Speaking
Read aloud
Easy to score
Repeat Sentence
Easy to score
Describe image
Very Imp
Re-tell lecture
VVV Important
Answer short question
Writing
Summarize written text
Write essay
Reading
Multiple choice, choose single answer
Multiple choice, choose multiple answers
Re-order paragraphs
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Fill in the blanks
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Fill in the blanks
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Listening
Summarize spoken text
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Multiple choice, choose multiple answers
Fill in the blanks
Easy to score
Highlight correct summary
VVV Important
Multiple choice, choose single answer
Select missing word
Easy to score
Highlight incorrect words
Easy to score
Write from dictation
Easy to score
Important and easy
to score
Important and easy
to score
Important and easy
to score
Important and easy
to score
Important and easy
to score
Important and easy
to score
Important and easy
to score
Schedule
2 times in a week
2 times in a week
3 ( E)
1 ( E)
Alternate days
1 ( E)
1-2 ( E)
1 ( E)
1 ( E)
1 ( E)
1 ( E)
1 ( E)
Alternate days or 3
times a week
When computers first appeared on the scene, it was thought they would make us more productive in providing goods and services, smarter and possibly happier. Skeptics claim that the opposite is true as computers have proved disappointing in terms of productivity, and have made us less happy and more stupid because information is not knowledge.
Technology is the collection of techniques and application of the scientific knowledge. Technology has immensely blessed human kind with various inventions and one of them is computer. Computers have drastically changed the way of doing work. Some people believe that it has made us more productive in providing goods and services where as others are disappointed with it in terms of productivity. Lets dwell deeper and discuss the notion in detail.
In my viewpoint, computers have escalated the productivity in providing goods and services, as now a days one can buy everything on internet for instance clothes, medicines, grocery and many more. Therefore, at one point of time thousands of customers can take a glance and shop for themselves. Due to this, both sellers as well as buyers are satisfied and happier. In addition to this, one can complete a task within nano seconds with the help of the computer software that has further accentuated the productivity of a person and allows him to do multi-tasking.
On the flipside, a handful of people disagree with the notion and believe that computers have made human being his slave. The dependency on computers has risen to such an extent that one cannot complete a task without it. Furthermore, a person who has expertise in operating computers is in demand these days. Therefore, many people have lost their jobs because of no knowledge of computers. Moreover, many health issues are encountered in people who work regularly on computer.
In a nutshell, it can be concluded that every thing has some positive as well as negative points. It entirely depend on the perception of a person. Therefore, for few people computer is a blessing and for few it is a curse.
Large shopping malls are replacing small shops, what is your opinion, good or bad?
In the advent of modern era, life is getting very busy. People are left with no time to move from one place to another in search of grocery, clothes, cosmetics and many more. Therefore, large shopping malls came into existence. However, it is noticed that small shops are being replaced by the large shopping malls. Let us dwell deeper and discuss whether this should happen or not.
In my viewpoint, the replacement is happening for good as every individual is working these days and for working professionals shopping is a tedious task. Thus, large shopping malls have made it easier as everything is available under one roof. Also, it saves lot of time. In addition to this, large shopping malls have something for each age group. Because of this, one can spend a good quality time with his family.
On the flipside a handful of people opine that abolishment of small shops might create an economic imbalance in the country as it’s the only source of income for the shopkeepers. Furthermore, local brands might extinct, as there will be no seller to sell their products. In a nutshell, it can concluded that it is very necessary to maintain the balance between the large shopping malls and small shops for the welfare of the people as well as to maintain the stability in the economy.
Advantages of learning new foreign language in a professional life. Discuss?
Language plays an indispensible role in person’s life as it helps to communicate with other. In today’s time, it is necessary to have excellence in at least one language. In the corporate world, a person having good hold in more than one language is always in demand. Let us delve
deeper and discuss the importance of a foreign language in a professional life in detail.
Learning a foreign language always provides benefit in a professional life as it leads towards many new opportunities within his country. Also, it makes the person different from others in terms of skills. Furthermore, by being in his country, one can have the feel of another country. In
addition to this, one can also get a chance to work in a foreign country.
Not only professionally, but also learning experience of a foreign language changes the personality of an individual for instance the confidence level will be much higher than the person having expertise in one language. Moreover, in society the person possessing the knowledge of
more than one language is considered as smarter than others.
Many people think regions affect successful person. Write your opinion about native region and accomplished person influence.
Success refers to the accomplishment of an aim or an effort. The meaning of success is different for every individual. It is believed by some people that the place they are living in, influence their behavior to a great extent which further motivates them to achieve their goals where as
others believe that it has nothing to do with the region, it entirely thrives on the psychology of an individual.
There is a famous saying “knowledge is power”, an individual possessing the skill of knowledge can do wonders. Famous example is of Dhirubhai Ambani, owner of a renowned brand “Reliance”. He belongs to a village and had never been to school or college and, still started his
venture with a small amount of money. Another example is of Richard Branson, owner of Virgin.
However, at times environment is a significant reason for the success of an individual, for instance Anil Ambani and Mukesh Ambani, son of Dhirubhai Ambani handling the venture of Reliance. They learnt all necessary skills either from their curriculum of school or college or from their
father. In addition to this, pass outs from the top business schools are its example.
In a nutshell, it can be concluded that to some extent environment matters however, it also thrives on the goals of a person and the efforts he is putting to achieve them.
Do you think consumers should avoid over packaged products or is it the responsibility of producers?
Consumer is the person who consumes the products. He is the ultimate user of the product. So, while making the products the producers keeping the viewpoint of the consumer. In the advent of modern era, the consumer is becoming aware of all the products available in the market.
Therefore, before buying the product he ensures whether it is good for his health or not. Thus, producers started doing the over packaging of the products. Some people believe that consumers should avoid buying the products that are over packaged. Let us delve and discuss the
notion in detail.
I believe consumers should not avoid the overly packed products as the packaging is done for our benefit only. As the customer is becoming aware of all the products thus to make the product out of the box producer get into such practices. The products are over packed to save
consumers from various fatal diseases as well as to attract them towards the product. In addition to this, at times the over packaging is done to motivate customer towards the product.
On the flipside, a handful of people believe that the products that are overly packaged are harmful for our health as lots of preservatives are added into them. Also, they are quite expensive then the competitive products in the market. In addition to this, sometimes it is annoying for
some people to consume it the product is multiple times packed.
In a nutshell, it can be concluded that indeed overly packed products are attractive and good for health however while making them producers do make it reasonable enough so that everyone could buy it.
Roles of governments, companies and individuals to combat climate change.
In the advent of modern era, the dependency of an individual is increasing on the technology. Because of the escalated demand new factories are being set up and such factories releases harmful chemicals that are hazardous for our environment. Thus, to eradicate the harmful
changes government, companies as well as individual need to play a vital role. Let us delve deeper and discuss their role in detail.
Due to the emission of harmful gases from the industries as well as due to the increasing pollution our environment is getting immensely affected. Due to such problems the ozone layer present in our environment is getting depleted day by day and have started causing various skin
problems in the individuals present in our society. Also, the companies use lots of paper for the official work that is made from the trees. In addition to this, the water released from the industries is polluting the water resources to a great extent, which might create the problem of
drought.
Such problems can be curbed if government put a limit on the release of the gases and companies start using the electronic media instead of papers. Also, being the part of the world it is the duty of every individual to keep the environment clean by creating less pollution and making
effective and efficient use of the resources.’
Person is considered to be successful when he has achieved respect and recognition in the society. At times success is inherited and at times with lots of hard work person achieves it. Some people believe that regions affect the successful
person. However, others believe that it’s his circumstances, which makes him successful. And getting success he influences the region in a broader manner. Let us delve deeper and discuss the topic in detail.
I disagree with the notion that regions affect successful person because a person becomes successful after lot of hard work and dedication. To be successful a person is required to have an aim and a person with an aim can only be successful.
There are lots of examples such as a daughter of rickshaw puller became Chattered Accountant, son of a gardener became a doctor and many more. Such examples influence other children of their region to aim high and achieve them
accordingly.
On the flipside, a handful of people agree with the notion, as they believe to be successful region place an immense role. The environment needs to be quite motivational full of influential people, only then one would to be able to get influenced
and aim high. Also, a good parenting and schooling can make a person successful in the life.
In a nutshell, it can be reiterated that success comes with the dedication, hard work and achievement of goals, which bestows a person respect and recognition in the society. Also, such person can influence others in the native region through his
achievements.
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1. PARAGRAPH:
Inequality between world citizens used to be determined in equal measures by class and location. New research, however, reveals that people's fortunes are being dictated primarily by where they live. As a result, economic migration has become the key way for individuals from developing countries to improve their economic standing. And governments will not be able to alleviate the pressure of migration on their societies until global inequality is reduced.
In Global Inequality: rom class to location, rom proletarians to migrants. Branko Milanovic, of the University of Maryland, examines the differences in income between countries and concludes that a key priority for policy makers should be aid and support for developing countries. 'Not only is the overall inequality between world citizens greater in the early 21 st century than it was more than a century and a half ago, but its composition has entirely changed; from being an inequality determined in equal measures by class and location, it has become preponderantly an inequality determined by location only,' finds the report. 'Analysis of incomes across countries for different members of the population reveals a wide gap between the underprivileged in wealthy societies and in less wealthy countries. This fact is of great political and economic significance. Individuals can now make large gains from migrating to wealthier countries.'
REPLY IN ONE SENTENCE:
Global inequality between world citizens caused by various factors has resulted in economic migration for people from developing countries to enhance their economic standing, however, the governments can mitigate the pressure of migration by reducing the global inequality.- (38 words)
Global inequality has led to economic migration for the individuals from developing countries to enhance their economic standing and governments can mitigate the migration pressure by diminishing the global inequality.- (30 words)
Global inequality, caused by incomes and location between world citizens has led to economic migration from developing countries to enhance their economic standing, but policy makers should support to the developing countries to reduce the pressure of migration.-(38 words)
2. PARAGRAPH:
English is the world's lingua franca. The language of science, technology, business, diplomacy and popular culture. That probably explains why it is the world's most widely spoken language. It probably also explains why native English speakers are so reluctant to learn a second language. It's not worth the effort.
In 200S, the European Commission carried out a survey of the European Union's 25 member states. The two with the lowest rates of bilingualism - defined as being able to hold a conversation in more than one language - were the UK and Ireland. About two-thirds of people in these countries speak only English. If a similar story wherever English is spoken as the mother tongue. Only about 25 per cent of US citizens can converse in another language. In Australia, the rates are even lower.
Compare that with continental Europe where multilingualism is the rule rather than the exception. More than half of EU citizens are bilingual and not just because they live in countries like Luxembourg with multiple official languages. Even in France, which has only one official language and is immensely proud of its linguistic heritage, most people speak a second language.
Again, that is largely down to the dominance of English. Across Europe, English is by far the most commonly learned language. High levels of bilingualism are not driven by a general desire to learn languages but a specific need to learn English.
REPLY IN ONE SENTENCE:
English is the world's most widely spoken language in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and the US with the lowest bilingual levels, however, in continental Europe, it is the highest amongst their inhabitants as they have an interest and a specific need to learn English.-(45 words)
English is the most popular spoken language in the US, Australia, and Ireland with the lowest bilingual levels, however, in continental Europe, it is the highest as their inhabitants have a particular need to learn English.-(36 words)
English is the world's most widely spoken language in Ireland, Australia and much more with lower bilingual rates, however, in Continental Europe, the bilingual levels are higher as it is the rule than an exception.
3. PARAGRAPH:
Times are fraught, and overstretched executives are constantly on the lookout for a way to dear their minds so they can work in a calmer more effective, and more responsive way. Cultivating a special state of consciousness called 'mindful ness' - an intense awareness of the here and now - is proving attractive to a growing number of senior managers, both in the US and elsewhere.
Mindfulness is achieved by meditation techniques, often involving sitting on a cushion, eyes dosed, concentrating on the inflow and outflow of your breath. Or you might spend 10 minutes studying, sniffing, tasting and finally eating a piece of fruit, That might make it sound like a remnant of the navel-gazing I 960s and I 970s, but the evidence for mindfulness's effectiveness is good enough to have impressed hard-nosed companies such as Google (which has invited mindfulness gurus to speak at the Googleplex), General Mills, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deutsche Bank, Procter & Gamble, AstraZeneca, Apple, Credit Suisse, KPMG, Innocent, Reuters and many more.
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According to Don McCormick, assistant professor of management at California State University and a dedicated meditator. it 'can help individuals to manage workplace stress, perform tasks more effectively, enhance self-awareness and self-regulation, experience work as more meaningful, improve worl<place relationships, increase ethical behavior, and make perception more accurate'. It is said to pay dividends for leaders and managers, by improving the quality of their listening and communicating.
REPLY IN ONE SENTENCE:
Mindfulness a special state of consciousness is achieved by meditation techniques, sniffing and consuming a fruit which has helped the employees to relieve their stress, enhance self-regulation, and enhance the workplace relationships and this has also impressed the top-notch companies.- (43 words) Mindfulness is achieved by a variety of meditation techniques, studying, and consuming a piece of fruit which has helped the overstretched employees to relieve the workplace stress and in various areas and this has also impressed the top-notch companies.
Mindfulness is a special state of consciousness that is achieved by meditation and its various techniques as it releive workplace stress and enhance self-regulation on overstretched executives.
4. PARAGRAPH:
One of the many critiques of academic research that one runs across is that a lot of research done by a faculty at universities across America doesn't 'do' anything: it
doesn't lead to some new product that can be marketed; it doesn't create jobs; it doesn't have an obvious social value, After all, people argue, do we really need studies that chart the maturation of catfish? Or that explore the nuances of a minor poet? What is all this for?
As a consequence of attitudes like these, many people – particularly politicians and business persons - argue that the research function should be stripped from academia, or at least those parts of academia that aren't the major research institutions. Then universities wouldn't need so many faculties, and costs could be contained.
Academics like me offer lots of standard objections to this line of thinking: that research keeps one fresh and up-to-date in the discipline; that the faculty often works with students on their research, thus providing students with invaluable training for their future careers and so on. All of this is true, but I want to add a different point: the power of chance.
In 1990, I took an appointment at the University of Alabama-Huntsville. I had a police officer student who invited me for a ride along. I went – ultimately many times. The book that emerged from the research project I established from that first ride was later included on a list of 'must read ' books on public administration by the Government of Canada.
I have no problem with accountability. But if you had asked me what my purpose was when I took my first ride along, and you had demanded to know what use the research could be put to, I would have to ld you, 'I have no idea'.
REPLY IN ONE SENTENCE:
Academic research offers numerous benefits such as it keeps the students active in the discipline and offer priceless training for their future careers, however, it does not have any clear idea and it has an absence of social value.-(39 words)
Though academic research offers plenty of standard objections with invaluable training and discipline in students, it does not have an obvious social value, does not create jobs and lack of clear idea.
PARAGRAPH: PTE Test Plus 2013- Test 1-Summary 1
By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, but it may come as no surprise that the second most popular beverage is tea. Although tea was originally grown only in certain parts of Asia – in countries such as China, Burma and India - it is now a key export product in more than 50 countries around the globe.
Countries that grow tea, however, need to have the right tropical climate. which includes up to 200 centimetres of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth. and temperatures that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade. They also need to have quite specific geographical features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavor and taste of the tea. and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep the plants cool and fresh . Together these conditions contribute to the production of the wide range of high-quality teas that are in such huge demand among the world's consumers. There is green tea. jasmine tea. earl grey tea, peppermint tea. tea to help you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all. tea is a social drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human beings in general. REPLY IN ONE SENTENCE:
Originally Tea was grown in only three countries, it has now become a major export product in over 50 countries, however, to manufacture the wide range of the best quality teas, it requires the appropriate geological conditions and this has led to a massive demand amongst the world's consumers.-(49 words) The tea is the second most preferred beverage in each part of the world, but to manufacture a wide range of high-quality teas, it requires right tropical climate, adequate rainfall and particular geographical features.
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With all the discussions about protecting the earth and saving the planet.it is easy to forget that we also need to preserve many species of fish that live in the oceans. In developed countries. much larger quantities of fish are consumed than was the case a century ago when fish only featured on the menu once a week. These days, fish has become a popular healthy alternative to meat and this has created a demand for species such as cod, mackerel and tuna that far outstrips the demands of the previous generation. Throughout the world too, increasing consumption during thepast 30 years has meant that the shallow parts of the ocean have beenoverfished in an effort to supply homes, shops and restaurants with the quantities of fish that they require. Yet despite the sophisticated fishingtechniques of today, catches are smaller than they were a century or moreago. What is more, boats are having to drop their nets much deeper intothe oceans and the fish they are coming up with are smaller and weigh lessthan they used to. While government controls have had some effect onfish stocks, the future does not offer a promising picture. Experts predictlarge-scale extinctions and an irreversibly damaging effecton entireecosystems, un less greater efforts are made to conserve fish stocksand prevent overi'lshing in the world's waters.
REPLY IN ONE SENTENCE:
The demand for various species of fish consumption around the world has hampered the shallow areas of the ocean leading to overfishing, massive extinctions, and ultimately damaging the entire ecosystems.-(30 words)
The increasing demand of fish consumption around the globe has damaged the shallow parts of the ocean and as a result, the sizes and weights of fish have dipped and the entire ecosystems has irreversibly damaged.
Costa Ricans, as any other people, are complex and full of surprises. Bacially speaking, the country is one of the most homogenous of the region. Costa Ricans don't like to consider themselves as racists, but they also enjoy talking about their unique whiteness, when compared to other Latin American countries. The 1989 census classified 98% of the people as white and 2% as black or indigenous. Even though racial problems don't exist to the extent that they do in the U.S. or in some European countries, some Ticos look down upon darker-skinned people. However, racial confrontations are extremely rare and prejudice, even though it exists, is displayed in indirect and careful ways. Costa Rica is also homogenous when it comes to social classes. Most of the population can be placed in a middle-class, and even though extreme poverty exists, it's not as large a problem as it is in other Latin countries. By the standards of a developed country, Costa Rican incomes are very low, but when compared to other neighbours, salaries and earnings prove to be much better. Besides the poor and middle classes, there is an upper class, which is very elitist. Even with the existence of extremely rich or poor individuals, Costa Rican society is composed mostly by a middle-class, which causes the impression of class and social homogeneity.
Costa Rica is one of the most homogenous countries in social classes with a large proportion of middle-class and a very few upper- class individuals, but racial problems exist that is displayed in indirect and careful ways.-(38 words)
Costa Rica is a country of homogenous in terms of social classes with most Costaricans incomes very less and a few upper class, however, racial confrontations is displayed in indirect and careful ways.
It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good health the exception. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering from some ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic, which deprives them of a part of their power. There is too much illness, too much suffering and too many premature deaths. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their productive prime. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could be. His bad habits, of which he is often not aware, have brought weakness and disease upon him. These conditions prevent him from doing his best mentally and physically.
This abnormal condition has a bad effect upon his descendants, who may not be born with any special defects, but have less resistance at birth than is their due, and consequently fall prey to disease very easily. This state of impaired resistance has been passed on from generation to generation, and we of today are passing it on as a heritage to our children. Yet it is within the power of each individual to prolong his life beyond what is now considered old age. Barring accidents, which should be less
numerous when people fully realize that unreasonable haste and speed are wasteful and that life is more valuable than accumulated wealth, human life could and should be a certainty.
The various types of illness and bad habits have led to mental and physical weakness on individuals and on their descendants, however, they can prolong their life if they realize that life is more valuable than accumulated wealth and unreasonable haste.-(41 words)
The various forms of mental or physical illness, and bad habits have burgeoned the health of individual and this condition has been passed to their descendants, but they can increase their longevity if they realize that life is more valuable than accumulated wealth.
A community or a social group sustains itself through continuous self-renewal, and this renewal takes place by means of the educational growth of the immature members of a group. By various agencies, unintentional and designed, a society transforms uninitiated and seemingly alien beings into robust trustees of its own resources and ideals.
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Since what is required is a transformation of the quality of experience, till it partakes in the interests, purposes, and ideas current in the social group, the problem is evidently not one of mere physical forming. Beliefs and aspirations cannot be physically extracted and inserted. The required beliefs cannot be hammered in; the needed attitudes
cannot be plastered on. But the particular medium in which an individual exists leads him to see and feel one thing rather than another; it leads him to have certain plans in order that he may act successfully with others; it strengthens some beliefs and weakens others as a condition of winning the approval of others. Thus it gradually produces in him a certain system of behaviour, a certain disposition of action. The word "environment" denotes something more than surroundings that encompass an individual.
Education imparts consistent self-renewal in the community, but it requires beliefs, aspirations, and attitudes to inculcate a system of behaviour and a certain action in the individuals- (28 words)
Education provides immense growth to a social group through consistent self-renewal, however it requires ideas, purposes, attitudes and beleifs to produce a system of behaviour in them.
An important way in which science has changed people and made them more civilized is by making them more tolerant. A tolerant person is one who does not interfere with other people, even if he thinks they are wrong, but he is prepared to let them think what they like and say what they think. If he thinks they are wrong he may try to persuade them to believe differently, but he will not try to force them.
This may not seem a very important point. A great deal of the misery of mankind in the past has sprung from people being unwilling to tolerate other people thinking
differently from themselves. This intolerance has been particularly common in religious matters. All over the world, people have been killed and have tortured other people for not believing the same things as they did or for worshipping God in a different way.
Most religious beliefs are based on faith, and the point about them is that although you may be quite convinced of them yourself, you cannot be sure of persuading other people to believe them too because you cannot produce evidence for them. Now, it is with regard to beliefs of this kind that people are now more tolerant than they used to be. Formerly if a man thought differently about religious matters from his neighbours, he was very likely to be burnt alive. And if he did not believe in God and had no religion at all he was thought exceedingly wicked and was punished. This is no longer so.
The science made the people more civilised by making them more tolerant, whereas earlier they were exposed to intolerance as they were killed, tortured, and punished for not believing in the religious matters.-(33 words)
Earlier intolerance was found in religious matters and people were killed and punished for not beleiving on other people views, however science changed the people by making them more tolerant.
The world of communication has bound the globe in its network. No customer, colleague or business associate is farther than a phone call or an e-mail away. The
communication technology is a landmark in itself. Telephonic or internet chatting scores high, judged on the criterion of speed. But this conversation lacks the warmth and the feel that a face to face conversation can lend. The motivation that a pat gives with ‘Thank You’ and ‘good job’ has its own significance. Such appreciation can be a strong morale booster. A telephone conversation is devoid of that personal touch.
Studies have confirmed that communication has less to do with what one says than with the way it is expressed. The gestures and facial expressions involved mean much more than the content. An experiment performed on babies proved this point. A group of four-month old babies were shown faces on a screen Sometimes the faces developed an eye contact with babies and sometimes they averted their stare. Slowly an observation was made that babies who had no verbal communication, responded to facial non-verbal communication also. So we can well understand how important is a healing touch or a loving gesture of face to face conversation. The only ones who have benefited from these text communications are those who are shy. Some people face anxiety and are at a loss of words at times of face to face communication. For them this type of distant chatting is quite helpful
The telephone and internet communications are beneficial to the introverts as they do not have the appropriate words in verbal communication, however, it lacks the personal touch, eye contact, and facial expressions.-(32 words)
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The details of hypnotic operation have been thoroughly classified and many elements of interest have been developed. All these make a body of evidence which will assist us in answering the question, what is hypnotism.
Modern scientific study has pretty conclusively established the following facts:
• Idiots, babies under three years old, and hopelessly insane people cannot be hypnotized.
• No one can be hypnotized unless the operator can make him concentrate his attention for a reasonable length of time. Concentration of attention, whatever the method of producing hypnotism, is absolutely necessary.
• Persons not easily hypnotized are those said to be neurotic (or those affected with hysteria). By "hysteria" is not meant nervous excitability, necessarily. In medical science "hysteria" is an irregular action of the nervous system. It will sometimes show itself by severe pains in the arm, when in reality there is nothing whatever to cause pain; or it will raise a swelling on the head quite without cause. It is a tendency to nervous disease which in severe cases may lead to insanity. The word neurotic is a general term covering affection of the nervous system. It includes hysteria and much else beside.
The expert hypnotizer often tries to rummage through the human mind, looking for small pieces of evidence that might link turbulence today to occurrences forgotten.
The results of scientific study of the hypnotism conclude that it cannot hypnotise on idiots, babies under three years old, insane people, and those affected by neurotic and hysteria.-(29 words)
The ongoing conflict between two mega cola companies is known to all. All carbonated beverages generally lie under the flagship of two champs in this field, Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo. The brand conflict has furthered to a great extent. The lust to dominate does not extend to supermarkets alone. The turmoil extends from control over restaurants supply of colas to supplies to big countries.The rivalry is for global control. This long battle to sweep the global market has lasted for decades. It seems as legendary as the conflict of good and evil. But the choice depends on consumers’ taste buds. The consumer taste criteria adjudge what is ‘good’ and what is the ‘evil’.
Both Coca cola and PepsiCo leave no stone unturned. They go to the extent of deterring the rival company on URLs and through commercials. Despite all the convulsive episodes, and both companies claiming the ball to be in their court, the consumer i.e. the jury is still undecided who rules the market.
The steaming competition is forcing the companies to launch new products. The companies are daily remodelling their marketing strategy. Through commercials, promotional campaigns and consumer benefit schemes they want to take the market with a stride but the judgment of the winner lies with the rising sales, profits and consumer loyalty. They are trying to increase the market share in other beverage categories.
The war to lead the market goes on.
The brand conflict between Coca-Cola and Pepsico companies have intensified in restaurants, supermarkets, and most importantly for global control, however, despite their aggressive promotional campaigns and commercials, the actual winner will depend on rising top and bottom line and consumer loyalty. (42 words)
The brand conflict between Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have increased massively in the various areas, particularly, for the global control, however, the actual winner across the globe will depend on the increasing sales, profits, and consumer loyalty. (37 words)
The rains, at length,in a great measure cease; but it requires some months for the water to run off and leave the valley dry. As soon as it is gone, there springs up from the whole surface of the ground which has been thus submerged a most rank and luxuriant vegetation. This vegetation, now wholly regulated and controlled by the hand of man, must have been, in its original and primeval state, of a very peculiar character. It must have consisted of such plants only as could exist under the condition of having the soil in which they grew laid, for a quarter of the year, wholly under water. This circumstance, probably, prevented the valley of the Nile from having been, like other fertile tracts of land, encumbered, in its native state, with forests or with wild beasts.
This most extraordinary valley seems thus to have been formed and preserved by Nature herself for the special possession of man. She herself seems to have held it in reserve for him from the very morning of creation, refusing admission into it to every plant and every animal that might hinder or disturb his occupancy and control. And if he were to abandon it now for a thousand years, and then return to it once more, he would find it just as he left it, ready for his immediate possession. There would be no wild beasts that he must first expel, and no tangled forests would have sprung up, that his axe must first remove. Nature is the husbandman who keeps this garden of the world in order.
Once rains have vanished in the Nile valley the vegetation is controlled by the man, however, it is maintained and preserved by nature herself from other fertile tracts of land. (30 words)
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PTE Testbuilder Macmillan Test 1- Part 1- Section 3 Amrit Pai
PTE Testbuilder Macmillan Test 1- Part 1- Section 4
To examine the organs of digestion one needs to study the appetite and manner of taking food and drink. A healthy animal has good appetite. Loss of appetite does not point to a diseased condition but comes from a variety of causes, some might be physiological. Excitement, strange surroundings, fatigue and hot weather may all cause loss of appetite. Sometimes depression, fever, weakness, stomach disorders or difficulty in swallowing also cause diminished
appetite. A few times there is desire to eat abnormal things like roots, grass, soil due to chronic disturbance of nutrition, and it is variably linked to one’s psychological aspects also. In times of inward happiness one tends to binge more on food but in times of turmoil and tension one loses the desire to eat even if hunger persists. At times, thirst faces this imbalance as well. Especially in times of crisis or shock your mouth goes dry. So, hunger loss can not only be connected with appetite loss due to disease, there are profound psychic disturbances also attributing to its fall.
Hunger loss in animals is not only caused because of loss of appetite but also from a variety of physiological and psychological factors which leads to an imbalance in their digestion.-(31 words)
Under the present system of mass education by classes too much stress is laid on teaching and too little on active learning. The child is not encouraged to discover on his own powers, thus losing intellectual independence and all capacity to judge for himself. The over-taught child is the advertising-believing propaganda–swallowing, demagogue– led man. Moreover, lessons in class leave him mainly unoccupied. He has to be coerced into learning what does not interest him and the information acquired mechanically is rapidly forgotten. Quite naturally, lessons in class keep him only superficially preoccupied, keeping the mind largely unoccupied of ideas. A strict external discipline becomes necessary unless there is to be chaos and pandemonium. The child learns to obey, not to control himself. He loses moral as well as intellectual independence.
Such are the main defects in the current system of mass education. Many others could be mentioned but these are defects of detail. We need a new system of universal education of the same kind as proved itself so successful in the training of detectives and infants, but modified so as to be suitable for older boys and girls. We need a system of individual education.
Unlike universal education that inculcates active learning in the pupil, the current method of mass education emphasis too much on teaching the pupil which leads to losing their moral and intellectual independence. (33 words)
The current system of mass education focuses extensively on teaching the pupils that result in losing their moral and intellectual independence, instead, the world requires the universal education system to promote the active learning. (34 words)
A contest in itself is almost an absorbing spectacle. Games, better than anything else, provide us contests. Here are bloodless battles – dogfights out of which both the dogs emerge exhausted but cheerful. Here is all the keenness of rivalry without its murderous malevolence. Man, it appears, can understand nothing save by comparison. He can understand strength only by comparing one man’s strength with another’s and speed only by comparing one horse’s speed with another’s. Hence, his passionate interest in every sort of game - in which strong men are pitted against each other, or in any fine physical equality - is seen in its relative perfection. As we read history, it reveals itself as an account of tens of thousands of championships won or lost.
Contest has always been there – be it a contest between rival men, or a contest between rival nations. A public man’s biography is largely the biography of his chief enemy. Here he seems to have lived most keenly, where he had to struggle most desperately for victory. Over a period of time his worst moments get transformed into his best memories. Here, out of the overflow of his keenness, some keenness seems to pour into our own being as we read, and our sleepy attention is awakened as though by a struggle of our own times. No doubt, there are other important things in life besides conflict, but there are not many other things so inevitably interesting.
The various types of the contest is an absorbing spectacle in a human being wherein he had to struggle desperately for victory and transform his negative moments into the best memories.- (31 words)
The government sold off their inefficient national services to the private enterprises which may result in short-term economic benefits, however, it may also lead to long-term social and cultural damage as these services are social provision, not businesses. (40 words)
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PTE Testbuilder Macmillan Test 1- Part 1- Section 5 Amrit Pai
Question
Amrit Pai
Books are the treasure of wisdom as the value of books is unspeakable, immeasurable and infinite treasure to the mankind. Question
Neha Kanda- Corrections
Louis Braille innovated a system of using six dots only which was immensly uncomplicated and this system not only benefited of his own age but also for future people who will be blind.
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Question
The objective of history should not support national myths, instead, it should inculcate the critical and analytical skills in the pupils and this can be done by studying few historical problems in detail. (33 words)
Traditionalists view the carnival in Trinidad is the major cause of disrupting their traditions and cultures, however, others say it generates huge profits and attracts the tourists in massive numbers. (30 words)
The treasure of wisdom and science, which all men desire by an instinct of nature, infinitely surpasses all the riches of the world; in respect of which precious stones are worthless; in comparison with which silver is clay and pure gold is just a little sand; at whose splendour the sun and the moon are dark; compared with whose marvellous sweetness honey is bitter to the taste. In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace. We must consider what pleasantness of teaching there is in books, how easy, how secret! How safely we lay bare the poverty of human
ignorance to books without feeling any shame! They are masters who instruct us without rod or ferule, without angry words, without money. The value of books is unspeakable; no dearness of price ought to hinder a man from the buying of books, if he has the money that is demanded for them, unless it be to withstand the malice of the seller or to await a more favourable opportunity of buying. For if it is wisdom only that makes the price of books, which is an infinite treasure to mankind, and if the value of books is immeasurable, how shall the bargain be shown to be dear where an infinite good is being bought?
Summary- Neha Handa
Books are invaluable for an individual as he is ready to pay any price for it, also it is futuristic, brings dead into life, set forth warlike affairs and brings laws of peace.
Even though Louis Braille died when he was only forty-three years old he succeeded in devising a system of reading and writing for the blind which is now taught all over the world. Braille lost his sight accidentally as a child. Nevertheless, he was able to complete his education at a school for the blind in Paris and become a teacher. In his day, the few books that were available for blind people were printed in big, raised type. The letters used were those of the ordinary alphabet. The reading of such books required immense effort. Not only that, writing was almost impossible for a blind person who was still restricted to an alphabet which was extraordinarily difficult to reproduce on paper. Braille’s idea was to use raised dots instead of letters. He evolved a system making use of only six dots in all, various combinations of which made it possible to represent not only each letter in the alphabet but also punctuation marks, numbers and musical notations. Reading and writing have thus been enormously simplified. The sensitive fingers of a blind person can travel rapidly over the dots: and there is a small machine, something like a typewriter, which enables the blind to write quickly and clearly. Braille’s marvellous invention was the best help one ever could render not only for the blind of one’s own age but also for those of ages to come.
Summary- Neha Handa
The (method used by blind)----which method---wrong subject to read and write requires huge effort, however Louis Braille innovated a system which is immensely uncomplicated, used by the blind of his own age as well as of coming age.
The marvellous invention of using six dots by Braille by using various combinations with punctuation marks, numbers, and musical notations helped blind people in their reading and writing, which made their life uncomplicated.
Corrections-Neha Handa
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Summary
Amrit Pai
PTE Test Plus 2013- Test 2 Neharika Handa
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The whole progress of human civilization beyond its earliest stages has been made possible by the invention of methods of thought. These methods enable us to interpret and forecast the working of nature more successfully than we could if we merely followed the line of least resistance in the use of our minds. However, when applied in politics, they still represent a difficult and uncertain art rather than a science producing its effects with mechanical accuracy.
If Plato could visit us now, he would learn that while our artisans proceed by rigorous and confident processes to exact results, our statesmen, like the artisans of ancient Athens, still trust empirical maxims and personal skill. Why is it, he would ask us, that valid reasoning has proved to be so much more difficult in politics than in the physical sciences?
Our first answer might be found in the character of the material with which political reasoning has to deal. The universe which presents itself to our reason is the same as that which presents itself to our feelings and impulses—an unending stream of sensations and memories - every one of which is different from every other. Before these feelings and impulses, unless we can select and recognize and simplify, we must stand helpless and unable either to act or think.
Exact reasoning requires exact comparison. In the desert or the forest there were few things which our ancestors could compare exactly. The heavenly bodies seem, indeed, to have been the first objects of consciously exact reasoning, because their position and movement could be exactly compared from night to night. The position and movement of objects in politics is quite difficult indeed.
Summary- Neha Handa
The formulation of methods of thought has enabled us to produce accurate results in physical science, however, in politics it is a tedious and an unsure art; in order to get the valid reasoning exact comparison is required.
The formulation of methods of thought has enabled human beings to produce accurate results in physical science, however in politics it is a tedious task and an unsure art as the movement and position of objects is very difficult to identify.
The invention of methods of thought has progressed the entire human civilization in physical sciences, where there is exact reasoning and it can be exactly compared, however in politics these thoughts are very difficult as the position and movement of objects cannot be identified.
A study of society starts with the human beings living together. In the process of human evolution sociability seems a quality ingrained in human nature. Every individual has his own personality that belongs to him apart from every other individual, but the perpetuation and development of that personality is dependent on relations with other personalities and with the physical environment which limits his activity. As an individual his primary interest is in self, but he finds by experience that he cannot survive in solitude. His impulses, his feelings, and his ideas are due to the relations that he has with that which is outside of himself. He may exercise choice, but it is within the limits set by these outside relations. He may make use of what they can do for him or he may antagonize them, at least he cannot ignore them. How the individual may best adapt himself to his environment and adapt the environment to his own needs helps establish certain definite relationships. Any group of individuals, who have thus consciously established relationships with one another and with their social environment, is a society. The relationships through which the interplay of social forces is constantly going on make up the social organization. The readjustments of these relations for the better adaptation of one individual to another, or to his environment, make up the process of social development. A society which remains in equilibrium is termed static; that which is changing is called dynamic.
The primary interest of an individual is in himself, however he cannot survive alone in the society, therefore he needs to develop connections with (others) other people as well as the social environment for the better adaptation of himself to people around him or to his surroundings.
An individual cannot survive in solitude, his feelings and ideas are interlinked with society, therefore he has to be sociable and has to establish solid relationships with other members of society, which will help him for better adaptation in social development.
Many sea creatures respond to as well as produce sounds for various purposes, however the background noise created by shipping, seismic surveys and military activity is intensely affecting the life in the sea.--- has intensely affected the habitat of sea creatures and sea lif
Marine animals respond to and produce sounds in underwater for their various purposes, however, the background noise created by shipping, seismic surveys and military activity has disrupted the habitat of sea creatures and sea life.
Summary
Amrit Pai
produces designs of grace and appropriateness. Question
Summary-Neha Handa
Summary- Amrit Pai
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Summary-Neha Handa
Summary-Neha Handa- with corrections
Until the middle of the nineteenth century art had been regarded as a luxury for the rich dilettante; people heard little of it, and thought less. There was a popular belief that beautiful things were expensive. There never was a more erroneous idea. The diligent polish in order to secure nice plain surfaces, or the neat fitting of parts together, is infinitely more difficult than adding a florid casting to conceal clumsy workmanship. The mere fact that a piece of work is decorated does not show that it has cost any more in time and execution than if it were plain — frequently many hours have been saved by the device of covering up defects with cheap ornament.
A craft may easily be practiced without art, and still serve its purpose; the alliance of the two is a means of giving pleasure as well as serving utility. People suppose that because a design is artistic, its technical rendering is any the less important, but they are mistaken. Frequently curious articles are palmed off on us, and designated as "Arts and Crafts" ornaments, in which neither art nor craft plays its full share. Art does not consist only in original, unusual, or unfamiliar designs; the best art is that which produces designs of grace and appropriateness, whether they are strikingly new or not.
A medieval artist was usually a craftsman as well. He was not content with furnishing designs alone, and then handing them over to men whose hands were trained to their execution. He took his own designs and carried them out. The result was a harmony of intention and execution which is often lacking when two men of differing tastes produce one object.
A craft can be practiced without art, as it does not only consist in original, unussual or unfamiliar designs, basically it is that which executes design of grace and appropraiteness.
A craft can be easily practiced without art, but if they both are combined it gives pleasure and serves utility, however the best "Arts and Crafts" pieces are those which
The physician is expected to meet the grim monster, "break the jaws of death, and pluck the spoil out of his teeth." His ear is ever attentive to entreaty, and within his faithful breast are concealed the disclosures of the suffering. Success may elate him, as conquest flushes the victor. Honours are lavished upon the brave soldiers who, in the struggle with the foe, have covered themselves with glory, and returned victorious from the field of battle; but how much more brilliant is the achievement of those who overwhelm disease, that common enemy of mankind, whose victims are numbered by millions! Is it meritorious in the physician to modestly veil his discoveries, regardless of their importance? If he has light, why hide it from the world? Truth should be made as universal and health-giving as sunlight. We say, give light to all who are in darkness, and a remedy to the afflicted everywhere.
It has been said that give light to all who are in darkness and remedy to the afflicted, like physicians, they are regarded as the one who overwhelm the common enemy of mankind i.e. disease, whose victims are counted in millions.
It has been said that give light to all who are in darkness and remedy to the afflicted, which is the objective of physician as they are regarded as the one who overwhelm the mankind from disease and save them from death.
The purpose of physician is to overcome from the disease and save the human beings from death and emerge as a victorious like the brave soldiers does in battlefield, however despite the various discoveries in medicine the physician is unable to give a ray of light and remedy to afflicted victims.
Never has there been the slightest whisper of doubt, the slightest want of faith, in the chief God of America — unlimited belief in the future of America. The faith of Americans in their own country is religious, if not in its intensity, at any rate in its almost absolute and universal authority. It pervades the air we breathe.
The Land of Democracy has always appealed to its more enthusiastic children chiefly as a land of wonderful and more than national possibilities. Neither race nor tradition, nor the actual past, binds the American to his countrymen, but rather the future which together they are building.
When, however, Americans talk of their country as the Land of Promise, a question may well be raised as to precisely what they mean. They mean, of course, in general, that the future will have something better in store for them individually and collectively than has the past or the present; but a very superficial analysis of this meaning discloses certain ambiguities. How is this Promise to be fulfilled? Will it fulfil itself, or does it imply certain responsibilities? If so, what responsibilities?
Americans consider America as the Land of Promise, their trust in the future of America is infinite neither race, tradition or past can restrict them to their countrymen, infact it’s the collective effort of people to have successful future binds them.
Americans consider America as the Land of Promise with their immense trust in the future, however this promise has certain ambiguities, as how it can be fulfilled.
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PTE Test Plus 2013- Test 2- 2nd summary Summary-Neha Handa
capasin spelling is wrong, don’t write would be mammal predators---write only a word called as rodents
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PTE Test Plus 2013- Test 4- 3nd summary Summary-Neha Handa
noncomparable--uncomparable--synoyms-- use commas before but
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PTE Testbuilder Macmillan Test 2- Part 1- Section 3
PTE Testbuilder Macmillan Test 2- Part 2- Section 4
Many people face issues with irony as it is unclear and slippery, however it requires audience; not only people who agree to the point, but also who disagree to the point. Americans have ennumerous belief and strong faith in the future of America, however when they describe their country as Land of Promise in future for individually and collectively; but there are certain ambiguities as how this promise is going to fulfill.
Scientists discovered that capasin is responsible for the sensation in mouth and most of them believe that it majorly acts as a deterrent against would-be mammal predators such as rodents, however researchers in Bolivia proposed that heat helps them to deal with harmful microbes.
how can you write them- them means bolivia researchers- how can heat help them to deal- it says that heat protects from growing fungus and prevents harmful microbes
Scientists discovered that capasicin is responsible for the sensation in mouth and most of them believe that it majorly acts as a deterrent against rodents, however researchers in Bolivia proposed that heat protects from growing fungus and harmful microbes.
Scientists have found the capsaicin in the chillies which are responsible for its heat and most scientists believe it also deters from rodents, however, recent research suggests that it protects from fungus and harmful microbes.
Few studies represent positive correlation between physical activity and academic success which has broughtforth inconsitent and non-comparable results, however one appropriate research has shown acute exercise and chronic training programmes have small, but positive and robust effect on cognitive performance.
The research and various studies to identify the correlation of nature of relationship between participation in physical exercise and academic performance have given ambiguous results as such studies are not accurate, however one research cites that acute exercise and chronic training programmes have minute and robust positive effects on cognitive performance.
Before the 19th century, due to rising population and crime, the night-watchmen was created in Britain, however Robert Peel set up a "new police" as a separate force in 1829 which supplanted the old part-time constables.
