Θέσεις της Πολιτικής Επιτροπής για το 4ο Συνέδριο του ΝΑΡ για την Κομμουνιστική Απελευθέρωση

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7 ţƆƐžƀƖƀŻ 9

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ Ž

ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΩΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΠΙΤΑΛΙΣΜΟΣ: ΠΡΟΣ ΕΚΡΗΞΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΚΜΕΤΑΛΛΕΥΣΗΣ, ΤΗΣ ΚΑΤΑΠΙΕΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝ 9 şƍƙ ƑƄ ƁƌƉƆƇŻ ƇƎżƐƄ ƐƑƄ ſŹƎſžƎƄ žƐƑƆƇŻ žƊžƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐƄ 13 ŨƌƆƊƌſƌƒƈƂƒƑƆƇƙƏ ƌƈƌƇƈƄƎƖƑƆƐƉƙƏ ƇžƑŹ ƑƖƊ ƈžƛƊ 16 űƌ žƊƑƆƁƎžƐƑƆƇƙ Ɓżƍƌƈƌ žƊƑžƀƖƊƆƐƉƌƚ-ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƁƆƂƅƊƌƍƌżƄƐƄƏ 19 ŭ ƍƙƈƂƉƌƏ ƐƂ ƍƎƛƑƌ ƍƈŹƊƌ 20 űƌ ƍƂƎƆſŹƈƈƌƊ ƅƒƐżž ƐƑƌƊ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƙ 20 ŭƈƌƇƈƄƎƖƑƆƇƙƏ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƙƏ, Ɗźƌ ƐƑŹƁƆƌ žƊŹƍƑƒƋƄƏ ƇžƆ ƇƎżƐƄƏ 22 ŭƎƆƐƉźƊž ƐƒƉƍƂƎŹƐƉžƑž ƀƆž ƑƌƒƏ žƀƛƊƂƏ ƇžƆ ƑƄƊ şƎƆƐƑƂƎŹ ƐƂ ƁƆƂƅƊźƏ ƂƍżƍƂƁƌ 25

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ ž

ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΠΙΤΑΛΙΣΜΟΣ: ΣΤΗ ΔΙΝΗ ΤΗΣ ΚΡΙΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΝΑΣΥΓΚΡΟΤΗΣΗΣ 25 ť ƂƍƆƉƌƊŻ ƑƄƏ ƇƎżƐƄƏ ƇžƆ Ƅ ſžƎſžƎƙƑƄƑž ƑƄƏ žƐƑƆƇŻƏ žƍŹƊƑƄƐƄƏ 28 űƌ ƉžƚƎƌ ƉźƑƖƍƌ ƑƄƏ žƊžƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐƄƏ 32 ŭ ƇƙƐƉƌƏ ƑƄƏ ƂƎƀžƐżžƏ 35 šƂƖƍƌƈƆƑƆƇźƏ žƊƑƆƍžƎžƅźƐƂƆƏ ƇžƆ ƍƙƈƂƉƌƏ ƐƑƄƊ ƍƂƎƆƌƔŻ

Περιεχόμενα

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39

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ ſ

ΟΙ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟΙ ΣΥΣΧΕΤΙΣΜΟΙ ΚΑΙ Η ΔΥΝΑΜΙΚΗ ΤΟΥΣ 44 ŭƆ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƇƌż ƇƌƉƉžƑƆƇƌż ƐƒƐƔƂƑƆƐƉƌż 48 ŮƌƈƈžƍƈŹ ƐƑƄƎżƀƉžƑž Ƒƌƒ ƐƒƐƑŻƉžƑƌƏ 49 šƆž Ƒž ƃƄƑŻƉžƑž ƀƒƊžƆƇƂżžƏ ƔƂƆƎžƓźƑƄƐƄƏ, Ɠƚƈƌƒ ƇžƆ ƐƂƋƌƒžƈƆƇƌƚ ƍƎƌƐžƊžƑƌƈƆƐƉƌƚ 49 ť ƉŹƔƄ ƑƄƏ ƐƒƊƂżƁƄƐƄƏ 51 ŭƆ ƑŹƐƂƆƏ ƔƂƆƎžƓźƑƄƐƄƏ 52 šƆž źƊžƊ žƍƂƈƂƒƅƂƎƖƑƆƇƙ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƐƉƙ 53

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ ȴ

ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΟΝ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΓΥΡΟ ΤΩΝ ΑΓΩΝΩΝ ΕΝΑΝΤΙΑ ΣΤΗ ΜΕΓΑΛΗ ΚΑΠΙΤΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΔΙΑΡΘΡΩΣΗ 56 ŭƎƆƐƉźƊƂƏ ſžƐƆƇźƏ ƂƇƑƆƉŻƐƂƆƏ ƀƆž ƑƄƊ ƍžƎźƉſžƐƄ Ƒƌƒ ūşů ƀƆž ƑƄƊ ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇŻ şƍƂƈƂƒƅźƎƖƐƄ 61

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ ƀ

ΓΙΑ ΜΙΑ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΗ ΚΟΜΜΟΥΝΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΗ ΑΠΑΝΤΗΣΗ 65

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ ƍƎ

ΕΡΓΑΤΙΚΗ ΑΝΤΙΚΑΠΙΤΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΜΕ ΚΟΜΜΟΥΝΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟ 69

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ Ɓ

ΓΙΑ ΜΙΑ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΗ ΕΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΤΙΚΗ ΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ 74 şƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇƙ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƇƙ ƍƎƙƀƎžƉƉž ƍŹƈƄƏ 80 şƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇƙ ţƎƀžƑƆƇƙ ŪźƑƖƍƌ 81

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ H

_{ΑΓΩΝΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΩΠΟ ΡΗΞΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΤΡΟΠΗΣ} ΝΕΟ ΕΡΓΑΤΙΚΟ ΚΙΝΗΜΑ 83 ŝƎž Ɗźƌƒ ƂƎƀžƑƆƇƌƚ ƇƆƊŻƉžƑƌƏ ƀƆž ƑƄƊ ƑžƋƆƇŻ žƊžƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐƄ 89 ť ƍžƎźƉſžƐŻ ƉžƏ ƐƑƄ ƊƂƌƈžżž 90 ť ƍžƎźƉſžƐŻ ƉžƏ ƐƑƆƏ ƀƂƆƑƌƊƆźƏ ƇžƆ ƐƑƆƏ ƍƙƈƂƆƏ

93

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ ƃ

ΓΙΑ ΜΙΑ ΑΝΑΤΡΕΠΤΙΚΗ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑ, ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΑΝΤΙΚΑΠΙΤΑΛΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΠΟΛΟ 94 ŭ ƍƙƈƌƏ ƑƄƏ žƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƇžƆ ƂƍžƊžƐƑžƑƆƇŻƏ şƎƆƐƑƂƎŹƏ 95 šƆž ƑƄƊ žƊŹƍƑƒƋƄ ƇžƆ Ƒƌ ƉƂƑžƐƔƄƉžƑƆƐƉƙ ƑƄƏ şūűşůŰŲş 101

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ Ƅ

ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΚΟΜΜΑ ΚΟΜΜΟΥΝΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΠΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΩΣΗΣ 102 ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƉƙƏ, ƂƍžƊŹƐƑžƐƄ ƇžƆ ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇƙ ŨƙƉƉž ƐƑƄƊ ƂƍƌƔŻ ƉžƏ 102 şƇƙƉƄ źƊž ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇƙ ŨƙƉƉž ƉƂ «žƊžƍžƈžżƖƐƄ» žƍƌƑƒƔƄƉźƊƖƊ ƉƌƎƓƛƊ; 103 ŦƂƖƎƄƑƆƇƙ ƍƈžżƐƆƌ ŭ ƂƍžƊžƐƑžƑƆƇƙƏ ƉžƎƋƆƐƉƙƏ ƐƑƄƊ ƂƍƌƔŻ ƉžƏ 103 ŖƋƌƊƂƏ žƊžƓƌƎŹƏ ƀƆž źƊž Ɗźƌ ŮƎƙƀƎžƉƉž ť ƐƑƎžƑƄƀƆƇŻ Ƒƌƒ ƇƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƉƌƚ ƐƑƌ ƐƚƀƔƎƌƊƌ ƐƑžƒƎƌƁƎƙƉƆ ƑƄƏ žƊƅƎƖƍƙƑƄƑžƏ 104 ť ƂƍžƊžƐƑžƑƆƇŻ ƑžƇƑƆƇŻ ƖƏ ƙƎƌƏ ƇžƆ ƇƎƆƑŻƎƆƌ ƀƆž Ƒƌ ƔžƎžƇƑŻƎž ƑƄƏ ƐƑƎžƑƄƀƆƇŻƏ 105 ţƎƀžƑƆƇŻ ƑŹƋƄ: Ƅ ƇƌƆƊƖƊƆƇŻ «žƑƉƌƉƄƔžƊŻ» ƑƄƏ ƑžƋƆƇŻƏ ƍŹƈƄƏ 106 ŨƙƉƉž ƇžƆ ƐƒƊƌƈƆƇƙ ƂƍžƊžƐƑžƑƆƇƙ ƒƍƌƇƂżƉƂƊƌ ŨƙƉƉž ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ şƍƂƈƂƒƅźƎƖƐƄƏ, ƉźƑƖƍƌ ƇžƆ ƇżƊƄƉž 106 şƎƔźƏ ƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐƄƏ ƇžƆ ƈƂƆƑƌƒƎƀżžƏ 108 ŮƛƏ ƐƒƊƂƔżƃƌƒƉƂ žƍƙ ƁƖ ƇžƆ ƍźƎž ŰƂ ƍƌƆƌƒƏ žƍƂƒƅƚƊƂƑžƆ Ƅ ƍƎƙƑžƐƄ ƀƆž źƊž Ɗźƌ ŮƎƙƀƎžƉƉž ƇžƆ ŨƙƉƉž ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ şƍƂƈƂƒƅźƎƖƐƄƏ 111

ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ ƄŽ

Η ΣΥΜΒΟΛΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΟΡΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΝΑΡ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΚΟΜΜΟΥΝΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΑΠΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΩΣΗ 114 ť ƐƒƉſƌƈŻ ƑƄƏ ƊƂƌƈžżžƏ ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇŻ şƍƂƈƂƒƅźƎƖƐƄ 117 ţƍżƈƌƀƌƏ

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ȇȞ ĭȔȤȜȘȩĮįȠ įȟȩıȖțĭ ʊȞȡ șȡȟȘĭȟȢįȑ İȐțįȟĭ İıȞȡȠ įȟȔĭȕȧțįȜȞȡȠ, İıȞȡȠ ĭȜȏȟȔȞȡȠ, İıĭ IJıȤȢȎ ȚĭȥșȎ İıȟȩțĭıĭ șĭȘ İıȖȜ ĭȜȡʊȧıĭșıȖ ȜįȞȚĭȑĭ įȑȜĭȘ: «Ūƍƌ-ƎƂż Ɗž žƊžƑƎžƍƂż Ƅ ƐƚƀƔƎƌƊƄ ſžƎſžƎƙƑƄƑž; ŪƍƌƎƌƚƊ Ƒž ƍƎŹƀƉžƑž Ɗž ƍŹƊƂ žƈƈƆƛƏ Ȑ įȑțĭİıį șĭıĭĮȘșĭİțȏȜȞȘ Ȝĭ ȕȐİȞȡțį țȏİĭ İıȖ IJıȩȢįȘĭ șĭȘ İıȖȜ ȎȔȟȘĭ įșțįıȎȚȚįȡİȖ, İıȖȜ ĭʊįȘȚȐ ȔįȜȑșįȡİȖȠ ıȖȠ IJȟȑșȖȠ ıȞȡ ʊȞȚȏțȞȡ, ȡʊȧ ıȞ ȕȡȔȧ ıȖȠ ȜȏĭȠ ĭʊȞ-ȚȡıĭȟȢȑĭȠ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ; ǾȘ ĭȜ țʊȞȟȞȨȜ ıĭ ʊȟȎȔ-țĭıĭ Ȝĭ ʊȎȜį ĭȚȚȘȩȠ, ʊȩȠ șĭȘ ʊȞȘȞȠ ȗĭ ıȞ șȎȜįȘ;». ȋȠ ıȩȟĭ șȡȟȘĭȟȢįȑ ıȞ «ŢƂƊ ƒƍŹƎƔƂƆ ƂƊžƈƈžƇƑƆƇŻ», įȜȩ țʊĭȑȜȞȡțį İį țȘĭ Ȝȏĭ IJȎİȖ ƂƍƆƇżƊƁƒƊƄƏ ƒƍƂ-ƎžƊƑƆƁƎžƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƇƈƆƉŹƇƖƐƄƏ ƑƄƏ žƊƑƂƎƀžƑƆƇŻƏ, ƍƌƈƂƉƆƇŻƏ ƇžƆ ƌƈƌƇƈƄƎƖƑƆƇŻƏ ƂƇƐƑƎžƑƂżžƏ Ƒƌƒ ƇƂƓžƈžżƌƒ (ʊȞȡ İȖțĭıȞĮȞıįȑıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ įșȚȞȔȐ ȇȟĭțʊ) ȔȘĭ Ȝĭ ȡʊįȟȓįȑ ıȖ ȓĭȗȘȎ, ĮȞțȘșȐ șȟȑİȖ ıȞȡ. Ȇį ĭȡıȐ ıȖ İȡȔșȚȞȜȘİıȘșȐ įʊȞȢȐ ıȤȜ ĭʊȑİıįȡıȤȜ ȜȏȤȜ ĮȡȜĭıȞıȐıȤȜ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ʊȟȤıȞIJĭȜȏȟȤıȤȜ șȘȜ-ĮȨȜȤȜ, ıȞȡ ĭțȨȗȖıȞȡ ʊȚȞȨıȞȡ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ĭİȨȚȚȖʊıȖȠ IJıȩȢįȘĭȠ, ȗȏȚȞȡȜ Ȝĭ țĭȠ ʊįȑİȞȡȜ ʊȤȠ įȑȜĭȘ ʊȘȞ ʊȘ-ȗĭȜȐ Ȗ șĭıĭİıȟȞIJȐ ıȖȠ ȔȖȠ ĭʊȧ țįıįȤȟȑıȖ ʊĭȟȎ Ȗ ĭȜĭıȟȞʊȐ ıȞȡ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȞȨ· ʊȤȠ įȑȜĭȘ ʊȘȞ įȨșȞȚȞ Ȝĭ įʊȘıįȡȢȗįȑ Ȟ ĮȘĭșıȘȜȘİțȧȠ ıȞȡ ĭȜȗȟȩʊȞȡ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ ĭʊįȚįȡȗȏȟȤİȐ ıȞȡ ĭʊ’ ıĭ ĮįİțȎ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ. ȄȟȏʊįȘ Ɗž ƋžƊžƌƎżƐƌƒƉƂ ƑƆ ƂżƊžƆ ƁƒƊžƑƙ ƇžƆ ƑƆ žƁƚƊžƑƌ. ǷʊȏȜĭȜıȘ İıȞ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȧ ȇǽȁǷ Ȑȟȗį Ȗ ȩȟĭ Ȝĭ ĭȜıȘıȎȝȞȡțį ıȞ įȟȔĭıȘșȧ șĭȘ ȜįĭȜȘșȧ, įʊĭȜĭİıĭıȘșȧ ȇǽ ȁǷ ǾǷȁȃȈȀǺ, țȘĭ Ɗźž ƇƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇŻ ƂƈƍżƁž ƐƑƌƊ 21ƌ žƆƛƊž, ȔȘĭ ȏȜĭȜ șȧİțȞ ȢȤȟȑȠ įșțįıȎȚȚįȡ-İȖ, IJıȩȢįȘĭ, ĭʊȞȝȏȜȤİȖ șĭȘ șĭıĭʊȑįįșțįıȎȚȚįȡ-İȖ, ȢȤȟȑȠ ʊȧ-ȚįțȞ șĭȘ ʊįȟȘȓĭȚȚȞȜıȘșȐ șĭıĭİıȟȞIJȐ. ǰȜĭȜ ĭȘȩȜĭ țįıȎ ıȖ țįȔȎȚȖ ŭƇƑƖſƎƆžƊŻ ţƍžƊŹƐƑžƐƄ, ʊȞȡ ĭʊȏĮįȘȝį ʊȤȠ Ȟ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȧȠ țʊȞȟįȑ Ȝĭ ĭȜĭıȟĭʊįȑ, Ȗ ĮȘʊȚȐ įțʊįȘȟȑĭ ıȖȠ ȜȑșȖȠ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ȐııĭȠ ȡʊȞȔȟĭțțȑ-ȕįȘ –țĭȕȑ țį ȧȚȖ ıȖȜ ʊȞȚȨıȘțȖ ʊȞȟįȑĭ ıȤȜ įʊĭȜĭİıȎ-İįȤȜ ıȞȡ 20ȞȨ ĭȘȩȜĭ șĭȘ ıȘȠ İȖțįȟȘȜȏȠ ĮȡȜĭıȧıȖıįȠ– ıȖȜ ĭȜȎȔșȖ įʊĭȜĭȗįțįȚȑȤİȖȠ șĭȘ ĭȜıįʊȑȗįİȖȠ ıȞȡ șȞțțȞȡȜȘİıȘșȞȨ șȘȜȐțĭıȞȠ İıȖȜ įʊȞȢȐ țĭȠ. Ǽ ȄȟȧıĭİȖ ȔȘĭ ȏȜĭ ȜȏȞ ŮƎƙƀƎžƉƉž ƇžƆ ŨƙƉƉž ŨƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ şƍƂƈƂƒƅźƎƖƐƄƏ, ʊȞȡ ıȞȚțȖȟȎ ĮȘĭıȡʊȩȜȞȡȜ ȞȘ īȏİįȘȠ ıȖȠ ȄǺ ȔȘĭ ıȞ 4Ȟ ȆȡȜȏĮȟȘȞ ıȞȡ ȁǷȅ ȔȘĭ ıȖȜ ǾȞțțȞȡȜȘİıȘșȐ ǷʊįȚįȡȗȏȟȤİȖ, ĭʊĭȜıȎ İıȖȜ žƊŹƀƇƄ žƍƌƓžƐƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƐƒƀƇźƊƑƎƖƐƄƏ ƑƖƊ ƐƒƊƂƆƁƄƑƛƊ ƁƒƊŹƉƂƖƊ ʊȞȡ įțʊȜȏȞȜıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ șȞțțȞȡȜȘİıȘșȐ ĭȜĭȔșĭȘȧıȖıĭ, ĮȡȜĭıȧıȖıĭ șĭȘ ıȎİȖ ıȖȠ įʊȞȢȐȠ. ȆȐțįȟĭ ȏȟȢįıĭȘ ȝĭȜȎ İıȞ ʊȟȞİșȐȜȘȞ ıȞ ĭȑıȖțĭ ȔȘĭ țȘĭ ƐƒƊƌƈƆƇŻ ƇƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇŻ

ƐƑƎžƑƄƀƆ-ƇŻ žƍŹƊƑƄƐƄ, İį ȧȚȖ ıȖȜ ĭȜȗȟȤʊȧıȖıĭ șĭȘ İį șȎȗį Ȣȩȟĭ ȢȤȟȘİıȎ, ȤȠ Ȗ țȞȜĭĮȘșȐ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤțȏȜȖ įȜĭȚ-ȚĭșıȘșȐ İıȞȜ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘșȧ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȧ ıȖȠ įʊȞȢȐȠ țĭȠ, ƉƂ ƑƄƊ ƂƍžƊžƐƑžƑƆƇŻ žƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇŻ Ƒž-ƇƑƆƇŻ ƇžƆ ƑƄƊ ƂƎƀžƑƆƇŻ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƇŻ ʊȞȡ ȗĭ ıȖȜ ȡʊȖȟį-ıįȑ, ȔȘĭ ıȞ ŹƈƉž ƑƄƏ ƂƎƀžƑƆƇŻƏ žƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƂƍžƊŹƐƑžƐƄƏ ƉƂ ƇƌƉƉƌƒƊƆƐƑƆƇƙ ƍƂƎƆƂƔƙƉƂƊƌ. ȉȤȟȑȠ İıȎĮȘĭ, įȜĮȘȎțįİįȠ șĭıĭİıȎİįȘȠ, ĭȡıĭʊȎıįȠ șĭȘ ĭʊȎıįȠ ȔȘĭ ȏȜĭȜ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȧ țį ĭȜȗȟȩʊȘȜȞ ʊȟȧ-İȤʊȞ. Ȁį ıȞ ȟįĭȚȘİțȧ ıȖȠ ĭȜĭıȟȞʊȐȠ șĭȘ ȧȢȘ țį ıȖ țȘȕȏȟȘĭ ıȞȡ țȘșȟȧıįȟȞȡ șĭșȞȨ șĭȘ ıȞȡ «įIJȘșıȞȨ», ʊȞȡ ıĭ ȏșĭȜį ȧȚĭ ĭȜȏIJȘșıĭ. ȆıȖȜ ǺȚȚȎĮĭ, ȏȢįȘ įʊȘȓȚȖȗįȑ –țį ıȖ İIJȟĭȔȑĮĭ ıȖȠ ǺǺ– ȏȜĭ ƂƓƆžƈƑƆƇƙ ƐƓžƀƂżƌ ƁƆƇžƆƖƉŹƑƖƊ: țȜȖțȞ-ȜȘĭșȐ ȚįȖȚĭİȑĭ, įȟȔĭİȘĭșȐ ȕȞȨȔșȚĭ, ĭȜįȟȔȑĭ șĭȘ țį-ıĭȜȎİıįȡİȖ, ıĭʊįȘȜȤıȘșȐ įʊȘıȟȞʊįȑĭ. ȆıȖȜ įʊȘȓȞȚȐ ıȞȡ ʊȟȤıȞİıĭıįȑ Ȗ žƐƑƆƇŻ ƇƒſźƎƊƄƐƄ ŰŲůŧŤş-ş-ūţũ, ƂƊƛ Ƅ ƊƂƌƓƆƈƂƈƂƚƅƂƎƄ ūŢ įțIJĭȜȑȕįıĭȘ ȤȠ șĭ-ȚȨıįȟȞȠ ĮįİțȞIJȨȚĭșĭȠ İıȖ IJȡȚĭșȐ ıȖȠ ǺǺ. ȋȠ Ȝȏĭ ȀįȔȎȚȖ ǽĮȏĭ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ įțIJĭȜȑȕįıĭȘ Ȗ ĭȜȎʊıȡȝȖ. Ȇį ĭȡıȐȜ ȞȟșȑȕȞȜıĭȘ ıĭ ĭİıȘșȎ șĭȘ țȜȖțȞȜȘĭșȎ șȧț-țĭıĭ, Ȟ ȆǺǸ șĭȘ ıĭ įȔȢȩȟȘĭ ĭȟʊĭșıȘșȎ, Ȗ ǺǺ șĭȘ ȞȘ ȔȨʊįȠ ıȤȜ ĭȔȞȟȩȜ. ǷʊĭȘıȞȨȜ «İıĭȗįȟȧıȖıĭ», ıȟȞ-țĭșıȘșȏȠ «țįıĭȟȟȡȗțȑİįȘȠ» șĭȘ ȀȜȖțȧȜȘȞ ĮȘĭȟșįȑĭȠ țȏȢȟȘ ıȞ 2060 șĭȘ ȓȎȚį. ȄȟȞȤȗȞȨȜ ƑƄ ƉƂƀžƈƚƑƂƎƄ ƉƂƑžƍƌƈƂƉƆƇŻ žƊƑƆƁƎžƐƑƆƇŻ žƊžƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐƄ Ƒƌƒ ƂƈƈƄƊƆƇƌƚ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƌƚ, ʊȞȡ țįıĭıȟȏʊįȘ įȟȔĭȕȧ-țįȜȞȡȠ, ȜįȞȚĭȑĭ șĭȘ Țĭȧ İį ĮȞȨȚȞȡȠ ıȞȡ 21Ȟȡ ĭȘȩȜĭ. ť žƊŹƍƑƒƋŻ ƑƌƒƏ źƔƂƆ Ƒž žƍžżƐƆž ƔžƎžƇƑƄƎƆƐƑƆƇŹ ƑƄƏ ƇƎżƐƄƏ ƑƌƒƏ, ʊĭıȎįȘ ʊȎȜȤ İıĭ İȡȜıȟȑțțȘĭ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ șĭȜȘȓĭȚȘșȐ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘșȐ įʊȑȗįİȖ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ, ǺǺ, ǹȁȇ șĭȘ șȡȓįȟȜȐİįȤȜ. ȄĭȟȎ ıȖȜ Ȑııĭ ıȞȡ įȟȔĭıȘșȞȨ ȚĭȥșȞȨ șȘȜȐțĭıȞȠ İıȞȜ ʊȟȩıȞ ȔȨȟȞ ıȞȡ țįȔȎȚȞȡ ȚĭȥșȞȨ ʊȞȚȏțȞȡ, ʊĭȟȎ ıȖȜ ĭʊȞȔȞȐıįȡİȖ ʊȞȡ ȔȏȜȜȖİį Ȗ ʊȚȐȟȖȠ įȜİȤțȎıȤİȖ ıȞȡ ȆȈȅǽǻǷ, ȧȢȘ țȧȜȞ įțIJĭȜȑȕȞȜıĭȘ ĭȔȩȜįȠ șĭȘ ĭȜıȘİıȎİįȘȠ, ĭȚȚȎ țȏİĭ İıȞȜ șȧİțȞ, șĭıĭȟȢȐȜ ıȞȡ șȘȜȐțĭıȞȠ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ǷȟȘİıįȟȎȠ, ȔȑȜįıĭȘ țįȔȎȚȖ İȡȕȐıȖİȖ. ǾĭıĭȜȞįȑıĭȘ ȧȚȞ șĭȘ ʊȘȞ țĭȕȘșȎ ȧıȘ ƁƂƊ ƒƍŹƎƔƂƆ ƂƊžƈƈžƇƑƆƇŻ ƈƚƐƄ ƂƊƑƙƏ ţţ, ƌƚƑƂ ƇžƈƚƑƂƎƌ ƉźƈƈƌƊ ƔƖƎżƏ ƐƚƀƇƎƌƒƐƄ ƉƂ Ƒƌ ƇƂƓŹƈžƆƌ. ȀʊȟȞİıȎ İıȘȠ įʊȧțįȜįȠ șĭțʊȏȠ șĭȘ İıȘȠ țȎȢįȠ įȜȧȠ ȜȏȞȡ ȔȨȟȞȡ ĭȔȩȜȤȜ, įȑȜĭȘ ȩȟĭ ȓĭȗȨıįȟȖȠ įʊĭ-ȜįȝȏıĭİȖȠ ȧȚȤȜ įșįȑȜȤȜ ıȤȜ İıȞȘȢįȑȤȜ ʊȞȡ ȞĮȐȔȖ-İĭȜ ıȞ Țĭȧ İıȖ İȖțįȟȘȜȐ ʊȞȚȨ ĭȟȜȖıȘșȐ șĭıȎİıĭİȖ, ȩȟĭ ȓĭȗȘȎȠ ĭȡıȞșȟȘıȘșȐȠ ȔȘĭ ıȖȜ ǷȟȘİıįȟȎ, ƛƎž Ƒƌ-ƉŻƏ. ǹįȜ țʊȞȟȞȨțį Ȝĭ İȡȜįȢȑİȞȡțį țį «țȘĭ ĭʊȧ ıĭ ȑĮȘĭ», țį ȚȞȔȘșȏȠ «ʊȚĭıȘȩȜ» ĭȜıȘțȜȖțȞȜȘĭșȩȜ țįıȩ-ʊȤȜ (șȡȟȑȤȠ țį įșȚȞȔȘșȐ ȢȟȐİȖ) șĭȘ İıȧȢįȡİȖ țȘĭ ȎȚȚȖ, «ʊȟĭȔțĭıȘșȎ ĭȜıȘțȜȖțȞȜȘĭșȐ» ĭȡıȐ ıȖ IJȞȟȎ, șȡȓȏȟȜȖİȖ įȜıȧȠ ıȖȠ ǺǺ, İį İȡțțĭȢȑĭ țį ĭİıȘșȏȠ Įȡ-ȜȎțįȘȠ. Ǽ ƑƎžƀƖƁżž Ƒƌƒ ŰŲůŧŤş įȑȜĭȘ ʊȞȚȨ IJȟȏİșȘĭ șĭȘ ʊȞȚȨ ȞĮȡȜȖȟȐ ȔȘĭ Ȝĭ įʊȘıȟȏʊįȘ ƁƆžƔƂƆƎƆƐƑƆƇźƏ ƂƍžƊžƈŻƕƂƆƏ. ȃȨıį ȓȏȓĭȘĭ țį ȚȞȔȘșȏȠ ʊȞȡ ĭȟȜȞȨ-ȜıĭȘ ȏȜĭ ʊȟȧȔȟĭțțĭ șĭȘ țȏıȤʊȞ ĭȜıȘșĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȐȠ ĭȜĭıȟȞʊȐȠ ƐƑƌ ƙƊƌƉž ƉƆžƏ ƈžƗƇŻƏ ƂƋƌƒƐżžƏ ʊȞȡ ȗĭ ȏȟȗįȘ țį ıȖȜ įȜȑİȢȡİȖ ıȞȡ șȧțțĭıȞȠ. ȆȐțįȟĭ, ʊȞȡ ıĭ ȀȜȖțȧȜȘĭ șĭȘ Ȗ įʊȘıȟȞʊįȑĭ ȔȑȜȞ-ȜıĭȘ șĭȗįİıȩȠ șĭȘ ʊȟȞȤȗȞȨȜ ıȖȜ ĭȜıįȟȔĭıȘșȐ-ĭȜıȘ-ȚĭȥșȐ ĭȜĭİȡȔșȟȧıȖİȖ ıȞȡ įȚȚȖȜȘșȞȨ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȞȨ, ʊȞȡ șĭȘ Ȗ ʊĭȟĭțȘșȟȐ ĮȘįșĮȑșȖİȖ ȔȘĭ ıȘȠ ȕȤıȘșȏȠ ĭȜȎ-ȔșįȠ ıȤȜ įȟȔĭȕȞțȏȜȤȜ ĭșȟȤıȖȟȘȎȕįıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȞȡȠ įȡȟȤșȧIJıįȠ ĮȘșĭȘȤțȎıȤȜ, Ƅ ƍŹƈƄ ƇžƑŹ ƑƖƊ ŪƊƄ-ƉƌƊżƖƊ, ƀƆž Ɗž ƂżƊžƆ ƊƆƇƄƓƙƎž ƇžƆ ƌƒƐƆžƐƑƆƇŻ, ƍƎźƍƂƆ Ɗž ƂżƊžƆ žƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇŻ ƇƆ žƊƑƆţţ, žƊžƑƎƂƍƑƆƇŻ ƇžƆ ƙƔƆ ƁƆžƔƂƆƎƆƐƑƆƇŻ. ȃIJįȑȚįȘ Ȝĭ ȗȏ-İįȘ įʊȘıĭșıȘșȎ ıȞ ĭȑıȖțĭ ĭȜĭıȟȞʊȐȠ ıȖȠ șȡȟȑĭȟȢȖȠ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐȠ șĭȘ șȎȗį șȡȓȏȟȜȖİȖȠ ʊȞȡ ıȖȜ ʊȟȞȤȗįȑ (șĭȘ ıȖȠ șȡȓȏȟȜȖİȖȠ ȆȈȅǽǻǷ-ǷȁǺǿ), Ȝĭ İıȖȟȑȕįıĭȘ İıȞȜ ȞȟȔĭȜȤțȏȜȞ șĭȘ ĭʊȞIJĭİȘİțȏȜȞ Țĭȧ, țį ʊȡȚȩȜĭ ȏȜĭ ıĭȝȘșȎ ĭȜĭİȡȔșȟȞıȖțȏȜȞ įȟȔĭıȘșȧ șȑȜȖțĭ șĭȘ ʊȞȚȘ-ıȘșȧ ȜįȨȟȞ țȘĭ ȘİȢȡȟȐ țįıȤʊȘșȐ ĭȜıȘșĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȐ ǷȟȘİıįȟȎ, șĭȗȩȠ șĭȘ ȏȜĭ ȜȏȞ ʊȟȧȔȟĭțțĭ șĭȘ șȧțțĭ șȞțțȞȡȜȘİıȘșȐȠ ĭʊįȚįȡȗȏȟȤİȖȠ. ǷȡıȧȠ įȑȜĭȘ Ȟ ĮȨ-İșȞȚȞȠ, ĭȚȚȎ ĭȜĭȔșĭȑȞȠ șĭȘ ĮȡȜĭıȧȠ ĮȟȧțȞȠ, ȔȘĭ ıȞ ŵƖƉż – ŢƌƒƈƂƆŹ – ţƆƎŻƊƄ – ţƈƂƒƅƂƎżž ƑƄƏ ƂƍƌƔŻƏ ƉžƏ, ȔȘĭ Ȝĭ ĮȖțȘȞȡȟȔȖȗȞȨȜ ȞȘ ȧȟȞȘ ȩİıį Ȝĭ ʊįȟȎİįȘ Ȟ ʊȚȞȨıȞȠ șĭȘ Ȗ įȝȞȡİȑĭ İıȞȡȠ įȟȔĭȕȧțįȜȞȡȠ. ȆȡȕȖıȞȨțį ĭȜȞȘȢıȎ șĭȘ ȗȏȚȞȡțį ıȖ ȔȜȩțȖ șĭȘ ıȖ İȡțțįıȞȢȐ ȧȚȤȜ įșįȑȜȤȜ ʊȞȡ įțʊȜȏȞȜıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ žƊžƀƇžƆƙƑƄƑž ƉƆžƏ žƊžƑƎƂƍƑƆƇŻƏ, žƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆ-ƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƇžƆ ƐƚƀƔƎƌƊž ƇƌƉƉƌƒƊƆžƊƑƆƇžƍƆƑžƈƆ-ƐƑƆƇŻƏ şƎƆƐƑƂƎŹƏ, ƍƌƒ ƅž ƁƛƐƂƆ ƑƄ ƉŹƔƄ ƉźƔƎƆ Ƒƌ ƑźƈƌƏ, ƉźƔƎƆ ƑƄ ƊżƇƄ. ĪȘĭ ȏȜĭ ĭȜıȘșĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȧ șĭȘ șȞțțȞȡȜȘİıȘșȧ ȟįȨțĭ ʊȞȡ ȗĭ ĮȘĭȢȤȟȘİıįȑ ĭʊȞIJĭİȘİıȘșȎ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ ĭİıȘșȐ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐ ȔȘĭ Ȝĭ įȜȩİįȘ ıȞȜ țĭȢȧțįȜȞ șȧİțȞ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭİȑĭȠ. «šƆžƑż ƂƉƂżƏ ƁƂƊ ƑƎžƀƌƒƁŹƉƂ ƀƆž Ɗž ƋƂ-ƔƖƎżƐƌƒƉƂ, žƁƂƈƓź Ɖƌƒ, žƍ’ ƑƌƊ ƇƙƐƉƌ, ƂƉƂżƏ ƑƎž-ƀƌƒƁŹƉƂ ƀƆž Ɗž ƐƉżƋƌƒƉƂ ƑƌƊ ƇƙƐƉƌ»!

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ȆȡțʊȚȖȟȩȜȞȜıĭȘ ƂƊƊźž ƔƎƙƊƆž žƍƙ Ƒƌ ƋźƐƍžƐƉž ƑƄƏ ƁƌƉƆƇŻƏ, ƇžƅƌƈƆƇŻƏ ƇžƆ ƁƆƂƅƊƌƚƏ ƇƎżƐƄƏ Ƒƌƒ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƌƚ, ƇžƆ Ƅ ſžƎƆŹ ƐƇƆŹ ƑƄƏ ƂƋžƇƌƈƌƒƅƂż Ɗž ƍźƓƑƂƆ ƍŹƊƖ žƍ’ ƙƈƂƏ ƑƆƏ ƇƂƓžƈžƆƌƇƎžƑƆƇźƏ ƇƌƆƊƖƊżƂƏ. ȀʊȞȟįȑ İȐțįȟĭ Ȝĭ țȖȜ įșĮȖȚȩȜįıĭȘ țį ıȖȜ ȞȝȨıȖıĭ ıȞȡ 2008, ȧțȤȠ șĭȜįȑȠ ĮįȜ ıȖȜ ĭȜıȘțį-ıȤʊȑȕįȘ ȤȠ țĭșȟȘȜȧ șĭȘ șȡȟȑȤȠ ȞȟȘİıȘșȧ ʊĭȟįȚȗȧȜ. ǯȚȚȤİıį, ȏȢįȘ ʊȚȏȞȜ įʊįșıĭȗįȑ ıȧİȞ İıȞ ʊįĮȑȞ ıȖȠ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐȠ ȧİȞ șĭȘ İıȞ ȞȘșȞĮȧțȖțĭ ıȤȜ ĮȘįȗȜȩȜ ȞȘ-șȞȜȞțȘșȩȜ șĭȘ ȔįȤİıȟĭıȖȔȘșȩȜ İȢȏİįȤȜ, ȞȝȨȜȞȜıĭȠ ıȞȡȠ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİțȞȨȠ șĭȘ ʊȡȟȞĮȞıȩȜıĭȠ İȞȓĭȟȏȠ șĭȘ İȡȢȜȎ ȓȑĭȘįȠ ĭȜĭșĭıĭıȎȝįȘȠ. ȇĭ ȧʊȞȘĭ ȓȐțĭıĭ ĭȜıȘȟȟȧʊȖİȖȠ ȏȔȘȜĭȜ ȏȤȠ ıȩȟĭ ĮįȜ İȡȔșȟȞıȞȨȜ ȓȘȩİȘțȖ șĭȘ țĭșȟȞʊȟȧȗįİțĭ ĭʊȞ-ĮȞıȘșȐ ȔȘĭ ıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȐ șĭȘ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐ ȚȨİȖ. ȇȞȡȜĭȜıȑȞȜ, ȧȚĭ ȘİȞȟȟȞʊȞȨȜ İį ıįȜıȤțȏȜȞ İșȞȘȜȑ, Ȟ ȃȃȆǷ țȘȚȎ ȔȘĭ ĭİȗįȜȘșȐ șĭȘ ĭİıĭȗȐ ĭȜȎʊıȡȝȖ-«İȨȟİȘțȞ» ıȖȠ ıȎȝȖȠ ıȞȡ 2,5-2,7% İıȞȜ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘ-İıȘșȧ șȧİțȞ ıĭ įʊȧțįȜĭ 40 ȢȟȧȜȘĭ, ȞȘ ĭȜĭʊıȡȝȘĭșȞȑ ȟȡȗțȞȑ ıȤȜ BRICS ĭȜĭșȧʊıȞȜıĭȘ, ıȞ ȞȘșȞĮȧțȖțĭ ıȖȠ ǺǺ șȚȞȜȑȕįıĭȘ, ıȞ ʊĭȔșȧİțȘȞ ȢȟȏȞȠ įȑȜĭȘ 325% ıȞȡ ʊĭȔșȧİțȘȞȡ ǷǺȄ, ıȞ ʊȚĭİțĭıȘșȧ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ (ʊȞȡ ȗį-ȤȟȐȗȖșį ȡʊįȨȗȡȜȞ ȔȘĭ ıȖȜ șȟȑİȖ) ĭʊȧ 11ʊȚȎİȘȞ ıȖȠ ʊȟĭȔțĭıȘșȐȠ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȑĭȠ ıȞ 2008 ȏȢįȘ ȔȑȜįȘ 20ʊȚȎİȘȞ, Ȗ Įį įșȚȞȔȐ ȇȟĭțʊ ıĭȟȎȕįȘ ıȞ ĮȘįȗȜȏȠ İșȖȜȘșȧ. ǾȘ ȧȚĭ ĭȡıȎ țį ıȖ İȡțȓȞȚȐ ıȖȠ ĭȗȟȧĭȠ įșıȨʊȤİȖȠ ȢȟȐ-țĭıȞȠ ĭʊȧ ıȘȠ ǾįȜıȟȘșȏȠ ȇȟȎʊįȕįȠ ıȤȜ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘ-șȩȜ «țȖıȟȞʊȧȚįȤȜ», ʊȞȡ İıȞ ĮȘȎİıȖțĭ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ ʊȚȖİȘȎȕįȘ İȡȜȞȚȘșȎ ıĭ 5 ıȟȘİ. ĮȞȚȎȟȘĭ. ŭ ƐƒƊƁƒžƐƉƙƏ ƑƄƏ žƊžƆƉƆƇŻƏ žƊŹƇžƉƕƄƏ ƉƂ ƑƌƊ ſžƅƆŹ ƂƇƉƂƑžƈƈƂƒƑƆƇƙ ƇžƆ žƊƑƆƁƎžƐƑƆƇƙ Ɣž-ƎžƇƑŻƎž ƑƄƏ žƍƌƐžƅƎƛƊƂƆ Ƒƌ ƇƒƎżžƎƔƌ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƇƙ ƐƇƄƊƆƇƙ, șȚȞȜȑȕįȘ ıȞȡȠ ĭİıȘșȞȨȠ ȗįİțȞȨȠ șĭȘ ıȞȡȠ țȖȢĭȜȘİțȞȨȠ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐȠ ĮȘĭțįİȞȚȎȓȖİȖȠ, ĭʊȞșĭ-ȗȖȚȩȜįȘ ıĭ ĭİıȘșȎ İıįȟįȧıȡʊĭ ıȖȠ ĭȔȞȟȎȠ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİıȘșȧıȖıĭȠ, ĮįȜ įʊȘıȟȏʊįȘ İıȞȜ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȧ Ȝĭ İȡȜĮȏįıĭȘ țį įȚʊȘĮȞIJȧȟĭ ʊȟȞıȎȔțĭıĭ șĭȘ Ȝĭ įț-IJĭȜȑȕįıĭȘ ȤȠ «ȗįıȘșȐ ȚȨİȖ» șĭȘ ȧȢȘ ĭʊȚȩȠ ȤȠ ĭȜĭ-ȔșĭİıȘșȐ șĭȘ țȞȜĭĮȘșȐ ȡʊĭȟșıȐ ȚȨİȖ įȚȚįȑȣįȘ įȜĭȚ-ȚĭșıȘșȐȠ.

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ƅƀƐŽƆŽƄƊ

2.ž.

ŰƑƂƊŹ ƌƆƇƌƊƌƉƆƇŹ, Ȟ ʊȡȟȐȜĭȠ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ șĭȘ ıȖȠ įʊȘțȞȜȐȠ ıȖȠ ȓȟȑİșįıĭȘ İıȖ ĮȡİșȞȚȑĭ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ Ȝĭ ĭȜĭıȎȝįȘ țį İıĭȗįȟȧ ıȟȧʊȞ ıȞ ʊȞİȞİıȧ șȏȟĮȞȡȠ, ĮȡİșȞȚȑĭ ʊȞȡ İȢįıȑȕįıĭȘ țį ıĭ ĮȡİįʊȑȚȡıĭ ʊȟȞȓȚȐ-țĭıĭ ıȧİȞ İıȖ İIJĭȑȟĭ ıȖȠ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭȠ ȧİȞ șĭȘ İį įșįȑȜȖ ıȖȠ ʊȟĭȔțȎıȤİȖȠ (ʊȩȚȖİȖ ıȤȜ ʊĭȟĭȢȗȏȜıȤȜ ʊȟȞȥȧȜıȤȜ) șĭȗȩȠ șĭȘ ıȖȠ șĭıĭȜȞțȐȠ ıȖȠ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭȠ (ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȘȠ ĮȘȎIJȞȟįȠ İIJĭȑȟįȠ ĮȟȎ-İȖȠ șĭȘ İıȘȠ «įȗȜȘșȏȠ ĭIJįıȖȟȑįȠ» ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ). ȃȘ ĮȡİșȞȚȑįȠ İıȖȜ ƍžƎžƀƖƀŻ ƒƍƂƎžƋżžƏ ʊȟȞ-șȨʊıȞȡȜ ĭʊȧ ıȞ ȧıȘ: 1. Ǽ ʊȟĭȔțĭıȘșȐ ʊȖȔȐ ıȞȡ șĭ-ʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȞȨ șȏȟĮȞȡȠ (Ȗ įșțįıȎȚȚįȡİȖ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ ĮȨȜĭțȖȠ) İıįȜįȨįȘ, șĭȗȩȠ ĭʊȧ ıȖ țȘĭ įșĭıȞțțȨȟȘĭ įȟȔĭȕȧțįȜȞȘ șĭıĭĮȘșȎȕȞȜıĭȘ İıȖȜ ĭȜįȟȔȑĭ șĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ ȎȚȚȖ ȡʊȞșĭȗȑİıĭȜıĭȘ ȧȚȞ șĭȘ ʊȘȞ ʊȞȚȨ ĭʊȧ țȖȢĭȜȏȠ (șȚĭİȘșȎ șĭȘ ĭȡıȞțĭıȞʊȞȘȖțȏȜĭ ȟȞțʊȧı Ȑ «ȏȝȡʊȜįȠ»/«İșįʊıȧțįȜįȠ» țȖȢĭȜȏȠ) ıȧİȞ Ȗ ȢįȘ-ȟȤȜĭșıȘșȐ ȧİȞ șĭȘ ıțȐțĭıĭ ıȖȠ ıȡʊȞʊȞȘȐİȘțȖȠ șĭȘ ĭʊȞȜįșȟȩİȘțȖȠ ĮȘĭȜȞȖıȘșȐȠ įȟȔĭİȑĭȠ (ĭȡȝȎȜȞȜıĭȠ ʊįȟĭȘıȏȟȤ ıȖȜ ȞȟȔĭȜȘșȐ İȨȜȗįİȖ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ), įȜȩ ʊĭȟȎȚȚȖȚĭ įȝįȚȑİİįıĭȘ Ȗ ıȎİȖ ȔȐȟĭȜİȖȠ ıȞȡ ʊȚȖȗȡİțȞȨ. 2. Ǽ șĭıĭȓȨȗȘİȖ ıȞȡ įȟȔĭıȘșȞȨ șȧİıȞȡȠ (İȡȢȜȎ șȎıȤ șĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȞ ȓȘȞȚȞȔȘșȧ ȧȟȘȞ ıȖȠ ĭȝȑĭȠ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ ĮȨȜĭțȖȠ) ĮįȜ țʊȞȟįȑ ìȧʊȤȠ ʊĭȚĭȘȧıįȟĭì Ȝĭ ĮȩİįȘ țįȔȎȚįȠ ĭȜȎİįȠ șįȟĮȞIJȞȟȑĭȠ, șĭȗȩȠ ıȞ țįıĭȓȚȖıȧ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ İį ȞȟȘİțȏȜȞȡȠ șȚȎĮȞȡȠ ĭʊȞıį-Țįȑ țȘșȟȧ țȧȜȞ șȚȎİțĭ ıȞȡ șȧİıȞȡȠ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ. 3. ȇĭ ȜȏȞȡ ıȨʊȞȡ țȏİĭ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ (İıĭȗįȟȧ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ) įȑȜĭȘ țįȜ ʊȘȞ įȡȏȚȘșıĭ, ıĭȡıȧȢȟȞȜĭ ȧțȤȠ įȑȜĭȘ șĭȘ ʊȘȞ ĭșȟȘȓȎ, ĭʊĭȝȘȩȜȞȜıĭȘ ʊȘȞ ȔȟȐȔȞȟĭ, ĭʊĭȘıȞȨȜ ĮȘĭȟ-șįȑȠ ìșĭȘ İȡȜȐȗȤȠ șȞİıȞȓȧȟįȠì ĭȚȚĭȔȏȠ ıȞȡ țȞȜıȏ-ȚȞȡ įȟȔĭİȑĭȠ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ʊȤȚȐİįȤȜ. ȃȘ ĮȡİșȞȚȑįȠ İıȖȜ ƍƎžƀƉŹƑƖƐƄ ƑƄƏ ƒƍƂƎžƋż-žƏ ʊȟȞșȨʊıȞȡȜ: 1. Ƿʊȧ ıȖ İȡțʊȑįİȖ ıȤȜ įȟȔĭıȘșȩȜ ĭțȞȘȓȩȜ, ʊȞȡ ĮȡİșȞȚįȨįȘ ıȖȜ ĭȔȞȟȎ ʊȟȞȥȧȜıȤȜ ĭʊȧ ıįȟȎİıȘĭ ıțȐțĭıĭ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ ıȎȝȖȠ șĭȘ ıȤȜ țį-İĭȑȤȜ İıȟȤțȎıȤȜ. 2. Ƿʊȧ ıȖȜ įȡȟįȑĭ ĭȜıȘșĭıȎİıĭ-İȖ ıȤȜ įȟȔĭȕȞțȏȜȤȜ (ʊȞȡ șĭıĭȜĭȚȩȜȞȡȜ) ĭʊȧ ȟȞ-țʊȧı (ʊȞȡ ʊĭȟȎȔȞȡȜ țįȜ, ĭȚȚȎ ĮįȜ șĭıĭȜĭȚȩȜȞȡȜ). 3. Ƿʊȧ ıȞ ȔįȔȞȜȧȠ ȧıȘ ʊȞȚȚȎ ĭʊȧ ıĭ Ȝȏĭ ʊȟȞȥȧȜıĭ (ȡȚȘșȎ Ȑ țȖ) ìȘĮȘĭȑıįȟĭ ĭȡıȎ ʊȞȡ İȢįıȑȕȞȜıĭȘ țį ıȘȠ ıįȢȜȞȚȞȔȑįȠ ʊȚȖȟȞIJȞȟȘșȐȠ șĭȘ įʊȘșȞȘȜȤȜȘȩȜ (ȇȄǺ)ì ȏȢȞȡȜ ȡȣȖȚȧ șȧİıȞȠ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ, ĭȚȚȎ ĭʊĭȝȘȩȜȞ-ȜıĭȘ, IJıȖȜĭȑȜȞȡȜ Ȑ ĭȜıȘȔȟȎIJȞȜıĭȘ ıĭȢȨıĭıĭ. 4. Ƿʊȧ ıȖȜ ȧȝȡȜİȖ ıȞȡ įȜĮȞșĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȞȨ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİțȞȨ (įȜıȧȠ țȘĭȠ ȢȩȟĭȠ, ĭȚȚȎ șĭȘ ĮȘįȗȜȩȠ), ʊȞȡ ĭʊȞıįȚįȑ ĭʊȧȟȟȞȘĭ ĭȚȚȎ șĭȘ ıȟȞIJȞĮȧıȖ ıȤȜ ʊĭȟĭʊȎȜȤ. ť žƁƒƊžƉżž Ƒƌƒ ƇƂƓžƈžżƌƒ Ɗž ƋƂƍƂƎŹƐƂƆ, Ɖź-ƔƎƆ ƑƛƎž, ƑƄƊ ƇƎżƐƄ ƉƂ ƑƎƙƍƌ ƎƆƃƆƇƙ ƇžƆ ſƆƛƐƆ-Ɖƌ Ƒƌ ƌƁƄƀƂż ƐƂ ƂƉſŹƅƒƊƐƄ ƑƄƏ žƊƑƆƁƎžƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƑƌƉŻƏ ƇžƆ ƑƖƊ žƊžƁƆžƎƅƎƛƐƂƖƊ, ƐƂ ƍžƎƌƋƒƐƉƙ ƙƈƖƊ ƑƖƊ žƊƑƆƅźƐƂƖƊ. Ȁį İȡțȓȞȚȘșȧ ȞȟȧİȖțȞ ıȖȜ įșȚȞȔȐ ȇȟĭțʊ ìĭȚȚȎ țį ȡʊȧȓĭȗȟȞ ʊȞȚȨ įȡȟȨıįȟȞì, ƋƂƁƆƍƈƛƊƂƑžƆ ƉƆž Ɗźž ƓŹƐƄ ƑƄƏ ƂƇƐƑƎžƑƂżžƏ Ƒƌƒ ƇƂƓžƈžżƌƒ. ŰƑƌ ƍƈžżƐƆƙ ƑƄƏ ƇƈƆƉžƇƛƊƌƊƑžƆ, ƂƍƆ-ƑžƔƚƊƌƊƑžƆ ƇžƆ ſžƅžżƊƌƒƊ ƌƆ ƑƌƉźƏ İıȖȜ ʊĭȟĭȔȤ-ȔȐ șĭȘ ıȖȜ įȟȔĭİȑĭ (țį ȜȏįȠ ĭȜıįȟȔĭıȘșȏȠ ĭȜĭĮȘĭȟ-ȗȟȩİįȘȠ), İıȞ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȧ İȨİıȖțĭ (țį įțʊȏĮȤİȖ ıȞȡ șȞȘȜȞȓȞȡȚįȡıȘșȞȨ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘİțȞȨ, įĮȟĭȑȤİȖ ıȞȡ șȟȎıȞȡȠ ȏșıĭșıȖȠ ĭȜȎȔșȖȠ șĭȘ șĭȗȞȚȘșȞȨ įȚȏȔȢȞȡ, șĭȘ įʊȘȗįıȘșȐ ʊĭȟȏțȓĭİȖ ıȤȜ ʊȚȏȞȜ ĭȜıȘĮȟĭİıȘșȩȜ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ĭșȟȞĮįȝȘȩȜ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȩȜ ĮȡȜȎțįȤȜ), İıȘȠ ĮȘį-ȗȜįȑȠ İȢȏİįȘȠ (țį ȧȝȡȜİȖ ıȖȠ įʊȘȗįıȘșȧıȖıĭȠ ĭʊȏȜĭ-ȜıȘ İıȞȡȠ ȚĭȞȨȠ, ʊĭȟȞȝȡİțȧ ıȞȡ įȜĮȞșĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȞȨ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİțȞȨ șĭȘ țįȔȎȚȖ ȏȜıĭİȖ ıȤȜ ʊȞȚȏțȤȜ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ʊȞȚįțȘșȐȠ ĭʊįȘȚȐȠ) șĭȘ İıȞ ʊįĮȑȞ ıȤȜ ȘĮįȩȜ (țį țįȔȎȚȖ ȎȜȞĮȞ ıȞȡ įȗȜȘșȘİțȞȨ, ıȞȡ ȟĭıİȘİțȞȨ șĭȘ ıȞȡ ȜįȞIJĭİȘİțȞȨ). Ȇį ĭȡıȐ ıȖȜ įșİıȟĭıįȑĭ įȘİIJȏȟȞȡȜ ȧȚįȠ ȞȘ ĭİıȘșȏȠ ĮȡȜȎțįȘȠ șĭȘ ıĭ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȎ șȟȎıȖ, įȑıį ȏȢȞȡȜ ȤȠ İȖțĭȑĭ ıȖȜ «įȗȜȘșȐ ĭȜĭİȡȔșȟȧıȖİȖ» įȑıį ıȖȜ «ʊĭ-ȔșȞİțȘȞʊȞȑȖİȖ» șĭȘ ıȞ «įȚįȨȗįȟȞ įțʊȧȟȘȞ». ȇȞ įȟ-ȔĭıȘșȧ șȑȜȖțĭ șĭȘ Ȗ țĭȢȧțįȜȖ șĭȘ İȨȔȢȟȞȜĭ șȞțțȞȡ-ȜȘİıȘșȐ ǷȟȘİıįȟȎ įȑȜĭȘ įȜȎȜıȘĭ İį șȎȗį ʊĭȟĭȚȚĭȔȐ ıȖȠ șĭȜȘȓĭȚȘșȐȠ ĭİıȘșȐȠ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐȠ. Ǽ ȡʊįȟĭȜıȘĮȟĭİıȘșȐ İıȟȞIJȐ ȡʊȞȔȟĭțțȑȕįȘ ıȞȜ șĭȜȘȓĭȚȘșȧ șĭȘ șĭıĭİıȟȞIJȘ-șȧ ȢĭȟĭșıȐȟĭ ıȞȡ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȞȨ İȡİıȐțĭıȞȠ, țįıĭ-ıȟȏʊȞȜıĭȠ ıȘȠ ĭȜįʊĭȜȎȚȖʊıįȠ İȖțįȟȘȜȏȠ ĮȡȜĭıȧıȖıįȠ ıȖȠ ĭȜȗȟȤʊȧıȖıĭȠ İį Ȝȏĭ ȣȖIJȘĭșȎ ĮįİțȎ.

2.

Ǽ șĭȗȞȚȘșȧıȖıĭ șĭȘ Ȗ įʊȘțȞȜȐ ıȤȜ șȟȘİȘĭșȩȜ IJĭȘ-ȜȞțȏȜȤȜ, șĭȘ Ȗ ȏȜıĭİȐ ıȞȡȠ İıȘȠ «țȖıȟȞʊȧȚįȘȠ» ıȞȡ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȞȨ șĭıĭĮįȘșȜȨȞȡȜ ıȞȜ ĮȞțȘșȧ șĭȘ ȘİıȞȟȘșȧ ȢĭȟĭșıȐȟĭ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ șĭȘ IJȏȟȜȞȡȜ İıȞ ʊȟȞİșȐȜȘȞ ıȞ įȟȩıȖțĭ: «šƆžƑż Ƒƌ ƇƂƓŹƈžƆƌ ƁƒƐƇƌƈƂƚƂƑžƆ Ɗž ƑƄƊ ƋƂƍƂƎŹƐƂƆ;». űƙƐƌ Ƒž ƔžƎžƇƑƄƎƆƐƑƆƇŹ ƑƄƏ ƇƎżƐƄƏ, ʊȞȡ ȝȏİʊĭİį ȤȠ șȟȑİȖ ȡʊįȟİȡİİȩȟįȡİȖȠ, ƙƐƌ ƇžƆ Ƅ ƁƒƐƇƌƈżž ƒƍźƎſžƐŻƏ ƑƄƏ ƍƄƀŹƃƌƒƊ žƍƙ ƑƆƏ ƂƀƀƂƊƂżƏ žƊƑƆƅźƐƂƆƏ ƇžƆ žƊƑƆƓŹƐƂƆƏ Ƒƌƒ żƁƆƌƒ Ƒƌƒ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇƌƚ ƑƎƙƍƌƒ ƍžƎžƀƖƀŻƏ ƇžƆ ƐƒƀƇƂƇƎƆƉźƊž žƍƙ ƑƌƊ ƂƆƁƆƇƙ ƑƎƙƍƌ ƉƂ ƑƌƊ ƌƍƌżƌ žƒƑźƏ ƌƆ žƊƑƆƓŹƐƂƆƏ ƂƇƓƎŹƃƌƊƑžƆ ƉƂƑŹ Ƒž ƍƎƛƑž ƇƚƉžƑž žƊžƁƆžƎƅƎƛƐƂƖƊ Ƒƌƒ ƌƈƌƇƈƄƎƖƑƆƇƌƚ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƌƚ.

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ȆıȖȜ ĭȜıȑȗįİȖ ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȘȠ ʊȟĭȔțĭıȘșȏȠ ĭȜȎȔșįȠ șĭȘ įʊȘȗȡțȑįȠ ıȤȜ įȟȔĭȕȞțȏȜȤȜ, șĭȘ ȘĮȘĭȑıįȟĭ ıȤȜ ȜȏȤȜ, șĭȘ İıȖ İȡȜȞȚȘșȐ ȡʊĭȔȤȔȐ ıȖȠ ĮȖțȘȞȡȟȔȘșȧıȖıĭȠ, ıȞȡ ȢȟȧȜȞȡ, ıȖȠ ʊȟȞİȤʊȘșȧıȖıĭȠ İį țȘĭ ĭʊȞȚȨıȤȠ «șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȞʊȞȘȖțȏȜȖ» șĭȗȖțįȟȘȜȧıȖıĭ.

3.

ȇĭ ȢĭȟĭșıȖȟȘİıȘșȎ șĭȘ Ȗ įʊȘțȞȜȐ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ įʊȘȓį-ȓĭȘȩȜȞȡȜ ıȖȜ įșıȑțȖİȖ (ȄĭȜįȚȚĭĮȘșȧ Ȇȩțĭ ȁǷȅ, 2011) ȧıȘ ĭȡıȐ ĮįȜ İȢįıȑȕįıĭȘ ĭʊȚȩȠ țį ıȟȏȢȞȡİįȠ ĮȘĭșȡțȎȜİįȘȠ ıȞȡ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȞȨ șȨșȚȞȡ, ĭȚȚȎ įȑȜĭȘ «șȟȑİȖ-İıĭȗțȧȠ, țȘĭ ȘİıȞȟȘșȩȜ ĮȘĭİıȎİįȤȜ șȟȑİȖ, ʊȞȡ ȗȏıįȘ İį ĮȞșȘțĭİȑĭ ıȧİȞ ıȞ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȧ țȞȜıȏȚȞ įșțįıȎȚȚįȡİȖȠ șĭȘ șįȟĮȞIJȞȟȑĭȠ ʊȞȡ İIJȟȎȔȘİį ıȞȜ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȧ șȧİțȞ ıȘȠ ıȟįȘȠ ʊȟȞȖȔȞȨțįȜįȠ Įįșĭį-ıȑįȠ, ȧİȞ șĭȘ ıȞ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȧ İȨİıȖțĭ ʊȞȡ ĮȘĭİIJȎȚȘİį ĭȡıȧ ıȞ țȞȜıȏȚȞ șĭȘ ıȖȜ ĭİıȘșȐ șȡȟȘĭȟȢȑĭ įȜ ȔȏȜįȘ». ǺʊȑİȖȠ, įʊĭȜĭȓįȓĭȘȩȜȞȡȜ ıȖȜ įșıȑțȖİȖ ȧıȘ Ȟ ȘİıȞȟȘ-șȧȠ ȢĭȟĭșıȐȟĭȠ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ șĭıĭĮįȘșȜȨįıĭȘ ıȧİȞ ĭʊȧ ıĭ ĮįĮȞțȏȜĭ ıȞȡ IJĭȘȜȞțȏȜȞȡ (ĭIJįıȖȟȑĭ ȞȘ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘ-İıȘșȏȠ țȖıȟȞʊȧȚįȘȠ, țįȔȎȚȖ ĮȘȎȟșįȘĭ, įʊȏșıĭİȖ İį ȧȚȞȡȠ ıȞȡȠ ıȞțįȑȠ, ĮȡİșȞȚȑĭ ĭȜȎșĭțȣȖȠ ì ȧȢȘ ȧțȤȠ șĭıȎȟȟįȡİȖ), ȧİȞ șĭȘ ĭʊȧ «ıȞȜ İıȟĭıȖȔȘșȧ ȢĭȟĭșıȐ-ȟĭ ıȤȜ ĭİıȘșȩȜ ĭȜĭĮȘĭȟȗȟȩİįȤȜ ʊȞȡ ʊȟȞȤȗȞȨ-ȜıĭȘ ȤȠ ĭʊȎȜıȖİȖ İį ĭȡıȐȜ»· ĭȜĭĮȘĭȟȗȟȩİįȤȜ ʊȞȡ İȡȜȗȏıȞȡȜ țȘĭ İȡȜȞȚȘșȐ ȡʊįȟĭȜıȘĮȟĭİıȘșȐ-ȡʊįȟįș-țįıĭȚȚįȡıȘșȐ ıȞțȐ șĭȘ ƂƆƐŹƀƌƒƊ ƑƆƏ ƇƌƆƊƖƊżƂƏ ƐƑƄƊ ȃȘ ĮȡİșȞȚȑįȠ İıȖȜ ƇžƑžƊƌƉŻ ƑƄƏ ƒƍƂƎžƋżžƏ ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȘȠ ĮȘȎIJȞȟįȠ İIJĭȑȟįȠ ĮȟȎİȖȠ șĭȘ İıĭ įʊȘ-țȏȟȞȡȠ ıțȐțĭıĭ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ ȏȢȞȡȜ Ȝĭ șȎȜȞȡȜ: 1. Ȁį ıȞȜ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİțȧ ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȞ ȖȔįțȞȜȘșȧ ıțȐ-țĭ ıȞȡ (ıĭ ʊȞȚȡįȗȜȘșȎ ʊȞȚȡșȚĭĮȘșȎ țȞȜȞʊȩȚȘĭ [ȄȄȀ], ʊȞȡ țį ĮȘȎIJȞȟȞȡȠ ıȟȧʊȞȡȠ ĭʊȞİʊȞȨȜ ıȞ İȡȜıȟȘʊıȘșȎ țįȔĭȚȨıįȟȞ țȏȟȞȠ ıȤȜ ʊĭȟĭȔȧ-țįȜȤȜ șįȟĮȩȜ). 2. Ȁį ıȞȜ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİțȧ țįıĭȝȨ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȘșȞȨ șĭȘ ȢȟȖțĭıȞʊȘİıȤıȘșȞȨ șįIJĭȚĭȑ-Ȟȡ, șĭȗȩȠ șĭȘ țįıĭȝȨ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȘșȞȨ șĭȘ įțʊȞ-ȟȘșȞȨ. 3. Ȁį ıȞȜ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİțȧ ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȞȡȠ įȗȜȘșȞȨȠ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȞȨȠ İȢȖțĭıȘİțȞȨȠ, Ȟ ȞʊȞȑȞȠ įȜıįȑȜįȘ ıȖȜ ĭȜȘİȧțįıȟȖ ĭȜȎʊıȡȝȖ șĭȘ ıȖ țįıĭIJȞ-ȟȎ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭȠ (țȏİȤ ıȖȠ ȢȟįȞțȖȢĭȜȐȠ, ıȞȡ įȜȘĭȑ-Ȟȡ ȜȞțȑİțĭıȞȠ-įȡȟȩ, ıįȜȘĭȑ-Ȟȡ įȜȘĭȑįȜȘĭȑ-Ȟȡ ĮȖțȞİȘȞȜȞțȘșȞȨ ʊȚĭȘİȑȞȡ ș.Țʊ.) ĭʊȧ ıȞȡȠ ȡʊȞĮįȏİıįȟȞȡȠ ʊȟȞȠ ıȞȡȠ ȖȔįțȞȜȘșȞȨȠ İȢȖțĭıȘİțȞȨȠ. 4. Ȁį ıȖȜ ʊȞȚȡįȗȜȘșȐ ȞȟȔȎȜȤİȖ ıȤȜ ȄȄȀ, Ȗ ȞʊȞȑĭ ıȞȡȠ įʊȘıȟȏʊįȘ Ȝĭ įȝĭ-İIJĭȚȑȕȞȡȜ ʊȞİȞİıȎ șȏȟĮȞȡȠ ʊȞȡ ĮįȜ țʊȞȟȞȨȜ Ȝĭ ʊȟȞİįȔȔȑİȞȡȜ șĭȜ ȎȚȚĭ ıțȐțĭıĭ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ.

2.ſ.

şƍƙ ƑƄ ƐƇƌƍƆŹ ƑƄƏ ƑžƋƆƇŻƏ ƍŹƈƄƏ, Ȗ șȟȑİȖ șȘ Ȗ įʊȘțȞȜȐ ıȖȠ ȏȢȞȡȜ ıȖ ȓȎİȖ ıȞȡȠ:

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ȆıȖȜ ĭȜıȑȗįİȖ ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȞȜ ʊȟȤıȧȔȜȤȟȞ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȧ ʊȚȞȨıȞ (ȡȚȘșȧ șĭȘ țȖ) ıȞȜ ȞʊȞȑȞ ĮȖțȘȞȡȟȔȞȨȜ ȞȘ įȟȔĭȕȧțįȜȞȘ țį ıȞ ȜȞȡ șĭȘ ıĭ ȢȏȟȘĭ ıȞȡȠ șĭȘ İıȖ țįıĭıȟȞʊȐ ĭȡıȞȨ ıȞȡ ʊȚȞȨıȞȡ șĭȘ ıȤȜ țȏİȤȜ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ ıȞȡ İį ȘĮȘȞșıȖİȑĭ țȘĭȠ ȘİȢȜȧıĭıȖȠ țįȘȞȣȖIJȑĭȠ șįIJĭȚĭȘȞșȟĭıȩȜ. ǺȑȜĭȘ įȜĮįȘșıȘșȧ ȧıȘ 8 ȎȜȗȟȤʊȞȘ İıȞȜ ʊȚĭȜȐıȖ șĭıȏȢȞȡȜ ıȧİȞ ʊȚȞȨıȞ ȧİȞ ıȞ IJıȤȢȧıįȟȞ 50% ıȞȡ ʊĭȔșȧİțȘȞȡ ʊȚȖȗȡİțȞȨ (2017). ȆıȖȜ ǺȚȚȎĮĭ ıȞ ʊȚȞȡİȘȧıįȟȞ 1% șĭıįȑȢį ıȞ 2014 ıȞ 56,1% ıȞȡ ʊȚȞȨıȞȡ (ĭʊȧ 54,1% ıȞ 2000).

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ȆıȖȜ ĭȜıȑȗįİȖ ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȞȜ ȎȜįȡ ʊȟȞȖȔȞȡțȏȜȞȡ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȞʊȞȘȖțȏȜȞ ȢĭȟĭșıȐȟĭ ıȖȠ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ șĭȘ İıȖȜ ʊȟȤıȞIJĭȜȐ ȘĮȘȞʊȞȑȖİȖ ıȤȜ ĭʊȞıįȚįİțȎıȤȜ ıȖȠ ĭʊȧ țȘĭ ȢȞȨIJıĭ ȄȄȀ.

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ȆıȖȜ ĭȜıȑȗįİȖ ĭȜȎțįİĭ İıȘȠ ıįȟȎİıȘįȠ ĮȡȜĭıȧıȖıįȠ ĭʊįȚįȡȗȏȟȤİȖȠ ıȤȜ įȟȔĭȕȞțȏȜȤȜ ıȘȠ ȞʊȞȑįȠ ʊĭȟȏȢȞȡȜ ȞȘ įʊȘİıȖțȞȜȘșȏȠ șĭȘ ıįȢȜȞȚȞȔȘșȏȠ șĭıĭșıȐİįȘȠ șĭȘ İıȖ ĮȏİțįȡİȖ ĭȡıȩȜ İıȖȜ ȡʊȖȟįİȑĭ ıȞȡ șȏȟĮȞȡȠ, ıȖȠ șĭıĭʊȑįİȖȠ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ʊȞȚȏțȤȜ.

ǾĭȘ įȑȜĭȘ ĭʊȞȚȨıȤȠ ȚȞȔȘșȧ: Ǽ ȏȜıĭİȖ ıȤȜ ĭȜıĭ-ȔȤȜȘİțȩȜ ìĭʊȧ ıĭ įȘĮȞʊȞȘȎ İıȞȘȢįȑĭ ıȖȠ ʊĭȟȞȨİĭȠ IJȎİȖȠì șĭȘ Ȗ șĭıĭİıȟȞIJȐ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȘșȩȜ ĮȡȜȎțįȤȜ ĭȜĭșĭıĭȜȏțȞȡȜ ıȖȜ ĭȜıȚȞȨțįȜȖ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭ șĭȘ ĮȖțȘ-ȞȡȟȔȞȨȜ Ȝȏĭ ĭIJįıȖȟȑĭ ȔȘĭ ıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ, ĮįȜ țʊȞȟȞȨȜ ȧțȤȠ Ȝĭ ĭȡȝȐİȞȡȜ ıȖ țȎȕĭ șĭȘ ıȞ ʊȞİȞİıȧ ȡʊįȟĭ-ȝȑĭȠ (Ȏȟĭ ĮįȜ ĭȜıȘȟȟȞʊȞȨȜ ıȖȜ ıȎİȖ ʊıȩİȖȠ ıȞȡ țȏİȞȡ ʊȞİȞİıȞȨ șȏȟĮȞȡȠ, ĮįȜ ĮȑȜȞȡȜ ĭȝȘȧʊȘİıȖ ĮȘ-ȏȝȞĮȞ İıĭ ȡʊįȟİȡİİȤȟįȡțȏȜĭ șįIJȎȚĭȘĭ ì ȏİıȤ șȘ ĭȜ șĭıĭİıȟĭIJȞȨȜ șȎʊȞȘĭ ĭʊȧ ĭȡıȎ) ȞȨıį Ȝĭ ȞȘșȞĮȞ-țȐİȞȡȜ țĭȕȘșȏȠ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȏȠ-ʊȞȚȘıȘșȏȠ İȡțțĭȢȑįȠ ʊȞȡ İıĭȗįȟȞʊȞȘȞȨȜ ıȞ İȨİıȖțĭ. Ƿȡıȧ ıȞ įʊȘıȡȔȢȎȜįȘ ıȞ ĮįİʊȧȕȞȜ șȎȗį IJȞȟȎ țȞȜıȏȚȞ įșțįıȎȚȚįȡİȖȠ-ʊȞȚȘ-ıȘșȐȠ șȡȟȘĭȟȢȑĭȠ ʊȞȡ ĭȜĭĮȨįıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ șȟȑİȖ ì șĭȘ įĮȩ įȑȜĭȘ ʊȞȡ ıȩȟĭ İıȟȏIJįıĭȘ șȡȟȑȤȠ Ȗ ʊȟȞİȞȢȐ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ, ĭȡıȐ įȑȜĭȘ Ȗ șȨȟȘĭ ʊȚįȡȟȎ ıȖȠ ʊĭȟȞȨİĭȠ IJȎİȖȠ İıȞ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȧ-ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȘșȧ ʊįĮȑȞ. ȆıȖȜ Ȟȡİȑĭ, ĭȜĭʊıȨİİįıĭȘ Ȗ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇƌƍƌżƄ-ƐƄ ƑƖƊ ƍŹƊƑƖƊ, Ȗ șĭȗȞȚȘșȐ șĭȘ İį ȓȎȗȞȠ ȡʊĭȔȤ-ȔȐ ȧȚȤȜ ıȤȜ İȢȏİįȤȜ șĭȘ İIJĭȘȟȩȜ İıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ, țį ıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ șĭȘ ıȖȜ ĭȔȞȟȎ Ȝĭ ȢȩȜȞȡȜ ıȞ ȓȏȓȖȚȞ ȢȏȟȘ ıȞȡȠ İį șȎȗį ʊȖȔȐ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȞȨ ʊȚȞȨıȞȡ, İį șȎȗį ĭȜȎȔșȖ ıȞȡ ĭȜȗȟȩʊȞȡ, ĭșȧțĭ șĭȘ İıȖ IJĭȜıĭİȑĭ, İıȞ İȡȜĭȑİȗȖțĭ ȔȘĭ ıȞȜ ȏȚįȔȢȞ ıȤȜ ʊȘȞ șȟȡIJȩȜ șȡııȎ-ȟȤȜ țĭȠ. ȄĭȟȎȚȚȖȚĭ, ȤȠ ȞȟȔĭȜȘșȧ İȡİıĭıȘșȧ ıȖȠ ĭİıȘșȐȠ ĭʊȎȜıȖİȖȠ İıȖȜ șȟȑİȖ, İȡȜıįȚįȑıĭȘ țȘĭ ĭȜĭĮȘȎıĭȝȖ ıȤȜ ĮȘįȗȜȩȜ İȡİȢįıȘİțȩȜ, Ȗ ȞʊȞȑĭ ĮįȜ ĭȜĭȘȟįȑ țįȜ ıȖȜ ĭȜıȘșįȘțįȜȘșȎ ĮįİʊȧȕȞȡİĭ ıȎİȖ ıȖȠ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘ-İıȘșȐȠ ĮȘįȗȜȞʊȞȑȖİȖȠ, ʊȟȞșĭȚįȑ ȧțȤȠ İȞȓĭȟȞȨȠ ıȟȘȔțȞȨȠ İıȞ ĮȘįȗȜȏȠ șįIJĭȚĭȘȞșȟĭıȘșȧ ʊȚȏȔțĭ, ĭȜĭ-İȢȏİįȘȠ, ʊȘİȤȔȡȟȑİțĭıĭ Ȑ/șĭȘ șȚįȑİȘțȞ İıĭ «įȗȜȘșȎ İȨȜȞȟĭ», İıȞ ʊȚĭȑİȘȞ ıȖȠ ĭȜĭȔșĭȑĭȠ ĭȜĭİȡȔșȟȧ-ıȖİȖȠ-ʊȟȞįıȞȘțĭİȑĭȠ ȔȘĭ ıȖȜ įʊȧțįȜȖ IJȎİȖ șĭȘ ıȖ ĮȘįșĮȑșȖİȖ șĭȚȨıįȟȖȠ ȗȏİȖȠ İıȞ ĭȜȘİȧıȘțȞ șĭȘ ĭȜȘ-İȧțįıȟȞ ʊȚĭȑİȘȧ ıȖȠ.

5.

ǾȎıȤ ĭʊȧ ĭȡıȐ ıȖ ȔįȜȘșȐ ȞțʊȟȏȚĭ-ȚȞȔȘșȐ ʊȟȞȤȗȞȨ-ȜıĭȘ ıȞțȏȠ İį ȧȚįȠ ıȘȠ İIJĭȑȟįȠ șĭȘ ʊȟȩıĭ ĭʊ’ ȧȚĭ İıȖȜ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȐ. ȆıȞ ʊįĮȑȞ ıȖȠ ƍžƎžƀƖƀŻƏ ȞȘșȞĮȞțįȑıĭȘ ȏȜĭ șĭ-ȗįİıȩȠ ĭȔȟȘȧıĭıȖȠ įșțįıȎȚȚįȡİȖȠ, İıȞ ȞʊȞȑȞ İȡ-țʊȚȏșȞȜıĭȘ ȞȟȔĭȜȘșȎ șĭȘ ĭȝįĮȘȎȚȡıĭ Ȗ ĭʊȧİʊĭİȖ İȢįıȘșȐȠ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭȠ țį ıȖȜ ĭʊȧİʊĭİȖ ĭʊȧȚȡıȖȠ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭȠ șĭȘ ıȖ ȓȑĭȘȖ ȎȜȞĮȞ ıȖȠ ȏțțįİȖȠ (įșıȧȠ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ) įșțįıȎȚȚįȡİȖȠ (țȏİȤ IJȧȟȤȜ, ıȘțȞȚȞ-ȔȑȤȜ ǹǺǾȃ, ĮĭȜįȑȤȜ ș.Ȏ.). Ǽ ʊȘȞ ȗįțįȚȘĭșȐ įȝȏȚȘ-«ƇžƎƁƆŹ» Ƒƌƒ ƌƈƌƇƈƄƎƖƑƆƇƌƚ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƌƚ· įʊȑ-İȖȠ, ĭȜĭĮȘĭȟȗȟȩİįȤȜ ʊȞȡ, ȏȢȞȜıĭȠ «șĭıĭșıȖțȏȜȖ» ıȖȜ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȐ İȡțʊȑįİȖ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ ĮȨȜĭțȖȠ ìȖ ȞʊȞȑĭ ıįȑȜįȘ İį İȢįĮȧȜ ĭȜįȚĭİıȘșȎ ȧȟȘĭì, ĮȑȜȞȡȜ ȘĮȘ-ĭȑıįȟȞ ȓȎȟȞȠ İıȖȜ ĭʊȞșȟȡİıȎȚȚȤİȖ įȜȧȠ İȡȜȞȚȘșȎ ĮȘĭIJȞȟįıȘșȞȨ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȞȨ ȡʊȞȓȎȗȟȞȡ, țį ȗįțȏȚȘȞ ıȖ ĮȘĭțȧȟIJȤİȖ įȟȔĭȕȞțȏȜȤȜ șĭȘ ȜȏȤȜ ʊȞȡ įȜİȤțĭıȩ-ȜȞȡȜ İȢįĮȧȜ IJȡİȘșȎ İıȖȜ șĭȗȖțįȟȘȜȐ İȡțʊįȟȘIJȞȟȎ, İıȞ «įȑȜĭȘ» ıȞȡȠ ıȘȠ ȚȞȔȘșȏȠ ıȖȠ įʊȘȢįȘȟȖțĭıȘșȧıȖıĭȠ, ıȖȠ ĮȘĭȟșȞȨȠ șĭıȎȟıȘİȖȠ șĭȘ ʊȘİıȞʊȞȑȖİȖȠ, ıȖȠ ĭʊȧ-șıȖİȖȠ ĮįȝȘȞıȐıȤȜ ìĮȖȚĭĮȐ ıȖȜ ıȎİȖ ȡʊȞıĭȔȐȠì İıȖ ȢĭȩĮȖ įȟȔĭİȘĭșȐ-ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȐ ȕȞȨȔșȚĭ ıȞȡ İȨȔ-ȢȟȞȜȞȡ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȞȨ.

4.

ǺȜȜȘȎ ȢȟȧȜȘĭ țįıȎ ıȞ ȝȏİʊĭİțĭ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ ȏȢįȘ ʊȚȏ-ȞȜ İȡȔșįȜıȟȤȗįȑ įʊĭȟșȏȠ ȡȚȘșȧ ʊȞȡ țĭȠ įʊȘıȟȏʊįȘ Ȝĭ ĭʊȞșȟȡʊıȞȔȟĭIJȐİȞȡțį ʊȘȞ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤțȏȜĭ ıȖȜ ĭİıȘșȐ ĭʊȎȜıȖİȖ, Ȗ ȞʊȞȑĭ ȏȢįȘ ĮȞțȘșȧ ȢĭȟĭșıȐȟĭ (ȧʊȤȠ șĭȘ Ȗ șȟȑİȖ) șĭȘ İȡȜĮȡȎȕįȘ ıĭșıȘșȏȠ șĭȘ șȡȟȑȤȠ İıȟĭıȖȔȘșȏȠ İıȞȢįȨİįȘȠ. ȆȡİıĭıȘșȧ İıȞȘȢįȑȞ ĭȡıȐȠ ıȖȠ ĭʊȎȜıȖİȖȠ ìʊȞȡ ʊȟȞȤȗįȑıĭȘ ĭʊȧ «ĭȟȘİıįȟȞȨȠ» ıȨʊȞȡ ȇİȑʊȟĭ, İȞİȘ-ĭȚĮȖțȞșȟȎıįȠ ȏȤȠ ĭșȟȞĮįȝȘȞȨȠì įȑȜĭȘ ȏȜĭ žƊžƐƒ-ƀƇƎƌƑƄƉźƊƌ ƍƈžżƐƆƌ ìȏȜĭ ĮȘĭIJȞȟįıȘșȧ țįȑȔțĭ ıȤȜ țȖȢĭȜȘİțȩȜ ĭȜıȘȟȟȧʊȖİȖȠ ıȖȠ ıȎİȖȠ ʊıȩİȖȠ ıȞȡ ʊȞİȞİıȞȨ șȏȟĮȞȡȠ İį țȘĭ IJȎİȖ ȏȜıĭİȖȠ ıȤȜ ĭȜıĭ-ȔȤȜȘİțȩȜì ıȞ ȞʊȞȑȞ įʊȘȢįȘȟįȑ Ȝĭ İıȖȟȑȝįȘ ıȖȜ șįȟĮȞ-IJȞȟȑĭ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ ȧİȞ ıȞ ĮȡȜĭıȧȜ ȚȘȔȧıįȟȞ İıȘȠ įʊȑIJȞȓįȠ ĮȟĭİıȖȟȘȧıȖıįȠ ıȖȠ «İșȘȩĮȞȡȠ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȑĭȠ» ıȞȡ ȢȟȖțĭıȞʊȘİıȤıȘșȞȨ ıȞțȏĭ, ıȖȠ ıȘıȚȞʊȞȑȖİȖȠ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ıȞȝȘșȩȜ ʊĭȟĭȔȩȔȤȜ șĭȘ ȧİȞ ıȞ ĮȡȜĭıȧȜ ƍƂƎƆƐ-ƐƙƑƂƎƌ ƐƑƆƏ ƍƆƌ ƐżƀƌƒƎƂƏ ȶžƊ ƇžƆ ƈƆƀƙƑƂƎƌ žƍƌ-ƁƌƑƆƇźƏ, ƑƌƒƈŹƔƆƐƑƌƊ ŹƉƂƐžȶ ƁƎžƐƑƄƎƆƙƑƄƑƂƏ ƑƄƏ ƍžƎžƀƖƀŻƏ ƒƈƆƇƛƊ Ż ŹƒƈƖƊ ƍƎƌƗƙƊƑƖƊ. Ƿȡıȧ įȑ-ȜĭȘ ıȞ ƇƚƎƆƌ ƐƑƌƆƔƂżƌ ƐƑƄƊ ƍžƎƌƚƐž ƓŹƐƄ, țȘĭȠ șĭȘ ȏȢįȘ ȔȑȜįȘ ʊȚȏȞȜ IJĭȜįȟȧ ȧıȘ ȢȤȟȑȠ ĭȝȘȧʊȘİıȖ ĭʊȎȜıȖ-İȖ İıȞ ʊȟȧȓȚȖțĭ ıȖȠ șįȟĮȞIJȞȟȑĭȠ/įșțįıȎȚȚįȡĭʊȎȜıȖ-İȖȠ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐȠ İıĭȗįȟȧıȖıĭȠ (ȢȤȟȑȠ ʊȟȞȓȎĮȘİțĭ ıȖȠ «ĮȖțȘȞȡȟȔȘșȐȠ» ʊȚįȡȟȎȠ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ) ĮįȜ țʊȞȟįȑ Ȝĭ ȡʊȎȟȝįȘ ȞȡİȘĭİıȘșȐ ȡʊȏȟȓĭİȐ ıȖȠ. Ƿȡıȧ įșIJȟȎȕįȘ șĭȘ Ȗ ĭȜĭȕȐıȖİȖ ȜȏȤȜ įʊįȜĮȨİįȤȜ șĭȘ «ĭȜȎʊıȡȝȖȠ», ĭȚȚȎ șĭȘ Ȗ İȡȕȐıȖİȖ ȔȘĭ ıȖȜ «4Ȗ ǸȘȞțȖȢĭȜȘșȐ ǺʊĭȜȎ-İıĭİȖ» (ȁıĭȓȧȠ, ǽĭȜȞȡȎȟȘȞȠ 2016 șĭȘ 2017), șĭȗȩȠ șĭȘ Ȗ įʊȘĮȑȤȝȖ ȇȟĭțʊ Ȝĭ İȡȜĮȡȎİįȘ ıȞȜ ȢȟȖțĭıȞʊȘ-İıȤıȘșȧ ȔĭȚĭȝȑĭ ıȤȜ ǼȄǷ țį țȘĭ ȘİȢȡȟȧıįȟȖ įȔȢȩȟȘĭ țįıĭʊȞȘȖıȘșȐ ȓȘȞțȖȢĭȜȑĭ, țį įȟȔĭİȘĭșȞȨȠ ȧȟȞȡȠ șĭȘ ĭțȞȘȓȏȠ ʊĭȟĭʊȚȐİȘįȠ ıȤȜ ĭȜĭĮȡȧțįȜȤȜ ȢȤȟȩȜ.

ıȞȢȨȟȤİȖ ʊĭıįȜıȩȜ ʊȎȜȤ İį ĮȖțȧİȘĭ ĭȔĭȗȎ șĭȘ ȢȩȟȞȡȠ. ȄȟȧșįȘıĭȘ ȔȘĭ ȘĮȘĭȑıįȟĭ įʊȘȗįıȘșȐ ıȎİȖ, Ȗ ȞʊȞȑĭ ȔȑȜįıĭȘ ʊȘȞ ȎȔȟȘĭ ȧİȞ «ĭİȗțĭȑȜȞȡȜ» ȞȘ ȎȚȚįȠ ʊȖȔȏȠ șįȟĮȞIJȞȟȑĭȠ șĭȘ İıȖȜ Ȟȡİȑĭ ĭʊȞİıįȟįȑ ıȖȜ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȐ ʊȚįȘȞȣȖIJȑĭ ĭʊȧ țȏİĭ ʊȞȡ ĭʊȞıįȚȞȨȜ șȞȘȜȧ șıȐțĭ ıȖȠ ĭȜȗȟȤʊȧıȖıĭȠ șĭȘ ȗĭ țʊȞȟȞȨİĭȜ ĭȚȚȎȝȞȡȜ ʊȟȞȠ ıȞ șĭȚȨıįȟȞ ıȖ ȕȤȐ ĮȘİįșĭıȞțțȡȟȑ-ȤȜ ĭȜȗȟȩʊĮȘİįșĭıȞțțȡȟȑ-ȤȜ.

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6.

ǹȞțȘșȏȠ įȑȜĭȘ ȞȘ ĭȚȚĭȔȏȠ șĭȘ İıȞ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƇƙ ƍƂƁżƌ. Ȇį țȘĭ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȐ «ȓȎİȖ» ʊȞȡ ȡʊȧİȢįıĭȘ țȧȜȞ «ʊȧȜȞ șĭȘ ĮȎșȟȡĭ», ĮįȜ ȢȤȟȞȨȜ ʊĭȟĭȢȤȟȐİįȘȠ, «șȞȘȜȤ-ȜȘșȧ șȟȎıȞȠ» Ȑ įȚȘȔțȞȑ įȜİȤțȎıȤİȖȠ ıȤȜ ȢįȘțĭ-ȕȧțįȜȤȜ țĭȕȩȜ. Ȇį țȘĭ ıȏıȞȘĭ «ȓȎİȖ» ĭȜıȘİıȞȘȢįȑ ȏȜĭ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȧ İȨİıȖțĭ țĭȨȟȞ (țį ıȖȜ ĭʊȧȢȟȤİȖ ıȞȡ ȇȟĭțʊ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ǿįʊȏȜ, ıȖȠ țȞȜȧȢȟȤțȖȠ… «ʊȞȚȡ-ȢȟȤțȑĭȠ» ıȤȜ ȀȀǺ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ĭİıȘșȩȜ șȞțțȎıȤȜ, ıȖȠ ȎȔȟȘĭȠ șĭıĭİıȞȚȐȠ, ıȞȡ ȣȖIJȘĭșȞȨ ȢĭIJȘįĮȘİțȞȨ, ıȞȡ ȗȟȖİșįȡıȘșȞȨ İșȞıĭĮȘİțȞȨ, ıȞȡ ȟĭıİȘİțȞȨ șĭȘ ıȞȡ įȗȜȘșȘİțȞȨ), ĭʊȧȚȡıĭ ȗȤȟĭșȘİțȏȜȞ ĭʊȏȜĭȜıȘ İıȞȜ «įȢȗȟȧ Țĭȧ» șĭȘ ĭʊȧȚȡıĭ șĭıĭʊȘįİıȘșȧ ì ƉƆž Ɗźž žƐƑƆƇŻ žƍƌƈƒƑžƎƔżž ƑƄƏ ƕƄƓƆžƇŻƏ ƂƍƌƔŻƏ. ǰȜĭ ıȏıȞȘȞ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȧ İȨİıȖțĭ ʊȞȚȨ ĮȨİșȞȚĭ İıĭȗįȟȞ-ʊȞȘįȑıĭȘ įʊȑ țĭșȟȧȜ (įȝȞȨ Ȗ ʊȟȧȤȟȖ ȔȐȟĭȜİȖ-IJȗȞ-ȟȎ ıȤȜ șȡȓįȟȜȐİįȤȜ Ȑ ıȤȜ ȜȏȤȜ șȞțțȎıȤȜ-șĭıĭ-İșįȡĭİțȎıȤȜ) șȘ ĭșȧțȖ ʊȘȞ ĮȨİșȞȚĭ șĭıĭIJȏȟȜįȘ Ȝĭ įțʊȚȏȝįȘ țį ȗįıȘșȧ ıȟȧʊȞ ıȘȠ ȚĭȥșȏȠ țȎȕįȠ Ȑ Ȝĭ ĭʊȞșıȐİįȘ șȨȟȞȠ İıȖ İȡȜįȑĮȖİȐ ıȞȡȠ. ǺȝȞȨ șĭȘ Ȗ ĭʊȞȢȐ ĭʊȧ ıȘȠ įșȚȞȔȏȠ, Ȗ ĭʊĭȝȑȤİȖ ıȤȜ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȩȜ ȗįİțȩȜ, Ȗ ĭʊȞİıȞȑȢȘİȖ ĭʊȧ ıĭ șȧțțĭıĭ șĭȘ Ȗ șȞ-ȜȘȞȟıȞʊȞȑȖİȖ ıȞȡ șȞțțĭıȘșȞȨ ȢȎȟıȖ, Ȗ ſžƅƆŹ ƇƎżƐƄ Ƒƌƒ ƒƍŹƎƔƌƊƑƌƏ ƐƒƐƑŻƉžƑƌƏ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƇŻƏ ƂƇƍƎƌ-ƐƛƍƄƐƄƏ ƇžƆ ƁƆžƉƂƐƌƈŹſƄƐƄƏ. ȆȡȜįʊȩȠ ĮƆž-ƉƌƎƓƛƊƌƊƑžƆ ƐƒƊƅŻƇƂƏ ƍƌƆƌƑƆƇŻƏ žƒƑƌƑźƈƂƆžƏ ƇžƆ ƌƒƐƆžƐƑƆƇŻƏ žƊŹƍƑƒƋƄƏ ƑƄƏ ƂƎƀžƑƆƇŻƏ ƍƌ-ƈƆƑƆƇŻƏ. ȋİıȧİȞ, Ȗ țĭȕȘșȐ ĭʊĭȝȑȤİȖ ıȞȡ ĭİıȘșȞȨ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȞȨ İȡİıȐțĭıȞȠ ĮįȜ ȞĮȖȔįȑ įȝ ȞȟȘİțȞȨ İıȞ ȟȘȕȞİʊĭİıȘİțȧ· įȜȑȞıį ıȟȞIJȞĮȞıįȑ IJĭİȑȕȞȡİįȠ Ȑ IJĭ-İȘİıȘșȏȠ ȚȨİįȘȠ, ȎȚȚȞıį ıȞ ĭȜıȘĮȟĭİıȘșȧ «ĭʊȞȚȘıȑș», ʊȞȡ İȡȔȔįȜįȨįȘ țį ıȞȜ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȧ ĭȡıȞțĭıȘİțȧ șĭȘ ıȞȜ ĭșȟĭȑȞ ĭıȞțȘİțȧ, șĭȘ ȎȚȚȞıį șȧțțĭıĭ-ĮȘȎııȞȜıįȠ ĭİıȏȟįȠ șĭȘ ȚȨİįȘȠ IJĭȘȜȞțįȜȘșȎ «ȢĭȓĭȚȏ» (Ȅȏʊį ĪșȟȑȚȞ, ǿįȓȏȜıȖȠ) Ȑ «ĭȡıȞĮȖțȘȞȨȟȔȖıȤȜ» įʊȘȢįȘȟȖ-ȝȖ įȑȜĭȘ ƌ žƍƙƈƒƑƌƏ ƂƇſžƎſžƎƆƐƉƙƏ ƑƖƊ ƙƎƖƊ žƀƌƎžƍƖƈƄƐżžƏ ƑƄƏ ƂƎƀžƑƆƇŻƏ ƁƚƊžƉƄƏ (İį İȡȜĮȡĭİțȧ țį ıĭ ȡȣȖȚȎ ʊȞİȞİıȎ ĭȜįȟȔȑĭȠ). ȇȞ șĭȗįİıȩȠ ĭȡıȧ ĭʊȞıįȚįȑ «ȞȝȡȔȧȜȞ» ȔȘĭ ıȞ șįIJȎ-ȚĭȘȞ: ĭȡȝȎȜįȘ ıȞ ʊįȟȘȗȩȟȘȞ șȏȟĮȞȡȠ, įȜȘİȢȨįȘ ıȖȜ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİıȘșȧıȖıĭ șĭȘ ìșĭȗȩȠ ĭȡȝȎȜįȘ ıȖ țȎȕĭ ıȖȠ ĭʊȞİʊȩțįȜȖȠ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭȠì ȚįȘıȞȡȟȔįȑ ĭȜıȘȟȟȞʊȘ-İıȘșȎ İıȖȜ ĭȨȝȖİȖ ıȖȠ ȞȟȔĭȜȘșȐȠ İȨȜȗįİȖȠ ıȞȡ șį-IJĭȚĭȑȞȡ șĭȘ İıȖ ȔȟȐȔȞȟȖ ĭȜĭȜȏȤİȖ ıȤȜ ʊĭȟĭȔȤ-ȔȘșȩȜ țȏİȤȜ. ǹȨİșȞȚĭ ȧțȤȠ țʊȞȟįȑ Ȝĭ ȞĮȖȔȐİįȘ ıȖȜ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȐ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȑĭ İį ȏȜĭȜ țĭșȟȨ șĭȘ İȑ-ȔȞȡȟȞ șȨșȚȞ șįȟĮȞIJȞȟȑĭȠ. ȇȞ șȡȟȘȧıįȟȞ: žƇƙƉƄ ƇƆ žƊ ƂƋžƐƓžƈżƐƂƆ ƉƆž ƇŹƍƌƆž žƊŹƍƑƒƋƄ, ƐƑƄƎƆƀ-ƉźƊƄ ƐƑƌƊ ƇƌƆƊƖƊƆƇƌƍƌƈƆƑƆƇƙ ƂƋžƊƁƎžƍƌƁƆƐƉƙ ƑƄƏ ƇƌƆƊƖƊƆƇŻƏ ƍƈƂƆƌƊƙƑƄƑžƏ, ƁƂƊ ƅž ƁƆžƔƒƅƂż ƌƚƑƂ ƇžƑ’ ƂƈŹƔƆƐƑƌ ƐƂ žƒƑŻ. ȆıȞ ʊįĮȑȞ ıȖȠ ƍƛƈƄƐƄƏ, įʊȘȢįȘȟįȑıĭȘ Ȝĭ ĭȜıȘ-țįıȤʊȘİıȞȨȜ ȞȘ ĮȡİșȞȚȑįȠ İıȖȜ ʊȟĭȔțȎıȤİȖ ıȖȠ ȡʊįȟĭȝȑĭȠ. ȆıȞ ʊȚĭȑİȘȞ ĭȡıȧ șȎȗį țįțȞȜȤțȏȜȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ ȘįȟĭȟȢįȑ ȣȖȚȎ ıȖȜ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘșȐ ʊȞĮȖ-ȔȏıȖİȖ ıȖȠ ȏȟįȡȜĭȠ șĭȘ ıȖ țȎȢȖ ıȤȜ ʊĭıįȜıȩȜ șĭȘ ıȤȜ copyrights· ĮȖțȘȞȡȟȔįȑ ȕȐıȖİȖ ìțįȟȘșȏȠ IJȞȟȏȠ ıįȢȜȖıȐì ȎȚȚȞıį țį ıȖ ĮȘĭIJȐțȘİȖ șĭȘ ıȖ ĮȖțȘȞȡȟȔȑĭ ʊĭȟȞĮȘșȩȜ İıȘȚ șĭȘ ʊȟȞıȨʊȤȜ, ȎȚȚȞıį țį ıȖȜ įș-țįıȎȚȚįȡİȖ ıȤȜ șįȜȩȜ ʊȞȡ ĭIJȐȜįȘ Ȗ ȡʊȞȢȩȟȖİȖ ıȖȠ ĮȖțȧİȘĭȠ ʊĭȘĮįȑĭȠ, ȡȔįȑĭȠ, ĭİIJȎȚȘİȖȠ, ȎȚȚȞıį țį ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐ ʊȟȞȥȧȜıȤȜ ıĭ ȞʊȞȑĭ ĭȜıȘțįıȤʊȑȕȞȡȜ ʊȟȞȓȚȐțĭıĭ ʊȞȡ Ȟ ȑĮȘȞȠ Ȟ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȧȠ ȔįȜȜȎ. ǽĮȘ-ĭȑıįȟȖ țȜįȑĭ ȢȟįȘȎȕįıĭȘ İıĭ ʊȟȞȥȧȜıĭ ıȖȠ «ĭȔȞȟȎȠ» ıȞȡ ʊȞȚȏțȞȡ, ıȖȠ «ĭİIJȎȚįȘĭȠ» șĭȘ ıȖȠ «ĭȜıȘțįıȩʊȘ-İȖȠ ıȖȠ ıȟȞțȞșȟĭıȑĭȠ», ıĭ ȞʊȞȑĭ ĭȜıȘʊȟȞİȤʊįȨȞȡȜ ȏȜĭ ıįȟȎİıȘȞ ʊȞİȞİıȧ İıȞ ǷǺȄ ĭȟșįıȩȜ ȢȤȟȩȜ. ȆıȞ ʊįĮȑȞ ıȖȠ ƆƁƆƌƇƑƄƐżžƏ ʊȟȞȤȗįȑıĭȘ ƉƆž ŹƊƂƒ ƍƎƌƄƀƌƒƉźƊƌƒ ƐƒƀƇźƊƑƎƖƐƄ ƑƖƊ ƒƍžƎƇƑƛƊ Ż ƁƒƊƄƑƆƇƛƊ ƉźƐƖƊ ƍžƎžƀƖƀŻƏ ƐƑž ƔźƎƆž ƉƆžƏ ƆƐƔƊƙƑžƑƄƏ ƉƂƆƌƕƄƓżžƏ. Ǽ ıȎİȖ ĭȡıȐ ʊȟȞȤȗįȑıĭȘ țȏİȤ įȝĭȔȞȟȩȜ șĭȘ İȡȔȢȤȜįȨİįȤȜ, țĭȕȘșȐȠ įșșĭ-ȗȎȟȘİȖȠ șįIJĭȚĭȑȤȜ (șȎʊȞıį șĭȘ țįȔȎȚȤȜ), ȘĮȘȤıȘ-șȞʊȞȑȖİȖȠ Ȑ țĭșȟȞȢȟȧȜȘĭȠ įʊȘȜȞȘșȑĭİȖȠ ĮȖțȧİȘȤȜ İıȞȘȢįȑȤȜ, ĮȘĭȢįȑȟȘİȖȠ ıȤȜ ȚįȔȧțįȜȤȜ «șȧșșȘȜȤȜ ĮĭȜįȑȤȜ», ʊȞȚȨțȞȟIJȖȠ İȡțʊȑįİȖȠ ıȤȜ țįİĭȑȤȜ șĭȘ țȘșȟȩȜ ĭİıȘșȩȜ ıțȖțȎıȤȜ (ȢȟȖțĭıȞĮȧıȖİȖ, IJȞȟȞȚȞȔȑĭ ș.Țʊ.). ȄȟȞȤȗȞȨȜıĭȘ, įʊȑİȖȠ, țȏİȤ ĮȘĭĮȘșĭİȘȩȜ ʊȞȡ įȜȑȞıį ȗȡțȑȕȞȡȜ ıȖȜ ʊȟȤıĭȟȢȘșȐ șįIJĭȚĭȘȞșȟĭıȘșȐ İȡİİȩȟįȡİȖ ìȖ ȞʊȞȑĭ ĮįȜ ȔȑȜį-ıĭȘ İȐțįȟĭ ʊȟȤıȑİıȤȠ țį «ʊįȟȘIJȟȎȝįȘȠ» șĭȘ İıȟĭ-ıȞȨȠ, ĭȜ șĭȘ ĮįȜ ȚįȑʊȞȡȜ șȘ ĭȡıȎ, ĭȚȚȎ țį ȜȞțȘșȞȨȠ ȧȟȞȡȠì, ʊȟȞȔȟȎțțĭıĭ «ĮȘȎİȤİȖȠ» ȡʊįȟȢȟįȤțȏ-ȜȤȜ ȢȤȟȩȜ, șĭȜȧȜįȠ ĮȘįȗȜȞȨȠ «ĮȘșĭȑȞȡ» șĭȘ

șĭ-ȇȟȎʊįȕĭ, ȃȃȆǷ), įȜȩİįȘȠ ĭȜȩıįȟȞȡ ıȨʊȞȡ (ǺǺ, NAFTA) Ȑ ȢĭȚĭȟȏȠ (BRICS, ASEAN), ĮȘĭșȟĭıȘșȏȠ İȡțIJȤȜȑįȠ (ȇȇȅ, CETA, CISA ș.Ȏ.) țį ıȞȡȠ ĭȜıĭȔȤȜȘİțȞȨȠ ıȞȡȠ įȑȜĭȘ ȏȜĭ ʊȟȩıȞ ȘİȢȡȟȧ İıȞȘȢįȑȞ, ʊȞȡ (ȧʊȤȠ IJĭȑȜįıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıĭ ǺȆȄǷ, ıĭ țȏıȟĭ ȔȘĭ ıȖȜ ĭȜįȟȔȑĭ Ȑ ıȖȜ șĭıȎȟıȘİȖ ș.Ȏ.) įİȤıįȟȘșįȨįıĭȘ İıȖ ȚįȘıȞȡȟȔȑĭ ıȞȡ įȗȜȘșȞȨ șȟȎıȞȡȠ șĭȘ ĮȘĭȢȏįıĭȘ ĭșȧțȖ șĭȘ İıȞȡȠ șĭıȩıįȟȞȡȠ șȟȑșȞȡȠ ıȞȡ (ĮȐțȞȘ). ǰȜĭ ĮįȨıįȟȞ İıȞȘȢįȑȞ ìȘİȢȡȟȧ İį ȢȩȟįȠ ȧʊȤȠ Ȗ ǺȚȚȎĮĭì įȑȜĭȘ Ȗ įȝĭȔȞȟȎ ĭʊȧ ȄȄȀ ıȤȜ țįȔȎȚȤȜ ĮȖțȧİȘȤȜ Ȑ ȘĮȘȤıȘșȩȜ įʊȘȢįȘȟȐİįȤȜ țȘĭȠ ȢȩȟĭȠ Ȑ Ȟ ĭȜĭʊȟȞİĭȜĭıȞȚȘİțȧȠ ıȤȜ įȔȢȩȟȘȤȜ ȄȄȀ țį șȏȜıȟȞ ıȘȠ įȝȤİıȟįIJįȑȠ ĮȟĭİıȖȟȘȧıȖıįȠ. ǷʊȧȟȟȞȘĭ ĭȡıȐȠ ıȖȠ ĮįȨıįȟȖȠ ıȎİȖȠ įȑȜĭȘ ȏȜĭ șȟȎıȞȠ-«İȡȚȚȞȔȘșȧȠ șįIJĭȚĭȘȞșȟȎıȖȠ» ʊȞȡ įșIJȟȎȕįȘ țį «ȡȓȟȘĮȘșȧ» ıȟȧʊȞ ıĭ İȡțIJȏȟȞȜıĭ șĭıĭȟȢȎȠ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ ʊȞȡ įIJȞȟțȎ ĭʊȧ ıȖ Ȣȩȟĭ ĭȚȚȎ șĭȘ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ ʊȞȡ ĮȟĭİıȖȟȘȞʊȞȘįȑıĭȘ İį ĭȡıȐȜ (ȧʊȞȘĭ įȗȜȘșȧıȖıĭ șȘ ĭȜ ȏȢįȘ). Ǽ ʊȟȞİȏȔȔȘİȖ ĭȡıȐȠ ıȖȠ ȜȏĭȠ ʊȟĭȔțĭıȘșȧıȖıĭȠ ĭʊĭȘıįȑ İȨȔȢȟȞȜĭ țĭȟȝȘİıȘșȎ įȟȔĭȚįȑĭ șȘ ȧȢȘ ȎșȟȘıȖ ĭȜĭʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐ ıȤȜ ìșĭȘ ʊĭȚĭȘȧıįȟĭ ȚĭȗįțȏȜȤȜì ȗįȤȟȘȩȜ ʊįȟȑ «įȝȎȟıȖİȖȠ» șĭȘ «įȗȜȘșȐȠ ĭȜįȝĭȟıȖİȑĭȠ» Ȑ ʊįȟȑ ȡʊȏȟȓĭİȖȠ ıȞȡ įȗȜȘșȞȨ șȟȎıȞȡȠ ĭʊȧ ıȞ ȡʊįȟįȗȜȘșȧ (İȡȜįʊȩȠ șĭȘ ıȞȡ ıĭȝȘșȞȨ ĭȔȩȜĭ İį įȗȜȘșȧ įʊȑʊįĮȞ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ ȞȡıȞʊȑĭ țȘĭȠ ıĭȡıȧȢȟȞȜȖȠ ĮȘįȗȜȘșȐȠ įȝȏȔįȟİȖȠ). ǷʊĭȘıįȑ ȝįșȎȗĭȟȖ ĭȜıȑȚȖȣȖ ȧİȞȜ ĭIJȞȟȎ ıȞȜ ſžƅƆŹ žƊƑƆƁƎžƐƑƆƇƙ ƔžƎžƇƑŻƎž Ƒƌƚ ƑžƋƆƇŹ ƂƊƆžżƌƒ ƉƍƈƌƇ ƂƋƌƒƐżžƏ Ƒƌ ƌƍƌżƌ ƐƒƀƇƎƌƑƌƚƊ ƂƅƊƆƇƙ ƇƎŹƑƌƏ (ƐƂ ƇƂƊƑƎƆƇƙ ƇžƆ ƑƌƍƆƇƙ ƂƍżƍƂƁƌ) ȶ ƒƍƂƎƂƅƊƆƇƌż ƅƂƐƉƌż, įȜȘĭȑĭ șĭȘ ĭʊȧ įȟȔĭıȘșȐ İșȞʊȘȎ ĭȜıȘʊĭȟȎȗįİȖ țį ıȞȜ ĭİıȘșȧ șȞİțȞʊȞȚȘıȘİțȧ șĭȘ ıȞ İȞȓȘȜȘİțȧ-įȗȜȘșȘİțȧ. ǷʊĭȘıįȑ ıĭȝȘșȐ ĮȘįȗȜȘİıȘșȐ ȞʊıȘșȐ ȔȘĭ ıĭ İȨȔȢȟȞȜĭ įȗȜȘșȎ ʊȟȞȓȚȐțĭıĭ ʊȞȡ ĭȜĭIJȨȞȜıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȞȜ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȧ ıȖȠ įʊȞȢȐȠ țĭȠ Ȑ ȔȘĭ ʊĭȚȘȧıįȟĭ ȎȚȡıĭ ʊȞȡ ĭʊȞșıȞȨȜ Ȝȏĭ ĮȘȎİıĭİȖ İȐțįȟĭ (ʊ.Ȣ. șȞȡȟĮȘșȧ, ʊĭȚĭȘİıȘȜȘĭșȧ, ĭȚȚȎ șĭȘ ʊįȟȘȞȢȩȜ ıȖȠ ǺȡȟȩʊȖȠ, ʊ.Ȣ. ǾĭıĭȚȞȜȑĭ, ȉȩȟĭ ıȤȜ ǸȎİșȤȜ). ȇȞ ĮȘșĭȑȤțĭ İıȖȜ įȗȜȘșȐ ĮȖțȞșȟĭıȘșȐ ĭȡıȞĮȘȎȗįİȖ șĭȘ İıȞȜ ĭȡıȞșĭȗȞȟȘİțȧ ĮȏȜįıĭȘ ʊȘȞ Ȏțįİĭ İıȖȜ įʊȞȢȐ ıȞȡ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘșȞȨ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȞȨ țį ıȞȜ ıĭȝȘșȧ ĮȘįȗȜȘİıȘșȧ ĭȔȩȜĭ įȜȎȜıȘĭ İıȖȜ ĭİıȘșȐ țĭıȘȩȜ. ȄȟȧșįȘıĭȘ ȔȘĭ įȝĭȘȟįıȘșȎ įʊȘșȑȜĮȡȜįȠ ıȎİįȘȠ, ȞȘ ȞʊȞȑįȠ ĭȜĭĮįȘșȜȨȞȜıĭȘ ıȧİȞ İį įșȚȞȔȘșȧ įʊȑʊįĮȞ (ǼȄǷ, ĪĭȚȚȑĭ, ȃȚȚĭȜĮȑĭ ș.Țʊ.) ȧİȞ șĭȘ İį įʊȑʊį-ĮȞ șĭȗȖțįȟȘȜȧıȖıĭȠ, įʊȘĮȟȞȨȜ țĭȕȘșȎ İį ıțȐțĭıĭ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ ıȎȝȖȠ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ȚĭȥșȩȜ İıȟȤțȎıȤȜ (ȧȢȘ țȧȜȞ İį țįİĭȑĭ İıȟȩțĭıĭ ʊȞȡ șĭıĭİıȟȏIJȞȜıĭȘ), șĭȘ ĮįȜ ʊȟȏʊįȘ Ȝĭ ȡʊȞıȘțȩȜıĭȘ ȞȨıį șĭı’ įȚȎȢȘİıȞ. ǷȡıȐ Ȗ ĮįİʊȧȕȞȡİĭ ʊȚįȡȟȎ ıȤȜ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȩȜ ĮȘįȟ-ȔĭİȘȩȜ ĮȘĭʊȚȏșįıĭȘ șĭȘ țį țįȟȘșȏȠ ȎȚȚįȠ İȖțĭȜıȘșȧ-ıĭıįȠ ʊĭȟĭțȏıȟȞȡȠ ȞȘ ȞʊȞȑįȠ įʊȘĮȟȞȨȜ șĭıĭȚȡıȘșȎ İıȞ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȧ ıȞʊȑȞ:

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Ȁį ıȖȜ ĭȜȎȔșȖ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ ȔȘĭ ʊȘȞ ȎțįİȖ-įȜįȟȔȖıȘșȐ įțʊȚȞșȐ İıĭ İȡȜȞȚȘșȎ (șȟĭıȘșȎ) țȏıȟĭ ĮȘĭȢįȑȟȘİȖȠ ıȖȠ șȟȑİȖȠ, İį țȘĭ įʊȞȢȐ ȧʊȞȡ ıĭ ʊȎȜıĭ įȝįȚȑİİȞȜıĭȘ țį ıĭȢȨıĭıȞ ȟȡȗțȧ. Ƿȡıȧ ȞĮȖȔįȑ İį ȏȜĭ ƇƎŹƑƌƏ ƇƌƆƊƌſƌƒƈƂƒƑƆƇƌƚ ƌƈƌƇƈƄƎƖƑƆƐƉƌƚ, İıȞ ȞʊȞȑȞ ĭȜĭȓĭȗțȑȕįıĭȘ Ȗ ȢȟȐİȖ ıȖȠ ȓȑĭȠ (ȎțįİȖȠ Ȑ ȏțțįİȖȠ) șĭıȎ ıȞȡ ȚĭȞȨ, ȡʊȞȓĭȗțȑȕįıĭȘ ĭȜȞȘșıȎ Ȟ șįȜıȟȘșȧȠ İıȖȜ ĭİıȘșȐ ĮȖțȞșȟĭıȑĭ İȢįıȘșȎ ĭȡıȞıįȚȐȠ ȜȞțȞȗįıȘșȧȠ ȟȧȚȞȠ ıȞȡ șȞȘȜȞȓȞȡȚȑȞȡ șĭȘ ȔȑȜįıĭȘ ĭʊȚȩȠ įʊȘșȡȟȤıȘșȧȠ ĭʊȞIJȎİįȤȜ ʊȞȡ ȏȢȞȡȜ ȚȖIJȗįȑ İıĭ ĭĮȘĭIJĭȜȐ șȏȜıȟĭ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȐȠ șĭȘ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐȠ įȝȞȡİȑĭȠ, įȜȩ ʊȞȚȚȏȠ ĭȟțȞĮȘȧıȖıȏȠ ıȞȡ ĭʊȞȟȟȞIJȩȜıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ įșıįȚįİıȘșȐ įȝȞȡİȑĭ (ʊȞȡ șȡȓįȟȜȎ ȧȚȞ șĭȘ ʊȘȞ İȡȢȜȎ țį ʊȟȎȝįȘȠ ȜȞțȞȗįıȘșȞȨ ʊįȟȘįȢȞțȏȜȞȡ, ȡʊȞȡȟȔȘșȏȠ ĭʊȞIJȎİįȘȠ, ʊȟȞįĮȟȘșȎ ĮȘĭıȎȔțĭıĭ)· ȧʊȞȡ ʊȞĮȞʊĭıįȑıĭȘ ìȧıĭȜ ĮįȜ ĭȜĭȗįȤȟįȑıĭȘì ĭșȧțȖ șĭȘ ıȞ ȘİȢȨȞȜ ȆȨȜıĭȔțĭ, ĭȜĭȔȞȟįȨȞȜıĭȘ İį ȡʊȏȟıĭıȞȡȠ ȗįȞȨȠ ȞȘ «ĭȜįȝȎȟıȖıįȠ ĭȟȢȏȠ» șĭȘ ȞȘ ıįȢȜȞșȟȎıįȠ ìʊȞȡ İȡȢȜȎ ĭʊȞĮįȘșȜȨȞȜıĭȘ Ȏțįİĭ ȢįȘȟĭȔȤȔȞȨțįȜȞȘ ĭʊȧ ıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞì șĭȘ ʊȞȚȚĭʊȚĭİȘȎȕȞȜıĭȘ ȞȘ ȀǾȃ ì ʊȞȡ įʊȑİȖȠ șĭıȎ șĭȜȧȜĭ įȑȜĭȘ ȢįȘȟĭȔȤȔȞȨțįȜįȠ ĭʊȧ ıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ.

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Ȁį ıȞȜ șȚȞȜȘİțȧ șĭȘ ıȖȜ ĭʊȧ ıȖ İșȞʊȘȎ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ žƊžƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐƄ ƑƄƏ ƐƔźƐƄƏ ƂƅƊƆƇƌƚ-ƁƆƂƅƊƆƇƌƚ İıȞ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȧ ʊįĮȑȞ, Ȗ ȞʊȞȑĭ ȞĮȖȔįȑ ìȧȢȘ Șİȧțįıȟĭ, ȞȨıį ĭȡıȧțĭıĭì İį ĭȜĭİȡȔșȟȧıȖİȖ ıȧİȞ ıȤȜ įȗȜȞșȟĭıȘșȩȜ șĭȘ ȡʊįȟįȗȜȘșȩȜ ȗįİțȩȜ ȞȟȔȎȜȤİȖȠ ıȖȠ ĭİıȘșȐȠ įȝȞȡİȑĭȠ ȧİȞ șĭȘ ıȖȠ ĮȘĭʊȚȞșȐȠ ıȞȡȠ. ȇĭ ĮȘįȗȜȐ ĮȟȩȜıĭ «ȡʊȞșįȑțįȜĭ» ıȞȡ ĭİıȘșȞȨ șȧİțȞȡ, įȗȜȘșȎ șȟȎıȖ, ȄȄȀ, ȡʊįȟįȗȜȘșȞȑ ȗįİțȞȑ (ǹȁȇ, ȁǷȇȃ, ȄĭȔșȧİțȘĭ

ȔȑȜįıĭȘ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘșȐ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȎ țį ıȖȜ șȟĭıȘșȐ șĭıĭʊȑįİȖ.

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Ȁį ıȖȜ žƊžƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐƄ Ƒƌƒ ƁƆƍƙƈƌƒ ƂƍƆƑŻƎƄƐƄƏ-ƂƈźƀƔƌƒ-ƔƂƆƎžƀƛƀƄƐƄƏ žƍƙ ƑƄ ƉƆž ƇžƆ ƇžƑžƐƑƌƈŻƏ žƍƙ ƑƄƊ ŹƈƈƄ. Ǽ įțʊįȘȟȑĭ ıȤȜ ıįȚįȡıĭȑȤȜ įıȩȜ ĮįȑȢȜįȘ ȧıȘ ȞȘ «ĭİȨțțįıȟįȠ ĭʊįȘȚȏȠ» ȔȘĭ ıȖȜ șĭȗįİıȖșȡȑĭ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȐ ıȎȝȖ ȏȢȞȡȜ ʊȞȚȚĭʊȚĭİȘĭİıįȑ șĭȘ, ȤȠ ĭʊȞıȏȚįİțĭ ıȤȜ ıȎİįȤȜ ʊȞȡ ʊįȟȘȔȟȎIJȖșĭȜ, ȗĭ «ĮȘĭıĭȟȎİİȞȡȜ» ıȞ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİıȘșȧ ıȞʊȑȞ İıȞ țȏȚȚȞȜ. ȋȠ ĭʊȎȜıȖİȖ İį ĭȡıȐ ıȖȜ ıȎİȖ ʊȟȞȤȗįȑıĭȘ Ȗ įIJȘĭȚıȘșȐ ĭȜĭİȡȔșȟȧıȖİȖ ıȞȡ ʊȟȞĭȜĭIJįȟȗȏȜıȞȠ ĮȘʊȧȚȞȡ, țį ıĭȡıȧȢȟȞȜȖ įȜȑİȢȡİȖ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ĮȨȞ ʊȚįȡȟȩȜ ıȞȡ: ĭȜĭȓȎȗțȘİȖ ıȤȜ (șȚĭİȘșȩȜ șĭȘ șȡȟȑȤȠ ȣȖIJȘĭșȩȜ) țȖȢĭȜȘİțȩȜ įȚȏȔȢȞȡ-įʊȘıȐȟȖİȖȠ, ʊȟȞȚȖʊıȘșȐȠ ĭȜȑȢȜįȡİȖȠ șĭȘ șĭıĭİıȞȚȐȠ (ʊȘİıȤıȘșȏȠ șȎȟıįȠ, ȑȢȜȖ İıȞ ĮȘĭĮȑșıȡȞ, șȎțįȟįȠ, ȡʊȞșȚȞʊȏȠ ĮįĮȞțȏȜȤȜ șĭȘ ıȖȚįIJȤȜȘșȩȜ șĭȘ ĮȘĭĮȘșıȡĭșȩȜ įʊȘșȞȘȜȤȜȘȩȜ), ȘİȢȡȟȞʊȞȑȖİȖ ıȤȜ țȖȢĭȜȘİțȩȜ ȢįȘȟĭȔȩȔȖİȖȠ-ʊȞĮȖȔȏıȖİȖȠ (ȀȀǺ, įșșȚȖİȑĭ ș.Țʊ.), ĭʊȧȚȡıȖ ʊȟȞıįȟĭȘȧıȖıĭ İıȖȜ «ĭİIJȎȚįȘĭ» (țį ȓȞȚȘșȧ ʊȟȧİȢȖțĭ ıȖȜ ĭȜıȘțįıȩʊȘİȖ ıȖȠ ıȟȞțȞșȟĭıȑĭȠ Ȑ ıȖȜ «ȎșȟȤȜ»), șĭȘ ȓȏȓĭȘĭ ȔįȜȑșįȡİȖ ıȖȠ ȎȔȟȘĭȠ șĭıĭİıȞȚȐȠ, İıĭĮȘĭșȐ İȨțIJȡİȖ ĭİıȡȜȞțȑĭȠ-İıȟĭıȞȨ-țȡİıȘșȩȜ ȡʊȖȟįİȘȩȜ, İıȟĭıȘȤıȘșȞʊȞȑȖİȖ ıȖȠ ĭİıȡȜȞțȑĭȠ șĭȘ ĭİıȡȜȞțȘșȞʊȞȑȖİȖ ıȞȡ İıȟĭıȞȨ. ȃ ȧȟȞȠ «șȞȘȜȞȓȞȡȚįȡıȘșȧȠ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘİțȧȠ» ĭȜıĭȜĭșȚȎ ĭȡıȐ ıȖȜ įȝȏȚȘȝȖ șĭȘ ĭʊȞıȡʊȩȜįȘ ıȞ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȧ ȔȑȔȜįİȗĭȘ ıȞȡ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȤıȘșȞȨ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȞȨ.

7.

ȀȘĭ țįȔȎȚȖ țįıĭİıȟȞIJȐ ʊĭȟĭıȖȟįȑıĭȘ șĭȘ İıĭ ƇƒƎż-žƎƔž žƐƑƆƇŹ ƆƁƂƌƈƌƀŻƉžƑž, ʊȞȡ ȡʊȞĮȖȚȩȜįȘ ıȖȜ șȟȑİȖ ıȖȠ ĭİıȘșȐȠ ȘĮįȞȚȞȔȑĭȠ șĭȘ ʊįȟȘȞȟȑȕįȘ ıȖȜ įȚ-șıȘșȧıȖıȎ ıȖȠ șĭȘ ıȖȜ ȘșĭȜȧıȖıȎ ıȖȠ Ȝĭ ʊȟȞȓȎȚȚįȘ țȘĭ įȚʊȘĮȞIJȧȟĭ-ȗįıȘșȐ ȓȘȞĭIJȐȔȖİȖ. Ǽ «ĭȧȟĭıȖ ȢįȘȟ» ıȖȠ ĭȔȞȟȎȠ ĭʊȞĮįȑȢıȖșį ĭȜȑșĭȜȖ Ȝĭ ĭʊȞıȟȏȣįȘ ıȖȜ șȟȑİȖ Ȑ Ȝĭ ȞĮȖȔȐİįȘ İį ȡʊȏȟȓĭİȐ ıȖȠ (ȢȟįȘȎİıȖșĭȜ ʊȞȚȚȎ ıȟȘİįșĭıȞțțȨȟȘĭ ĭʊȧ ıȞ «țȘĭȟȧ» șȟȎıȞȠ ȔȘĭ Ȝĭ ĭʊȞIJįȡȢȗįȑ ȏȜĭ ȜȏȞ 1929-33), Ȗ «ʊĭȔșȞİțȘȞʊȞȑ-ȖİȖ» ĮįȜ ȓįȚıȑȤİį ıȖ ȕȤȐ ıȤȜ ʊȞȚȚȩȜ (įʊĭȜȏȟȢį-ıĭȘ Ȟ ȝȞȟșȘİțȏȜȞȠ «ʊȟȞİıĭıįȡıȘİțȧȠ»), Ȟ «įʊȑʊįĮȞȠ ıȎȝȖ șȎȗį ȢȩȟĭȠ, İıȘȠ ȞȚȞșȚȖȟȩİįȘȠ șĭȘ İıȞȡȠ İȡȜĭİʊȘİțȞȨȠ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȑȞȡ.

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Ȁį ıȖȜ șĭȗȞȚȘșȞʊȞȑȖİȖ ıȤȜ įșțįıĭȚȚįȡıȘșȩȜ İȢȏİįȤȜ, Ȗ ȞʊȞȑĭ ȞĮȖȔįȑ șĭȘ İį žƊžƍƎƌƐžƎƉƌƀŻ ƑƖƊ ƉƌƎƓƛƊ ƇƎžƑƆƇƌƉƌƊƌƍƖƈƆžƇŻƏ ƐƒƊƚƓžƊƐƄƏ. ǰıİȘ, ĭʊȧ įșįȑ ʊȞȡ ıȞ ĭİıȘșȧ șȟȎıȞȠ įțIJĭȜȘȕȧıĭȜ ȤȠ «ȞȡĮȏıįȟȞȠ» țȖȢĭȜȘİțȧȠ ʊȞȡ ȏȗįıį ȞȟȗȞȚȞȔȘșȞȨȠ șĭȜȧȜįȠ İıȖȜ ĭȔȞȟȎ, ıȩȟĭ ȡȘȞȗįıįȑ İıȖ ĮȞțȐ șĭȘ İıȖ ȚįȘıȞȡȟȔȑĭ ıȞȡ ıȞȡȠ ĮȘșȞȨȠ ıȖȠ șĭȜȧȜįȠ (ĭʊȞȚȨįȘ ĮȖțȧİȘȞȡȠ ȡʊĭȚȚȐȚȞȡȠ ʊȞȡ ĮįȜ ĭȝȘȞȚȞȔȞȨȜıĭȘ ȗįıȘșȎ, ĭȜıȘțįıȤʊȑȕįȘ ıȖȜ ȡȔįȑĭ șĭȘ ıȖȜ ʊĭȘĮįȑĭ țį ȘĮȘȤıȘșȞȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȎ șȟȘıȐȟȘĭ, įȜİȤțĭıȩȜįȘ șȟȘıȐȟȘĭ șȧİıȞȡȠ-ȤIJȏȚįȘĭȠ İį șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȏȠ ȡʊȖȟįİȑįȠ, ȞȘ ʊȞȚȑıįȠ ȔȑȜȞȜıĭȘ ʊįȚȎıįȠ ș.Ȏ.). Ƿʊȧ įșįȑ ʊȞȡ įțIJĭȜȘȕȧıĭȜ Ȝĭ ʊȟȞİıĭıįȨįȘ șĭȘ ıĭ ĮȘșĭȘȩțĭıĭ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭİȑĭȠ, ıȩȟĭ ʊȟȞȓȎȚȚįȘ ȤȠ ʊȞȚȘȞȟșȖıȘșȧȠ șȟȘȧȠ ıȖȠ įȟȔȞĮȞİȑĭȠ țį ʊȟȧİȢȖțĭ ıȖȜ ʊȟȞİȏȚșȡİȖ įʊįȜĮȨİįȤȜ. Ƿʊȧ įșįȑ ʊȞȡ įțIJĭȜȘȕȧıĭȜ ȤȠ įșIJȟĭİıȐȠ ıȤȜ «ıįİİȎȟȤȜ įȚįȡȗįȟȘȩȜ» (įȚįȨȗįȟȖ ĮȘĭșȑȜȖİȖ șįIJĭȚĭȑȤȜ, įțʊȞȟįȡțȎıȤȜ, ĭȜȗȟȩʊȤȜ, ȡʊȖȟįİȘȩȜ), ıȩȟĭ ʊȟȞȤȗįȑ İȡȢȜȎ ıȞ «ĭȔȞȟȎȕȞȡțį įȗȜȘșȎ», ȡȣȩȜįȘ șĭıȎ ʊįȟȑʊıȤİȖ «ʊȟȞİıĭıįȡıȘșȎ» ıįȑȢȖ Ȑ İıȖȟȑȕįȘ ıȘȠ įȝĭȔȤȔȏȠ. Ƿʊȧ įșįȑ ʊȞȡ įțIJĭȜȘȕȧıĭȜ ȤȠ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȧȠ İį țȘĭ İįȘȟȎ ıȞțįȑȠ Ȑ IJȞȟȏĭȠ İȡȚȚȞȔȘșȩȜ ȡʊȞĮȞțȩȜ, ıȩȟĭ įșȢȤȟįȑ İıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ ĭșȧțĭ șĭȘ ȚįȘıȞȡȟȔȑįȠ ʊȞȡ ĭȜȐșȞȡȜ İıȞ «ȓĭȗȨ șȟȎıȞȠ». ȇȞ ĭİıȘșȧ șȟȎıȞȠ ʊįȟȘİİȧıįȟȞ ĭʊȧ ʊȞıȏ İıȖȜ įʊȞȢȐ țĭȠ įȑȜĭȘ ĭȜȏIJȘșıȞ Ȝĭ țįıĭȟȟȡȗțȘİıįȑ, Ȝĭ «șȡȟȘįȡıįȑ» țį șȞȘȜȞȓȞȡȚįȡıȘșȎ țȏİĭ, Ȝĭ ĮȘįȡșȞȚȨȜįȘ IJȘȚȞȚĭȥșȏȠ ĭȚȚĭȔȏȠ ì ȧʊȞȘĭ șȡȓȏȟȜȖİȖ șȘ ĭȜ ıȞ ĮȘĭȢįȘȟȘİıįȑ.

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Ȁį ıȖȜ ƍƌƈƆƑƆƇŻ-ƇžƑžƍƆƂƐƑƆƇŻ ƍƈƂƒƎŹ ƍƌƒ ƂƉƍƂƎƆźƔƌƒƊ ƌƆ ƍƎƌƖƅƌƚƉƂƊƂƏ žƈƈžƀźƏ ƐƑƄ ƐƔźƐƄ ƇƂƓžƈžżƌƒ-ƂƎƀžƐżžƏ. ǷȡıȐ Ȗ ĮȘȎİıĭİȖ, ĭȝįĮȘȎȚȡıĭ ĮįțȏȜȖ țį ıȖȜ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘșȐ, ʊȟȞȓȎȚȚįȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ ʊȑįİȖ ʊȞȡ ĭİșȞȨȜ Ȗ ĭȜįȟȔȑĭ șĭȘ Ȟ șȑȜĮȡȜȞȠ ĭʊȧȚȡİȖȠ, ȞȘ ĭʊȞȟȟȡȗțȘİțȏȜįȠ įȟȔĭİȘĭșȏȠ İȢȏİįȘȠ șĭȘ Ȗ įȟȔĭİȘĭșȐ ʊįȟȘʊȚȎȜȖİȖ, Ȗ ȡʊįȟįȟȔĭİȑĭ șĭȘ Ȗ ĭʊȧȚȡıȖ ʊȟȞİĭȟțȞȔȐ İıĭ Ȝȏĭ țȏİĭ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ șĭȘ ĭȜıĭȜĭșȚȎıĭȘ įș ıȤȜ ʊȟĭȔțȎıȤȜ șĭȘ İıȞ İȡȜȞȚȘșȧ ʊȞȚȘıȘșȧ ʊįĮȑȞ· ȏıİȘ, ʊȞȡ Ȗ įȟȔȞĮȞıȘșȐ ĮįİʊȞıįȑĭ Ȝĭ

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8.

ŮƌƆƌƑƆƇźƏ ƂżƊžƆ ƌƆ ƉƂƑžſƌƈźƏ ƇžƆ ƐƑƆƏ ƁƆƂƅƊƂżƏ ƇƂ-ƓžƈžƆƌƇƎžƑƆƇźƏ ƐƔźƐƂƆƏ. ť ƑŹƐƄ ƀƆž ƁƆƂƅƊƌƍƌż-ƄƐƄ ȶƂƀƀƂƊŻƏ ƐƑƌƊ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƙ ƇžƆ ƇžƑžƈƒƑƆƇŻ Ƈžƅ’ ƙƈƄ ƑƄƊ ƆƐƑƌƎƆƇŻ Ƒƌƒ ƍƌƎƂżžȶ ƂƋžƇƌƈƌƒ-ƅƂż Ɗž žƍƌƑƂƈƂż ſžƐƆƇŻ ƍžƎŹƉƂƑƎƌ ƑƄƏ žƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƀƎžƉƉŻƏ ƒƍźƎſžƐƄƏ ƑƄƏ ƇƎżƐƄƏ, įȘĮȘșȎ ȡʊȧ ıȞ IJȧȜıȞ ıȤȜ ʊȟȧİȗįıȤȜ ĮȡȜĭıȞıȐıȤȜ ʊȞȡ ʊĭȟȏȢįȘ İıȞ șįIJȎȚĭȘȞ Ȗ Ȝȏĭ įʊȞȢȐ İıȘȠ țįıĭIJȞȟȏȠ, İıȘȠ įʊȘ-șȞȘȜȤȜȑįȠ, İıȖȜ ʊȚȖȟȞIJȞȟȘșȐ șĭȘ ıȤȜ ĭȜĭȔșȩȜ ʊȞȡ ĮȖțȘȞȡȟȔįȑ Ȗ ʊȞȚȡįȗȜȘșȐ ĮȟȎİȖ ıȤȜ ȄȄȀ. ĪȘ’ ĭȡıȧ șĭȘ Ȗ ȏȜıĭȝȖ İıȖ İIJĭȑȟĭ ĮȟȎİȖȠ ıȤȜ ȄȄȀ șȎȗį ȔȤȜȘȎȠ ıȞȡ ʊȚĭȜȐıȖ, Ȗ ĭȨȝȖİȖ ıȖȠ ĮȘĭİȡȜȞȟȘ-ĭșȐȠ ȟȞȐȠ șįIJĭȚĭȑȤȜ, ıȤȜ ȎțįİȤȜ ȝȏȜȤȜ įʊįȜĮȨ-İįȤȜ, ıȞȡ ĮȘįȗȜȞȨȠ įțʊȞȟȑȞȡ ĭȔĭȗȩȜ-ȡʊȖȟįİȘȩȜ, Ȗ įʊȏșıĭİȖ ıȤȜ ĮȘįȗȜȩȜ șįIJĭȚĭȘĭȔȞȟȩȜ, Ȗ ȔȘȔȎȜıȤİȖ ıȖȠ İȖțĭİȑĭȠ ıȤȜ offshore-ȡʊįȟȎșıȘȤȜ ȕȤȜȩȜ, ĭȚȚȎ șĭȘ ȞȘ țįȔȎȚįȠ ĮȘĭİȡȜȞȟȘĭșȏȠ ʊȚȖȗȡİțȘĭșȏȠ ȟȞȏȠ. Ȇį ʊĭȔșȧİțȘȞ įʊȑʊįĮȞ șĭıĭȔȟȎIJȖșĭȜ 43.060 ʊȞȚȡįȗȜȘ-șȏȠ įș ıȤȜ ȞʊȞȑȤȜ ȞȘ 1.318 ĭʊȞıįȚȞȨȜ ıȞȜ ʊȡȟȐȜĭ ıȤȜ ʊȞȚȡİȨȜȗįıȤȜ ȘĮȘȞșıȖİȘȩȜ șĭȘ ĭȜıȘʊȟȞİȤʊįȨ-ȞȡȜ ıȞ 60% ıȤȜ ʊĭȔșȧİțȘȤȜ įİȧĮȤȜ· İıȞ șȏȜıȟȞ ıȞȡ ĮȘșıȨȞȡ ȓȟȑİșȞȜıĭȘ 147 ȄȄȀ, ʊȞȡ įȚȏȔȢȞȡȜ ıȞ 40% ıȖȠ ʊĭȔșȧİțȘĭȠ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȑĭȠ. ǸȏȓĭȘĭ, ȞȘ țȞȟIJȏȠ șĭȘ ȞȘ ȟȡȗțȞȑ țį ıȞȡȠ ȞʊȞȑ-ȞȡȠ įșĮȖȚȩȜįıĭȘ ĭȡıȐ Ȗ ȘİıȞȟȘșȐ ıȎİȖ İȢįıȑȕȞȜıĭȘ țį ıȖȜ įʊȑĮȟĭİȖ ȎȚȚȤȜ, įʊȑİȖȠ įȜĮȞȔįȜȩȜ, ȜȧțȤȜ ıȞȡ șįIJĭȚĭȘȞșȟĭıȘșȞȨ ıȟȧʊȞȡ ʊĭȟĭȔȤȔȐȠ, ȧʊȤȠ ƌ žƊƑžƀƖƊƆƐƉƙƏ ƇžƆ Ƅ žƊƆƐƙƉƂƑƎƄ ƌƆƇƌƊƌƉƆƇŻ-ƍƌ-ƈƆƑƆƇŻ žƊŹƍƑƒƋƄ, Ȗ țȖ įȡȗįȑĭ ĭȜıȘİıȞȑȢȘİȖ ȞȘșȞȜȞțȘ-șȩȜ-ʊȞȚȘıȘșȩȜ ĮȘįȟȔĭİȘȩȜ, Ȗ ȨʊĭȟȝȖ įȗȜȩȜ-șȟĭıȩȜ – ȜȧțȤȜ ʊȞȡ ĭʊȞșıȞȨȜ ŹƈƈƄ ƍƌƆƙƑƄƑž ƇžƆ ƐƄƉž-Ɛżž ƐƂ ƂƍƌƔźƏ ƇƎżƐƄƏ, ƙƍƖƏ Ƅ ƐƄƉƂƎƆƊŻ.

8.ž.

ŭ ƂƊƁƌƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇƙƏ žƊƑžƀƖƊƆƐƉƙƏ ƂƉƓžƊżƃƂƆ źƋžƎƐƄ, ƐƍźƎƊƌƊƑžƏ «ƊŹƎƇƂƏ» ƐƑƄƊ ƍƌƎƂżž ƑƄƏ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƑƆƇŻƏ ƁƆƂƅƊƌƍƌżƄƐƄƏ, ƇƈƌƊżƃƌƊƑžƏ Ƒƌ ƒƓƆƐƑŹƉƂƊƌ ƍƈźƀƉž ƑƄƏ ƇžƆ ƑƎƌƔƌƁƎƌƉƛƊƑžƏ ƉƆž ƍƌƎƂżž žƊžƇžƑžƑŹƋƂƖƊ-žƊžƐƒƀƇƎƙƑƄƐŻƏ Ƒƌƒ. ȇĭ ĮȘĭȟșȐ șĭȘ ʊȞȚȨțȞȟIJĭ İıȘȔțȘȧıȡʊȎ ıȞȡ (ʊ.Ȣ. ȞȘ ĭȜıȘʊĭȟĭȗȏİįȘȠ ǼȄǷ – ȅȤİȑĭȠ – ǾȑȜĭȠ, ȞȘ ĮȘĭțȎȢįȠ șȧİțȞȠ» ıȤȜ ĭİıȩȜ țįȚȚȞȜıȞȚȧȔȤȜ įȑȜĭȘ șȧİțȞȠ ıȟȞțĭșıȘșȩȜ ĭȜȘİȞıȐıȤȜ șĭȘ ȞȘ ʊȟȞIJȐıįȠ ıȤȜ ıį-ȢȜȞȚȞȔȘȩȜ țȞȘȟȎȕȞȡȜ ȢȟȖİțȞȨȠ ȔȘĭ ȜȏįȠ șĭȘȜȞıȞțȑįȠ ĭȚȚȎ ȧȢȘ ȜȏįȠ ȗȏİįȘȠ įȟȔĭİȑĭȠ, ȞȨıį įȚįȡȗįȟȑįȠ șĭȘ ĮȘșĭȘȩțĭıĭ. Ƿȡıȧ ĭİIJĭȚȩȠ ĮįȜ İȖțĭȑȜįȘ ȧıȘ Ȗ ĭİıȘșȐ ȘĮįȞȚȞȔȑĭ ʊĭȟĭȘıįȑıĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıȖȜ ʊȟȞİʊȎȗįȘĭ Ȝĭ ĮȘĭıȡ-ʊȩİįȘ șĭȘ ȗįıȘșȎ įʊȘȢįȘȟȐțĭıĭ, ȞȨıį ʊȤȠ Ȗ șȡȟȘĭȟȢȑĭ ıȖȠ ȏȢįȘ șȚȞȜȘİıįȑ ĮȡȜĭțȘșȎ. Ǽ ʊįȟȘȞȟȘİțȏȜȖ ʊĭȟȏț-ȓĭİȖ-ĭʊȐȢȖİȖ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ-ĭʊįȚįȡȗįȟȤıȘșȐȠ ȘĮį-ȞȚȞȔȑĭȠ įʊȘıȟȏʊįȘ İıȖȜ ĭİıȘșȐ ĭȜıȑȚȖȣȖ Ȝĭ ĭȜĭȜįȩ-ȜįıĭȘ șĭȘ Ȝĭ șȡȟȘĭȟȢįȑ șĭıĭȗȚȘʊıȘșȎ. űƌ ƇƚƎƆƌ ƐŻƉƂƎž ƐƑƄƊ žƐƑƆƇŻ ƆƁƂƌƈƌƀżž ƁƂƊ ƂżƊžƆ Ɗž ƍƂżƐƂƆ ƙƑƆ ƌ ƇžƍƆƑžƈƆƐƉƙƏ ƂżƊžƆ ƌ ƇžƈƚƑƂ-ƎƌƏ ƁƒƊžƑƙƏ ƇƙƐƉƌƏ, žƈƈŹ ƌ ƉƌƊžƁƆƇƙƏ ƁƒƊžƑƙƏ ƇƙƐƉƌƏ, ƐƂ ƐƒƊƁƒžƐƉƙ ƉƂ ƑƄƊ ƂƍƆſƌƈŻ ƑƄƏ ƇžƅƄ-ƉƂƎƆƊƙƑƄƑžƏ Ƒƌƒ Ɠƙſƌƒ. Ǽ ʊįȟȘȓȧȖıȖ «ȇǽȁǷ» ĭȡıȧ ĭșȟȘȓȩȠ įșIJȟȎȕįȘ. ǺʊȑİȖȠ, ȓĭİȘșȧȠ ıȖȠ İıȧȢȞȠ ĮįȜ įȑȜĭȘ Ȝĭ ʊįȑİįȘ ȧıȘ Ȟ șĭʊȘıĭȚȘİțȧȠ įȑȜĭȘ ĭȜȩıįȟȞȠ ıȞȡ șȞțțȞȡȜȘİțȞȨ, ĭȚȚȎ ȧıȘ Ȟ șȞțțȞȡȜȘİțȧȠ įȑȜĭȘ ĭȜȏIJȘ-șıȞȠ (ȔȘĭıȑ ĭȜıȘİıȞȘȢįȑ İį ȎȚȚįȠ įʊȞȢȏȠ, ĮįȜ İȡȜȎĮįȘ țį ıȖ IJȨİȖ ıȞȡ ĭȜȗȟȩʊȞȡ, ĮįȜ ȏȢįȘ ȡʊȞșįȑțįȜȞ țȘĭȠ șĭȘ Ȗ įȟȔĭıȘșȐ ıȎȝȖ įȝĭIJĭȜȑİıȖșį ș.Țʊ.) įȑıį ȧıȘ, ĭȜ șȎʊȞȘȞȠ įʊȘȢįȘȟȐİįȘ Ȝĭ ıȞȜ įIJĭȟțȧİįȘ, įȑȜĭȘ ȜȞțȞıį-ȚįȘĭșȧ Ȝĭ ȞĮȖȔȖȗįȑ İį ȔșȞȡȚȎȔș, ȇİĭȞȡİȏİșȞȡ, ȘİȞ-ʊįĮȤıȘșȐ ȞțȞȘȞțȞȟIJȑĭ ș.Țʊ. ĪȨȟȤ ĭʊ’ ĭȡıȧ ıȞ șįȜıȟȘșȧ țȞıȑȓȞ, ȡIJĭȑȜȞȜıĭȘ șĭȘ ȎȚȚįȠ ĮȨȞ ʊĭȟĭȚȚĭȔȏȠ ıȤȜ șȡȟȑĭȟȢȤȜ ȘĮįȩȜ – țȎ-ȚȘİıĭ, ʊĭȟĭȚȚĭȔȏȠ ʊȞȡ ĮįȜ įșʊȞȟįȨȞȜıĭȘ țȧȜȞ ĭʊȧ ıĭ «ʊȎȜȤ» (ȀȀǺ, įșșȚȖİȑĭ, įșʊĭȘĮįȡıȘșȞȑ ȗįİțȞȑ ș.Țʊ.), ĭȚȚȎ İȡȢȜȎ įșʊȖĮȞȨȜ șĭȘ ĭʊȧ ıĭ șȎıȤ, ȤȠ ȏșIJȟĭİȖ (İȡȢȜȎ ĭșȟĭȑĭ șĭȘ ȡʊįȟĭȜıȘĮȟĭİıȘșȐ) ıȖȠ ıȎİȖȠ İȡȜĮȘĭȚȚĭȔȐȠ įȜıȧȠ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ ıȎȝȖȠ Ȑ ıȖȠ ʊȚĭİıȐȠ İȡȜįȑĮȖİȖȠ șĭȘ ıȖȠ IJįıȘȢȞʊȞȘȖțȏȜȖȠ ʊȟȧİȚȖȣȖȠ ıȖȠ ʊȟĭȔțĭıȘșȧıȖıĭȠ ʊȞȡ ȔįȜȞȨȜ ıȞ ʊȚĭİıȘșȧ șĭȘ ʊȚĭİțĭıȘșȧ ȢȟȐțĭ, Ȟ șȧİțȞȠ ıȖȠ ĮȘĭ-IJȐțȘİȖȠ, ıȤȜ ȟȘȎȚȘıȘ ıȨʊȞȡ «Survivor», ıȖȠ țȧĮĭȠ, ıȖȠ showbiz. Ǽ țȑĭ ȏȢįȘ ıȞ ʊȟȧİȤʊȞ ıȞȡ țįıĭțȞȜıįȟ-ȜȘİțȞȨ, ıȞȡ ĭȔȜȤİıȘșȘİțȞȨ, ıȖȠ șĭıĭșįȟțĭıȘİțȏȜȖȠ șĭȘ ȢȤȟȑȠ ȔįȜȑșįȡİȖ İȡȜįȑĮȖİȖȠ Ȑ ıȖȠ ȢįȘȟĭȔȤȔȞȨ-țįȜȖȠ ȔȜȩİȖȠ ʊȞȡ ĭʊȞĮȑĮįȘ ıȖ IJıȩȢįȘĭ İį ȔȞȜȑĮȘĭ, ıȞȜ ʊȚȞȨıȞ İıȖȜ įȡIJȡǶĭ șĭȘ ıȞȜ ʊȧȚįțȞ İıȖ ĮȐȗįȜ İȡȔșȟȞȡİȘĭșȐ «IJȨİȖ» ıȤȜ ĭȜȗȟȩʊȤȜ. Ǽ ȎȚȚȖ ȏȢįȘ ıȞ ʊȟȧİȤʊȞ ıȞȡ ȗȟȖİșįȡıȘșȞȨ İșȞıĭĮȘİțȞȨ, ıȞȡ ĭȜȞȟȗȞȚȞȔȘİțȞȨ, ıȞȡ ȤIJįȚȘțȘİțȞȨ, ıȞȡ șȞȘȜȤȜȘșȞȨ șĭȜȘȓĭȚȘİțȞȨ, șĭȘ ȓȟȑİșįȘ ȏșIJȟĭİȖ İį įʊȑʊįĮȞ ʊȞȚȘ-ıȘșȐȠ ʊȟĭșʊȞȚȘ-ıȘșȐȠ-İȡțʊįȟȘIJȞȟȎȠ İį ȟįȨțĭıĭ șȞȘȜȤȜȘ-șȞȨ ĭȡıȞțĭıȘİțȞȨ, ȟĭıİȘİțȞȨ, įȗȜȘșȘİțȞȨ, ĭșȟȞĮį-ȝȘȎȠ șĭȘ ȜįȞIJĭİȘİțȞȨ, ʊȞȡ įȜȘİȢȨȞȜıĭȘ ĭȜȖİȡȢȖıȘșȎ șĭȘ įȜıȧȠ ıȖȠ įȟȔĭıȘșȐȠ ıȎȝȖȠ.