9.1 0.180 0.822 23 9.2 0.203 0.800 0 9.3 0.226 0.777 21 9.4 0.250 0.754 19 9.5 0.273 0.731 17 9.6 0.296 0.708 16 9.7 0.320 0.684 14 9.8 0.344 0.660 12 9.9 0.368 0.637 11 10.0 0.392 0.613 9 10.1 0.416 0.588 7 10.2 0.440 0.564 5 10.3 0.464 0.540 4 10.4 0.488 0.516 2 10.5 0.512 0.492 0 10.6 0.537 0.467 –2 10.7 0.561 0.443 –4 10.8 0.585 0.418 –6 10.9 0.610 0.393 –7

Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.)

Blending 12.5 lb/gal NaBr (liquid) and water

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Density NaBr

@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F 11.0 0.634 0.369 –9 11.1 0.659 0.344 –11 11.2 0.683 0.320 –13 11.3 0.707 0.295 –14 11.4 0.732 0.270 –16 11.5 0.756 0.246 –18 11.6 0.781 0.221 –19 11.7 0.805 0.196 –19 11.8 0.830 0.172 –16 11.9 0.854 0.147 –11 12.0 0.879 0.122 –5 12.1 0.903 0.098 2 12.2 0.927 0.073 10 12.3 0.951 0.049 19 12.4 0.976 0.024 28 12.5 1.000 0.000 37

Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.)

Blending 12.5 lb/gal NaBr (liquid) and water

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Densi ty NaCl NaBr lb/g al W a ter (99%) dry (97%) dry NaCl NaBr Br Cl – TC T @ 70° F bbl/bbl lb/bbl lb/bbl wt % wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 10.0 0.880 109.0 0.0 25.69 0.00 0 187,080 23 10.1 0.877 104.6 9.6 24.42 2.21 20,725 179,618 24 10.2 0.874 100.3 19.3 23.17 4.37 41,494 172,094 25 10.3 0.872 95.9 28.9 21.95 6.49 62,294 164,635 26 10.4 0.869 91.6 38.6 20.75 8.57 82,992 157,123 27 10.5 0.866 87.2 48.2 19.58 10.61 103,906 149,807 27 10.6 0.863 82.8 57.9 18.42 12.61 124,627 142,321 27 10.7 0.861 78.5 67.5 17.29 14.58 145,462 134,797 26 10.8 0.858 74.1 77.2 16.18 16.51 166,275 127,365 26 Sodi um Chl or ide/Sodi um Bromide (NaCl/NaBr) U .S.

Mixing dry NaCl (99%), dry NaBr (97%) and w

a ter Com posi ti on for one ba rrel of fl u id Con ti n ues on ne xt page

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Densi ty NaCl NaBr lb/g al W a ter (99%) dry (97%) dry NaCl NaBr Br Cl – TC T @ 70° F bbl/bbl lb/bbl lb/bbl wt % wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 10.9 0.855 69.8 86.8 15.09 18.40 187,056 119,774 26 11.0 0.852 65.4 96.5 14.01 20.26 207,793 112,285 25 11.1 0.850 61.0 106.1 12.96 22.08 228,610 104,907 24 11.2 0.847 56.7 115.8 11.93 23.87 249,363 97,378 24 11.3 0.844 52.3 125.4 10.91 25.63 270,179 89,833 25 11.4 0.841 48.0 135.1 9.92 27.36 290,913 82,414 26 11.5 0.839 43.6 144.7 8.94 29.06 311,692 74,850 28 11.6 0.836 39.2 154.4 7.97 30.73 332,509 67,421 29 Sodi um Chl or ide/Sodi um Bromide (NaCl/NaBr) U .S.

a ter Com posi ti on for one ba rrel of fl u id Con ti n ues on ne xt page Con ti n

ued from pre

vi

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Densi ty NaCl NaBr lb/g al W a ter (99%) dry (97%) dry NaCl NaBr Br Cl – TC T @ 70° F bbl/bbl lb/bbl lb/bbl wt % wt % mg/L mg/L ° F 11.7 0.833 34.9 164.0 7.03 32.38 353,217 59,853 29 11.8 0.830 30.5 173.7 6.10 33.99 373,946 52,429 29 11.9 0.828 26.2 183.3 5.18 35.58 394,833 44,871 29 12.0 0.825 21.8 193.0 4.28 37.14 415,584 37,466 29 12.1 0.822 17.4 202.6 3.40 38.67 436,336 29,932 30 12.2 0.819 13.1 212.3 2.53 40.18 457,080 22,415 31 12.3 0.817 8.7 221.9 1.67 41.67 477,810 14,918 32 12.4 0.814 4.4 231.6 0.83 43.13 498,666 7,445 32 12.5 0.811 0.0 241.2 0.00 44.56 519,346 0 33 Sodi um Chl or ide/Sodi um Bromide (NaCl/NaBr) U .S.

a ter Com posi ti on for one ba rrel of fl u id Con ti n

ued from pre

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Brine

Density Pressure 10.0 lb/gal 12.5 lb/gal

at 60° F Gradient NaCl NaBr TCT

lb/gal psi/ft (bbl) (bbl) ° F 10.0 0.520 1.000 0.000 23 10.1 0.525 0.960 0.040 24 10.2 0.530 0.920 0.080 25 10.3 0.536 0.880 0.120 26 10.4 0.541 0.840 0.160 27 10.5 0.546 0.800 0.200 27 10.6 0.551 0.760 0.240 26 10.7 0.556 0.720 0.280 26 10.8 0.562 0.680 0.320 26 10.9 0.567 0.640 0.360 26 11.0 0.572 0.600 0.400 25 11.1 0.577 0.560 0.440 25 11.2 0.582 0.520 0.480 24 11.3 0.588 0.480 0.520 25 11.4 0.593 0.440 0.560 27 11.5 0.598 0.400 0.600 28 11.6 0.603 0.360 0.640 29 11.7 0.608 0.320 0.680 29 11.8 0.613 0.280 0.720 30 11.9 0.618 0.240 0.760 30 12.0 0.623 0.200 0.800 31 12.1 0.628 0.160 0.840 31 12.2 0.633 0.120 0.880 32 12.3 0.639 0.080 0.920 32 12.4 0.644 0.040 0.960 33 12.5 0.650 0.000 1.000 33

Sodium Chloride/Sodium Bromide NaCl/NaBr Brine

Using 10.0 lb/gal NaCl Brine and 12.5 lb/gal NaBr Brine

To make one barrel

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Specific

Gravity NaCl Water NaCl Na+ _Cl– _TCT

(SG) kg/m3 _m3_/m3 _{wt %} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.00 0.0 1.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 1.01 11.1 0.999 0.3 4,181 6,435 –1 1.02 26.7 0.994 1.5 10,278 15,846 –2 1.03 42.4 0.988 2.8 16,375 25,257 –3 1.04 58.1 0.982 4.1 22,472 34,669 –4 1.05 73.7 0.977 5.4 28,569 44,080 –4 1.06 89.4 0.971 6.7 34,666 53,491 –5 1.07 105.1 0.965 7.9 40,763 62,903 –6 1.08 120.7 0.959 9.2 46,860 72,314 –7 1.09 136.4 0.954 10.5 52,957 81,725 –9 1.10 152.1 0.948 11.8 59,054 91,136 –10 1.11 167.7 0.942 13.1 65,151 100,548 –11 1.12 183.4 0.937 14.3 71,248 109,959 –12 1.13 199.1 0.931 15.6 77,345 119,370 –13 1.14 214.7 0.925 16.9 83,442 128,781 –15 1.15 230.4 0.919 18.2 89,539 138,193 –17 1.16 246.1 0.914 19.4 95,636 147,604 –19 1.17 261.7 0.908 20.7 101,733 157,015 –20 1.18 277.4 0.902 22.0 107,830 166,427 –21 1.19 293.1 0.897 23.3 113,928 175,838 –11 1.20 308.7 0.891 24.6 120,025 185,249 –4

Sodium Chloride NaCl (Metric) Mixing dry NaCl (99%) and water

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Specific NaCl Gravity 1.2 SG Water TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.00 0 1.000 0 1.01 0.035 0.965 –1 1.02 0.085 0.915 –2 1.03 0.135 0.865 –3 1.04 0.186 0.814 –4 1.05 0.236 0.764 –4 1.06 0.287 0.713 –5 1.07 0.337 0.663 –6 1.08 0.387 0.613 –7 1.09 0.438 0.562 –9 1.10 0.488 0.512 –10 1.11 0.539 0.461 –11 1.12 0.589 0.411 –12 1.13 0.639 0.361 –13 1.14 0.690 0.310 –15 1.15 0.740 0.260 –17 1.16 0.791 0.209 –19 1.17 0.841 0.159 –20 1.18 0.891 0.109 –21 1.19 0.942 0.058 –11 1.20 1.000 0.000 –4

Sodium Chloride NaCl (Metric)

Blending 1.2 SG NaCl (liquid) and water

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Specific KCl (99%)

Gravity Water dry KCl TCT

(SG) m3_/m3 _kg/m3 _{wt %} _{° C} 1.00 0.9983 4.6 0.5 0 1.01 0.9942 15.7 1.6 –1 1.02 0.9882 31.7 3.1 –2 1.03 0.982 47.9 4.7 –2 1.04 0.9756 64.2 6.2 –3 1.05 0.969 80.7 7.7 –4 1.06 0.9623 97.4 9.2 –5 1.07 0.9554 114.2 10.7 –5 1.08 0.9484 131.2 12.2 –6 1.09 0.9412 148.3 13.6 –7 1.10 0.9339 165.5 15.1 –8 1.11 0.9266 182.9 16.5 –9 1.12 0.9191 200.3 17.9 –10 1.13 0.9115 217.9 19.3 –11 1.14 0.9038 235.5 20.7 –6 1.15 0.8961 253.2 22.1 1 1.16 0.8883 270.9 23.4 8 1.17 0.8805 288.7 24.7 15 1.18 0.8726 306.5 26 23

Potassium Chloride KCl (Metric) Mixing dry KCl (99%) and water

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Specific

Gravity NaBr Water NaBr Na Br TCT

(SG) kg/m3 _m3_/m3 _{wt %} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.08 104.6 0.976 9.8 22,694 80,000 –4 1.09 118.5 0.972 10.8 25,699 90,000 –5 1.10 132.4 0.969 11.9 28,704 100,000 –18 1.11 146.2 0.965 12.9 31,709 110,000 –12 1.12 160.1 0.961 14.0 34,714 120,000 –6 1.13 173.9 0.957 15.0 37,719 130,000 –7 1.14 187.8 0.953 16.0 40,725 140,000 –8 1.15 201.6 0.949 17.0 43,730 150,000 –9 1.16 215.5 0.945 18.0 46,735 160,000 –10 1.17 229.4 0.941 18.9 49,740 170,000 –11 1.18 243.2 0.937 19.9 52,745 180,000 –11 1.19 257.1 0.934 20.8 55,750 190,000 –12 1.20 270.9 0.930 21.8 58,755 200,000 –13 1.21 284.8 0.926 22.7 61,760 210,000 –14 1.22 298.6 0.922 23.6 64,765 220,000 –15 1.23 312.5 0.918 24.5 67,771 230,000 –15 1.24 326.3 0.914 25.4 70,776 240,000 –16 1.25 340.2 0.910 26.3 73,781 250,000 –17 1.26 354.1 0.906 27.2 76,786 260,000 –18 1.27 367.9 0.902 28.0 79,791 270,000 –19 1.28 381.8 0.899 28.9 82,796 280,000 –19 1.29 395.6 0.895 29.7 85,801 290,000 –20

Sodium Bromide NaBr (Metric) Mixing dry NaBr (97%) and water

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Specific

Gravity NaBr Water NaBr Na Br TCT

(SG) kg/m3 _m3_/m3 _{wt %} _mg/L _mg/L _{° C} 1.3 409.5 0.891 30.5 88,806 300,000 –21 1.31 423.3 0.887 31.3 91,811 310,000 –22 1.32 437.2 0.883 32.1 94,817 320,000 –23 1.33 451.0 0.879 32.9 97,822 330,000 –24 1.34 464.9 0.875 33.7 100,827 340,000 –24 1.35 478.8 0.871 34.4 103,832 350,000 –25 1.36 492.6 0.867 35.2 106,837 360,000 –26 1.37 506.5 0.864 35.9 109,842 370,000 –27 1.38 520.3 0.860 36.6 112,847 380,000 –28 1.39 534.2 0.856 37.4 115,852 390,000 –28 1.40 548.0 0.852 38.1 118,857 400,000 –28 1.41 561.9 0.848 38.8 121,863 410,000 –28 1.42 575.8 0.844 39.4 124,868 420,000 –27 1.43 589.6 0.840 40.1 127,873 430,000 –24 1.44 603.5 0.836 40.8 130,878 440,000 –21 1.45 617.3 0.832 41.4 133,883 450,000 –17 1.46 631.2 0.829 42.0 136,888 460,000 –15 1.47 645.0 0.825 42.7 139,893 470,000 –12 1.48 658.9 0.821 43.3 142,898 480,000 –7 1.49 672.7 0.817 43.9 145,903 490,000 –2 1.50 686.6 0.813 44.5 148,909 500,000 3 1.51 700.5 0.809 45.0 151,914 510,000 8 1.52 714.3 0.805 45.6 154,919 520,000 10 1.53 728.2 0.801 46.2 157,924 530,000 12

Sodium Bromide NaBr (Metric) Mixing dry NaBr (97%) and water

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Specific NaBr Gravity 1.5 SG Water TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.080 0.157 0.845 –4 1.092 0.180 0.822 –5 1.104 0.203 0.800 –18 1.116 0.226 0.777 –6 1.128 0.250 0.754 –7 1.140 0.273 0.731 –8 1.152 0.296 0.708 –9 1.164 0.320 0.684 –10 1.176 0.344 0.660 –11 1.188 0.368 0.637 –12 1.200 0.392 0.613 –13 1.212 0.416 0.588 –14 1.224 0.440 0.564 –15 1.236 0.464 0.540 –16 1.248 0.488 0.516 –17 1.261 0.512 0.492 –18 1.273 0.537 0.467 –19 1.285 0.561 0.443 –20 1.297 0.585 0.418 –21 1.309 0.610 0.393 –22 1.321 0.634 0.369 –23 1.333 0.659 0.344 –24 1.345 0.683 0.320 –25 1.357 0.707 0.295 –26

Sodium Bromide NaBr (Metric)

Blending 1.5 SG NaBr (liquid) and water

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Specific NaBr Gravity 1.5 SG Water TCT (SG) m3_/m3 _m3_/m3 _{° C} 1.369 0.732 0.270 –27 1.381 0.756 0.246 –28 1.393 0.781 0.221 –28 1.405 0.805 0.196 –28 1.417 0.830 0.172 –27 1.429 0.854 0.147 –24 1.441 0.879 0.122 –21 1.453 0.903 0.098 –17 1.465 0.927 0.073 –12 1.477 0.951 0.049 –7 1.489 0.976 0.024 –2 1.501 1.000 0.000 3

Sodium Bromide NaBr (Metric)

Blending 1.5 SG NaBr (liquid) and water