An UGC Autonomous Institution
(Approved by AICTE, permanently affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad) (NAAC Accredited Institution with ‘A’ Grade)
Vol. 8 No. 3 July-September 2019 (Special Issue)
ISSN (Online) : 2322-0449
ISSN (
) : 2277-6753
Department of Master of Business Administration
Abstract
Although Artificial intelligence is not something new for us, but the way it grows that scars us. We do not have even a clue about how artificial intelligence will be in the future. In today's world, everything around us becomes smarter and smarter because of the artificial intelligence. For instance, the new generation of cars reflects a clear picture of artificial intelligence. Thereof, each car has GPS to help cars' drivers to reach their destinations. Cars of today, in addition to GPS, have Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors to save the lives of cars' riders. These sensors are existed in for example airbags in case of accident to protect the driver and in front, back frame of the car to warn the driver from close substance the car is going to collide.
On one hand, this paper is concerned with the Artificial Intelligence and the possibilities to transfer AI amongst the nations. A brief history about the evolution of Artificial Intelligence will be discussed. Understanding the Artificial Intelligence, however, is quite complex due to the numerous definitions and illustrations of too many scholars and experts, therefore this article will explain and illustrate the concepts of Artificial Intelligence in easy way so a layman can also absorb and understand the concepts of Artificial Intelligence. On the other hand, technology transfer is complex too; hence this study will identify the concepts and definitions of technology transfer. The deferent types of transferring of new technology will be a part of research to know how we can transfer any kind of Artificial Intelligence from one country to another.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Technology; Transfer; GATT; WTO; Law.
1. Introduction
1.1. Artificial Intelligence
The human being is the most fabulous creature with astounding, complex features which made the human being the exclusive controller of the planet. The intelligence of human is very unique and not comparable to any survivor on the earth. Therefore, unlikely to the other creatures, human has the ability to think inventively and incredibly. It is considered the most intelligent one that ever known. The
* Ph.D. Research Scholar at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India * Assistant Professor at Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand * Assistant Professor at Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand
Technology Transfer Vis-à-vis Artificial Intelligence
– Mr. Abdulrahman Abdo Shawqi Hasan Subih* – Dr. Visitsak Nueangnong**
thing that makes the human being a special survivor is the brain; we have a complex, complicated organ located on our head. The brain has various functions e.g. thinking, memory, feeling, etc. The brain of human being has an extraordinary ability to invent fascinating ideas such as the idea of Artificial Intelligence.
We all know that the human's brain is the most intelligent thing in the universe; in other words, the intelligence of human's brain has created a machine as smart as the human even smarter than the human. The machine intelligence has a unique story which sparked in the last century coincidently with the evolution of computer as the first smartest machine on the world. The conference of science had been playing the most crucial role to develop and enhancing the aspects of our life. Because of an international conference which was conducted in Germany, Dartmouth, the world recognized the most extraordinary field of science which is known Artificial intelligence (AI). The characters of the conference were subsequently, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, Claude Shannon, Herbert Simon, Oliver Selfridge, and Ray Solomonoff who are the fathers of new major of science (Artificial intelligence (AI)). Therefore, at Dartmouth Conference specifically in 1956, they all convened and presented the most astounding science which has not existed ever (Carbonell & Siekmann, (1st ed. 2007)). Since then, the Artificial Intelligence has been growing exponentially. Artificial Intelligence is software program that has ability to write, update, and renew itself (Tuck, 2017). Artificial intelligence is a wide branch of computer sciences. It has a goal to invent a system that can function intelligently and independently. AI system is existed in the most part of our daily lives, for instances, it is part of our cars, laptops, and home's elements etc.
The years of 70s of the 19th century witnessed the tremendous change in the field of AI; exactly in 1973, when Light Hill who is a Britain scientist, professor of applied mathematics at Cambridge, and a former director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough compiled a pessimistic report about developing the idea of Artificial intelligence which in return raised a storm of discussions in the United Kingdom. Light Hill's report was submitted into the Science Research Council of UK. When the report was published, the BBC channel showed a debate from the Royal institution; the speaker of the debate was Sir George Porter (the president of all society & director of the Royal Institution), the guests of the show were Professor Light Hill, and Others, the subject of the debate named as "the general purpose robot is a mirage". George started his speech with a brief introduction on the latest revolution of robots at that time. He introduced the robot Shakey which was developed by the Stanford Research Institute. It was a robot under control of huge computer and directed by radio antenna. On the head of the Shakey, however, there was a television camera to assist him getting visual feedback from the place around the robot. In addition to that, there was a box located on the monitor screen. The analyses of the traces appear on the display of the robot's computer. Those traces continue gathering until shaping an object to enable the robot recognizing it. The British robot has an ability to move boxes by his Pushpa. Shakey has a program to solve various problems automatically.
world; exactly in Saudi Arabia on 25 October 2017 was the first appearance of Sophia. The impressed robot has ability to communicate people surrounded her and has a unique distinction. Sophia's creator David Hanson said "This is historical to be the first robot in the world to be recognized with a citizenship", Sophia said, announcing her new status during the Future Investment Initiative Conference in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Standing behind a podium as she spoke, to all effects, she presented a humanoid form excepting the shimmery metal cap of her head, where hair would be on a human head (Stone, 2017).
We are unable to expect the future of the technology in our world. It grows so fast and rapidly, unstoppably. If we have a look to ourselves and the things that are surrounding us, we will come to know that we are using technology in every single activity. Technology has become part of our daily routine; we cannot get along without technology. It is the octopus which controls us and our life simultaneously.
1.2. Technology Transfer
International Technology Transfer has a crucial role to develop the industries of any nations effectively. Technical development is a vital factor to determine the level of the nation. There are two ways to achieve the technological advancement; first one through engaging in R&D work. And the second one is the purchasing or acquiring of the invented technology from domestic or abroad developers (Technology Transfer).
Technology transfer means the process whereby technology is moved from one physical or geographic location to another for the purpose of application toward an end product. Such transfer of technology can be domestically from one sector or firm to another or, across national boundaries, from one country to another which is known as international technology transfer (Jafarieh, 2001). In other words, Technology Transfer is the mobility of new Technology whether vertically or horizontally. Vertically technology transfer represents a flow of new technology from the research lab to commercialization. To illustrate that vertical technology transfer essentially creates from researchers and research centers such as universities and faculties, research labs, organizations and government agencies of non-profit purpose which perform scientific research and development. Horizontal method of technology transfer, however, can be done by established technology from one operational environment to another, and from the research and development center to business or industrial sectors (vertical technology transfer) (Khan, 2015). Also technology transfer can across the borders of the nations; this type of transfer is known as international technology transfer where the technology transfers through big companies and incorporates from one country to another or from the incorporate to its branches.
2. Objectives of the Study
• To study the Artificial Intelligence' concepts.
• To understand the Artificial Intelligence.
• To identify the conceptual framework of Technology Transfer.
• To study relationship between Technology Transfer and Artificial Intelligence.
3.
Questions of the Study
• What is the conceptual framework of Technology Transfer?
• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Is there a conceptual framework for Technology Transfer?
• Does Technology have a relationship with Artificial Intelligence?
4. Research Methodology
The aspects of the current study is rich of data available online and offline. Therefore, this study used only the secondary method of research and collecting the data. Internet has a massive and untold websites and e-libraries to enrich the study. Offline resources also used to complete this study such as books, journals, and magazines. The researcher collected books from the central library of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
5. Science of Artificial Intelligence: A History
machine with high speed performance; the machine tests all the possibilities that sending Engima can send into the receiving Engima. Alan Turning used the statistics to narrow down the settings and their possibilities. His creative machine had the ability to decipher the messages before reaching into receiving Enigma, so they could understand what was going on the German marine U-Boats and made the necessary action to avoid destroying the supplying ships from the allied countries. This invention saved millions of lives during the Second World War. This was the beginning of Artificial Intelligence era in particular machine learning aspect which is a branch of Artificial Intelligence.
AI first appearance was in the year of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hampshire. Hanover, Gottfried Wilhelm is a German philosopher who in 17th century invented thinking machine's plans through imagining an artificial universal language consisted of symbols, which had ability to stand for things or concepts and rules for logic to manipulate that. A little less than sixty years ago, other scientists namely Norbert Wiener and Gray Walter who developed the concepts of Artificial Intelligence by devising Cybernetics and building robotic tortoises. In addition to the said scientists, Alan Turing is mathematician who created by using a much-discussed imitation game as a yardstick to assess the intelligence of machine. This test is known as (Turing Test for Artificial Intelligence). "that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it"
Fathers of Artificial Intelligence
This quotation said in the Conference of Dartmouth, it was the first spark of Artificial Intelligence revolution. Thereafter, enormous of researchers throughout the world engaged in the field Artificial Intelligence rigorously.
5.1. Definition of Artificial Intelligence
Margaret Rouse put a brief definition to what is called Artificial intelligence (AI), she defined AI as "the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision" (Rouse, 2018). Margaret Rouse defined the processes of training and learning machine as human.
Another definition is what Tochopedia explained the AI, it defined AI as "an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include: Speech recognition, learning, planning, and problem solving." It explained the meaning of AI as branch of computer sciences.
5.2. Understanding the Artificial Intelligence
humans and Artificial Intelligence, we can get a manifest picture about what is Artificial Intelligence. To paraphrase that humans have ability to communicate with each other by speaking and listening the language. Thereof, speaking and listening to any language is called as speech recognition. Speech recognition is based on statistics. Therefore, it is known as statistical learning. On the other hand, human can write and read text of the language this is the field of natural language processing (NLP). Moreover, as human we can see by our eyes and process what we see. This field is of computer vision; computer has vision falls under the symbolic way to process the input information. Furthermore, we recognize the scene around us by our eyes which create images of that thing, this we call it as image processing. This process is not related directly to AI. We can understand our environment and move easily, this aspect is robotics. We can see patterns such as grouping of like objects, this field we call it as field of pattern recognition. Machines are better than us at pattern recognition because they can use more data and dimensions of that data; this is known as field of machine learning. In respect of human brain, our brain is a combination of neurons' network. Neurons help us to lean things around us if it we try to replicate the structure and function of our brain, we might be able to get cognitive capabilities in machines; this is the field of neural networks. But these neural networks are quite complex and deep to understand them. They are used to learn complex and deep things; this is the field of deep learning. There are many types of deep learning in machines. Those types have basically different techniques to replicate what the brain does. If we let our neural network scan images from left to right top to bottom, it is a convolution neural network (CNN). CNN can recognize objects in a scene; this is the way of computer vision to fit in object recognition to be accomplished through AI. We can remember the past for example you remember where you slept yesterday. Because of recurrent our neural network, our memory can remember a limited past (Ramesh, 2017).
AI works through two ways; first one is the symbolic base and second one is the data base. Machine learning is existed in the second side of AI. In this method we have to feed the machine a massive data before it can learn. To illustrate that if we have lots of data for sales versus advertising spend, we can plot that data to see some kind of patterns. If the machine can learn this kind of patterns then it easy for it to make predictions based on what it has learned. As compare with human, human brain can easily recognize one or two even three dimensions. But machine has ability to learn a big number of dimensions and determine patterns. Once the machine learns these patterns, it can make predictions while we cannot. Machine can learn through many ways; supervised learning which is to train the machine an algorithm with data that include the answer and unsupervised learning where you want an answer from machine. Reinforcement learning is to give any algorithm a goal and expect the machine by method of trial-and-error to achieve that goal; an example for that a robot attempts to climb over the wall until it succeeds.
6. International Trade Law and Technology Transfer
(WTO). WTO is the biggest trade organization excited ever globally; the most vital objective of the organization is to make assurance that the international trade has the smoothness, easiness of flow among nations. Approximately, 98% of world's countries are members of WTO. They are 164 according to last statistics of the organization in 30. September 2018. The heart of the WTO is embodied in its agreements which are negotiated, agreed, and ratified by the members. The agreements of it are considered as international trade law; all country members of the organization have to implement the law of the WTO domestically.
The WTO has not excited from vacuum; it has a long history. Uruguay Round had culminated the World Trade; the need of better institutional mechanisms, system to resolve the dispute amongst the country members which was not implemented in GATT. Orin From the very beginning of establishment of WTO specifically in GATT 1947; one of the most discussed area in the last or more thirty years is the issue of transfer of technology amongst member countries of GATT agreement. Though GATT agreement was the most significant international agreement at that time which aimed to reduce the Tariff, the subject of technology transfer was not only part of the debates but a crucial one. In 1995, the GATT agreement was replaced by World Trade Organization (WTO). GATT had no great impact on its members as WTO, the reason behind came back to unavailability of dispute settlement body to control the violation of GATT's members. This was one of the reasons that led to establish the WTO. Transfer of technology is not a new scope for WTO, it occurred before the establishment of the biggest trade organization in the world (WTO). The organization's main aim is to develop its country members through discussing the trade affairs and make solutions for the problems facing the members. Agreements of the organization are the law which is made by the ministerial second yearly conference of the members. The agreements become compulsory to all member countries, if the majority of members agreed. Any agreement has been done in the WTO, it is considered as part of international trade law.
A surprised, confused, and shocked fact about technology transfer and WTO is that although twenty four years have been passed away from the establishment of the World Trade Organization, but the WTO could not set up an agreement on technology transfer. A report after report, year after year have submitted to the organization by the working group on trade and transfer of technology (WGTTT). WTO ministers decided in Doha to establish a working group to examine the issue of technology transfer. A number of provisions in the WTO agreements, however, mention the need for a transfer of technology to take place between developed and developing countries. Furthermore, it is not clear how such a transfer takes place in practice and if specific measures might be taken within the WTO to encourage such flows of technology. Industrialized countries have accumulated technology. This accumulation of the technology effects on the development of third world countries, if that accumulated technology transferred or disseminated to these countries.
7. Technology Transfer (TT) VIS-À-VIS Artificial Intelligence (AI)
each other; i.e. technology of the past we cannot call it as Artificial Intelligence but the technology of today we can call it as AI technology. Artificial Intelligence is an advanced technology; it is a subtype of one type of types of technology which is Information Technology (IT) (figure 1). The progress of IT led to creation the most advanced technology the mankind has known ever which Artificial Intelligence is. Generally, Technology has evolved through two phases of evolutions. The first phase was before inventing the computer machine, and the second phase of evolution has started from the date of inventing the computer machine until the present. The technology of first phase had primitive features of technology, but the second phase of technology has developed the modern features of technology. AI is part of the modern technology of today. The manifest example to differentiate between the old technology and modern technology is the Gym of the past and the Gym of today. The Gym of today includes the technology of Artificial Intelligence, whereas the Gym of yesterday was sort of primitiveness, and did not have any kind of AI technology.
(Figure 1)
Artificial Intelligence is the most important part of technology. Every artificial intelligence is technology, but not every technology is artificial intelligence; to paraphrase that some agricultural technologies do not require of AI to be done.
From the point of view that technology transfer has played an important role to spread out the artificial intelligence globally. Nowadays, we can see lots kinds of AI in most of the nations. Facebook, Twitter, Google, Skype, and What's app etc., are centers of AI. They have already transferred throughout the world. In the industrial sector for instance, the AI is pretty active in the field of technology transfer. Many countries around the world import the AI to manufacture too many kinds of industries. For example, in cars factories, the intelligent machine does the most of work independently. Similarly the nutrition factories depend on the AI for making the products and so on.
technology. First class nations of technology will have it alone, whereas the second and third class nations of technology will enjoy watching them having super advanced technology.
8. Conclusions
Half century ago, Artificial Intelligence did not exist. The world, however, was in chaos, huge destruction. In 1956 the planet witnessed such a new perspective of thinking when fathers of Artificial Intelligence presented a fabulous notion about new science. Since then, the new science (AI) has been growing unstoppably. Now we can talk and listen to the machine, and machine can and listen to us (Speech Recognition). Furthermore, the machine that we created has become more intelligent than us. Therefore, in 2016 something unbelievable happened; the computer defeated alpha go game world's champion. Despite of the fact that today's machine is super intelligent than before. With help of AI one can go anywhere without any difficulties; the language now is not a barrier to communicate with other foreign nationals.
Technology transfer is a way to exchange idea, the know-how, and information amongst nations. It has developed the field of AI positively by sharing the new progress, inventions, innovations, and ideas in between scientists. Technology transfer works together with artificial intelligence to enhance the standards of living. It makes the life easier, faster, and more enjoyable.
9. References
9.1. Books
1. JAIME CARBONELL & JOEG SIEKMANN, 50Years of Artificial Intelligence, SPRINGER, Preface, (1st ed. 2007)
2. HAMID JAFARIEH, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH, UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD, 13, (2001).
3. Owais Hasan Khan, Transfer of Technology Agreement in International Business, 1 GALGOTIAS JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES, (2015)
9.2. Online Sources
1. Jay Tuck, Artificial Intelligence: it will kill us, TEDXHAMBURGSALON, (Feb 27, 2019, 10:37 PM), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrNs0M77Pd4.
2. Zara Stone, Everything You need to know about Sophia, The World's First Robot Citizen, Forbes (official website), https://www.forbes.com/sites/zarastone/2017/11/07/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sophia-the-worlds-first-robot-citizen/#48d9a27946fa, accessed on Saturday, 07/04/2018 3. Margaret Rouse, AI (Artificial Intelligence), TECHTARGET SEARCH ENTERPRISE AI, (Feb 28, 2019,
12:12 AM), https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence.
4. Tochopedia, Techopedia explains Artificial Intelligence (AI), TOCHOPEDIA, , (Feb 28, 2019, 04:12 PM), https://www.techopedia.com/definition/190/artificial-intelligence-ai.
5. Raj Ramesh, What is Artificial Intelligence?, YOUTUBE, (Feb 28, 2019, 11:11 PM), https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ePf9rue1Ao.
