Personality

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Personality

CHAPTER CHAPTER

3

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Learning Objectives

In this chapter, you will:



 _{Understand personality.}_{Understand personality.}



 Discuss and distinguish the important personality theories.Discuss and distinguish the important personality theories.



 Identify factors that determine personality.Identify factors that determine personality.



 Explain the personality traits used in Myers-Briggs typeExplain the personality traits used in Myers-Briggs type indicator and the Big Five model.

indicator and the Big Five model.



 Describe the maor personality attributes influencing !B.Describe the maor personality attributes influencing !B.



 _{Differentiate personality fit in terms of personality"ob fit}_{Differentiate personality fit in terms of personality"ob fit}

and personality"organi#ation fit. and personality"organi#ation fit.

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3.1

3.1 What is Personality

What is Personality

?



_{$ersonality is the sum total of %ays in}

%hich an individual reacts to and

interacts %ith others.

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3.2

3.2 Personality Theories

Personality Theories



 &ype &heory of $ersonality&ype &heory of $ersonality



 &rait &heory of $ersonality&rait &heory of $ersonality



 $sychoanalytic &heory of $ersonality$sychoanalytic &heory of $ersonality



 'ocial (earning &heory of 'ocial (earning &heory of $ersonality$ersonality



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3.2.1

3.2.1 Type Theory of

Type Theory of

Personality



 _&y_{&ype theory relates the}_{pe theory relates the features of face}_{features of face or body to}_{or body to} the personality.

the personality. 

 _E.g_E.g 

 _{-short plum person +endomorph,- slo% steady}_{-short plum person +endomorph,- slo% steady} sociable relaxed and even tempered

sociable relaxed and even tempered 

 _-muscular_{-muscular person}_{person +mesomorph,}_{+mesomorph, noisy}_noisy_{ insensitive}_{insensitive} fond of physical activities

fond of physical activities 

 _{&ype theory is simple and subective but it fails to}_{&ype theory is simple and subective but it fails to} explain the complexities of the personalities.

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3.2.1

3.2.1 Type Theory of

Type Theory of

Personality



 _{$sychologist arl /ung divided all personalities}_{$sychologist arl /ung divided all personalities}

into introvert and extrovert based

into introvert and extrovert based on sociabilityon sociability and interpersonal relationship orientation

and interpersonal relationship orientation

i

innttrroovveerrtt EExxttrroovveerrtt

Introverts

Introverts_{tend to recharge by}_{tend to recharge by}

spending time alone. &hey lose spending time alone. &hey lose energy from being around people energy from being around people for long periods of time

for long periods of time particularly large cro%ds. particularly large cro%ds.

Extroverts

Extroverts_{ gain energy from}_{ gain energy from}

other people. Extroverts actually other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped %hen find their energy is sapped %hen they spend too much time

they spend too much time alone.alone. &hey recharge by being social &hey recharge by being social rreellaaxxeedd !!uut t ssppoo00eenn

p

paassssiioonn ssoocciiaabbllee s

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3.2.1

3.2.1 Type Theory of

Type Theory of

Personality

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3.2.2

3.2.2 Trait Theory of

Trait Theory of

Personality

&r

&rait theory describes personalities by ait theory describes personalities by a set ofa set of features based on the follo%ing1

features based on the follo%ing1



 Determining the basic traits that provide aDetermining the basic traits that provide a meaningful description of personalities. meaningful description of personalities.



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3.2.2

3.2.2 Trait Theory of

Trait Theory of

Personality cont.!

&o assess personality traits t%o methods are &o assess personality traits t%o methods are generally used1

generally used1



 _{'elf-assessment %hereby a person describes}_{'elf-assessment %hereby a person describes}

him2herself by ans%ering a set of 3uestions him2herself by ans%ering a set of 3uestions related to his2her personality or

related to his2her personality or



 'omeone else describes the 'omeone else describes the personalitypersonality

through observation or ans%ering 3uestions through observation or ans%ering 3uestions related to his2her personality.

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3.2.2

3.2.2 Trait Theory of

Trait Theory of

Personality cont.!

*

* set of 3uestionnaire callset of 3uestionnaire calleded personality inventor personality inventory y

is used for this purpose. is used for this purpose.



 It is asset of 3uestions related to the attitudesIt is asset of 3uestions related to the attitudes feelings and behavior

feelings and behavior



 4ating scale is a device for recording udgment4ating scale is a device for recording udgment about

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3.2.3

3.2.3 Psychoanalytic Theory of

Psychoanalytic Theory of

Personality

$sychologist 'igmund Freud suggests that personality is $sychologist 'igmund Freud suggests that personality is composed of three elements1

composed of three elements1 id, ego and super ego.id, ego and super ego.

$ersonality is determined internally in the

$ersonality is determined internally in the in"ivi"ualsin"ivi"uals..



 _{&he id refers exclusively to innate component of}_{&he id refers exclusively to innate component of}

personality inherited at birth. personality inherited at birth.



 &he ego relates to reality&he ego relates to reality..



 _{&he super ego is a set of norms values ethics and}_{&he super ego is a set of norms values ethics and}

attitudes %hich are reasonably compatible %ith the attitudes %hich are reasonably compatible %ith the society.

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3.2.3

3.2.3 Psychoanalytic Theory of

Psychoanalytic Theory of

Personality

P Pssyycchhooaannaallyyttiic c TThheeoorryy ##uussiinneessss$$aann %%rrii$$iinnaall I" I" personality inherited at personality inherited at birth birth

-%ealth parents heredity -%ealth parents heredity -healthy live -healthy live environment environment -dependent since -dependent since childhood childhood

-poor parents heredity -poor parents heredity -unhealthy live

-unhealthy live environment environment -independen

-independent t sincesince childhood childhood E&o E&o reality reality

-ris0 ta0er +normal, -ris0 ta0er +normal, -Independent

-Independent

-stable of emotion -stable of emotion

-4is0 ta0er +abnormal, -4is0 ta0er +abnormal, -independent -independent -unstable of emotion -unstable of emotion 'uper E&o 'uper E&o

norms values ethics norms values ethics and attitudes %hich and attitudes %hich reflected to

reflected to societysociety..

-polite -polite -social -social -persuasion in ma0ing -persuasion in ma0ing decision decision -rude -rude -antisocial -antisocial -aggressive in ma0ing -aggressive in ma0ing decision decision

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3.2.(

'ocial )earnin& Theory

of Personality

'ocial learning theory of personality regards the 'ocial learning theory of personality regards the situation

situation to be an important determinant ofto be an important determinant of behaviour.

behaviour.

)umans learn by direct experience +learning )umans learn by direct experience +learning through reinforcement, and vicarious learning through reinforcement, and vicarious learning +learning by observing,.

+learning by observing,. Eg *

Eg * strict person strict person may be may be regarded differentlyregarded differently %ithin a military setting compered to

%ithin a military setting compered to an officean office setting

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3.2.*

The +u$anistic

pproach

$ersonality is studied %ith

$ersonality is studied %ith emphasis on the person5semphasis on the person5s potentials for

potentials for self-"irection an" free"o$ of choice.self-"irection an" free"o$ of choice.

Using 4oger5s theory personality is explained by loo0ing Using 4oger5s theory personality is explained by loo0ing at t%o

at t%o concepts namelyconcepts namely self and self-actuali#ation. self and self-actuali#ation.



 _{'elf contains ideas perceptions and identity.}_{'elf contains} _{ideas perceptions and identity.}

E.g elegant flexible formal creative innovative E.g elegant flexible formal creative innovative



 _{'elf-actualiation is the basic}_{'elf-actualiation}_{is the basic motivating factor}_{motivating factor}

influencing personality. influencing personality.

E.g professionalism leadership integrity E.g professionalism leadership integrity

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3.3

3.3 Personality

Personality

/eter$inants0 actors



 +ere"ity+ere"ity1 Factors that %ere determined %hen personality1 Factors that %ere determined %hen personality %as first conceived such as physical stature facial

%as first conceived such as physical stature facial attractiveness gender and temperament. It is also attractiveness gender and temperament. It is also influenced by parents.

influenced by parents.



 _{E.g parents ability and talent body features}_{E.g parents ability and talent body features} 

 Environ$ent:Environ$ent: &he culture in %hich %e are raised6 our early&he culture in %hich %e are raised6 our early conditioning6 the norms among our family friends and social conditioning6 the norms among our family friends and social groups6 and other influences that %e experience.

groups6 and other influences that %e experience.



 Eg. Most of uveniles %ho commit crime had pressured byEg. Most of uveniles %ho commit crime had pressured by unstable of family condition.

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3.3

3.3 Personality /eter$inants

Personality /eter$inants



 _'ituation_{'ituation1 Different demands of different situations call}_{1 Different demands of different situations call forth}_forth

different aspects of one5s personality. different aspects of one5s personality.



 _{E.g professionally in office setting vs strict discipline military}_{E.g professionally in office setting vs strict discipline military}

urgency of life and death

urgency of life and death situation among doctors +chaos, vssituation among doctors +chaos, vs regular health chec0ing among patient +calm,

regular health chec0ing among patient +calm,



 _a$ily_{a$ily influences personality %hereby values are inculcated by}_{influences personality %hereby values are inculcated by}

the parents grandparents aunts and uncles as %ell

the parents grandparents aunts and uncles as %ell as siblings.as siblings.



 _{Eg !ld parents are more conservative +moderate and culture}_{Eg !ld parents are}_{more conservative +moderate and culture}

preserve, in molding children5s behavior as compared to preserve, in molding children5s behavior as compared to modern parents %ho are more

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

 'ocial'ocial1 Begins from the initial 1 Begins from the initial contact bet%eencontact bet%een the mother and the infant other members

the mother and the infant other members of theof the family and social groups li0e peers school

family and social groups li0e peers school friends and members of the

friends and members of the %or0 group.%or0 group.



 E.g peer pressure friends and social unustE.g peer pressure friends and social unust

3.3

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3.(

Personality Traits



 _{Personality traits are enduring characteristics}_{Personality traits}_{are enduring characteristics} that describe

that describe an individual5s behaviour. !van individual5s behaviour. !verer the years philosophers and psychologists have the years philosophers and psychologists have tried to isolate personality traits.

tried to isolate personality traits. 

 _{In 789:s *llport identified more than 7;:::}_{In 789:s *llport identified more than 7;:::} traits and since then numerous studies have traits and since then numerous studies have

embar0ed to identify 0ey traits or primary traits. embar0ed to identify 0ey traits or primary traits.

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

 &he hinese have perfected the art of&he hinese have perfected the art of identifying the characteristics of certain identifying the characteristics of certain

animals %hereby people born in the particular animals %hereby people born in the particular year are said to possess the characteristics or year are said to possess the characteristics or personalities of the animals in the hinese

personalities of the animals in the hinese <odiac.

<odiac.



 4ecent researches have condensed these4ecent researches have condensed these into measurable models.

into measurable models.

3.(

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3.(.1

yers-#

ri&&

s Ty

pe

In"icator



 MB&I is personality test that measures fourMB&I is personality test that measures four characteristic and classifies people into 7= characteristic and classifies people into 7= Four dichotomous

Four dichotomous



 _{extroversion vs introversion +E vs I,}_{extroversion vs introversion +E vs I,} 

 sensing vs intuition +' vs >,sensing vs intuition +' vs >,



 thin0ing vs feeling +& vs F,thin0ing vs feeling +& vs F,



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3.(.1

yers-#

ri&&

s Ty

pe

In"icator

%

%hahararactctererisistiticcss //esescrcripipttioion on of tf the he InIn""ivivi"i"uuaall )o% you focus your

)o% you focus your attention

attention

E E

E Exxttrraavveerrssioionn !!uuttggooiningg s soocciiaabblle ae annd ad asssseerrttivivee I

I IInnttrroovveerrssiioonn ?u?uiieet t aannd d sshhyy )o% you collect

)o% you collect information information

'

' ''eennssiinngg $$rraaccttiiccaal l aannd d pprreeffeer r rroouuttiinne e aannd d oorrddeer r FFooccuuss on details

on details >

> IInnttuuiittiioonn 44eelly y oon n uunnccoonnsscciioouus s pprroocceessssees s aannd d lloooo0 0 aatt the @big picture5

the @big picture5 )o% you evaluate

)o% you evaluate information

information

&

& &&hhiinn00iinngg UsUse e rreeaassoon n aannd d llooggiic c tto o hhaannddlle e pprroobblleemmss F

F FFeeeelliinngg 44eelly y oon n tthheeiir r ppeerrssoonnaal l vvaalluuees s aannd d eemmoottiioonnss )o% you orient

)o% you orient

yourself to the outside yourself to the outside %orld

%orld

/

/ //uuddggiinngg AAaannt t ccoonnttrrooll  aannd d pprreeffeer r tthheeiir r %%oorrlld d tto o bbee ordered and structured

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3.(.2

The #i& ive o"el



 penness to experiencepenness to experience1 'omeone %ho has im1 'omeone %ho has imaginationagination sensitivity and curiosity

sensitivity and curiosity



 %onscientiousness%onscientiousness1 'omeone %ho is 1 'omeone %ho is responsibleresponsible dependable persistent and organi#ed.

dependable persistent and organi#ed.



 ExtroversionExtroversion1 'omeone %ho is 1 'omeone %ho is sociable gregariousociable gregarious ands and assertive.

assertive.



 &reea4leness&reea4leness1 'omeone %ho 1 'omeone %ho is good-natured cooperativeis good-natured cooperative and trusting.

and trusting.



 5euroticis$ E$otional sta4ility!5euroticis$ E$otional sta4ility!1 'omeone %ho is calm self-1 'omeone %ho is calm self-confident secure +positive, versus nervous

confident secure +positive, versus nervous depressed anddepressed and insecure +negative,.

insecure +negative,.

  ..

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3.(.2

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3.*

a6or

Personality ttri4utes

Influencin& r&aniational

#ehaviour



 9..7 (ocus of ontrol9..7 (ocus of ontrol

  9..C Machiavellianism9..C Machiavellianism   9..9 'elf-Esteem9..9 'elf-Esteem   9.. 'elf-Monitoring9.. 'elf-Monitoring 

 _{9.. 4is0 &a0ing}_{9.. 4is0 &a0ing} 

 9..= 9..= &&ype * ype * $ersonali$ersonalityty



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3.7

3.7 Personality an" 5ational

Personality an" 5ational

%ulture



_{* study conducted in C=}_*_{study conducted in C= countries found a u}_{countries found a universal}_niversal

pattern of

pattern of sex "ifferencessex "ifferences on the Big Five modelon the Big Five model +osta

+osta &&eerracciarracciano no and and Mcrae Mcrae C::7,.C::7,.



_{* cross-cultural}_*_{cross-cultural study conducted in }_{study conducted in  countries}_countries

validated the Big Five instrument across

validated the Big Five instrument across "iverse"iverse cultures

cultures +'chmitt 4ealo orace0 and *lli0 C::,. +'chmitt 4ealo orace0 and *lli0 C::,.



 _{It is important to note that personality types vary}_{It is important to note that personality types vary}

across cultures as %ell as %ithin the respective across cultures as %ell as %ithin the respective cultures so you

cultures so you can find different types of personalitycan find different types of personality regardless of %hich culture you belong to.

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3.8

3.8 chievin& Personality9

chievin& Personality9

o4 it



 Personality "Personality " 6o4 fit theory 6o4 fit theory is a theory that is a theory that identifies six personality types and proposes identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit bet%een personality type and

that the fit bet%een personality type and occupational environment determines occupational environment determines satisfaction and

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3.8.1

3.8.1 The Personality9o4 it

The Personality9o4 it



 _{/ohn )olland proposed a model of personality"}_{/ohn )olland proposed a model of personality"}

ob fit based on t

ob fit based on the notion of fit behe notion of fit bet%een ant%een an

individual5s personality characteristics and his or individual5s personality characteristics and his or her occupational environment.

her occupational environment.



 _{)olland proposes six personality types namely}_{)olland proposes six personality types namely}

'ocial Enterprising

'ocial Enterprising onventional *onventional *rtisticrtistic 4ealistic and Investigative.

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

 )olland5s Model suggested the )olland5s Model suggested the follo%ing1follo%ing1

 &here are intrinsic differences in personality&here are intrinsic differences in personality among individuals

among individuals

 &here are different types of obs and&here are different types of obs and

 $eople in ob environments that are congruent$eople in ob environments that are congruent %ith their personality types should be more

%ith their personality types should be more satisfied and less li0ely to voluntarily resign satisfied and less li0ely to voluntarily resign +4obbins 788=,.

+4obbins 788=,.

3.8.1

3.8.1 The Personality9o4 it

The Personality9o4 it

cont.!

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3.8.1

3.8.1 The Person9r&aniation

The Person9r&aniation

it

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3.8.1

3.8.1 The Person9r&aniation

The Person9r&aniation

it

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3.8.1

3.8.1 The Person9r&aniation

The Person9r&aniation

it



 $erson"organi#ation fit1 $eople find compatibility at$erson"organi#ation fit1 $eople find compatibility at %or0 %hen their personality matches %ith the

%or0 %hen their personality matches %ith the organi#ation.

organi#ation.



 _{If individuals 0no% their personality +either via MB&I or}_{If individuals 0no% their personality +either via MB&I or}

Big Five, and find a compatible organi#ation given their Big Five, and find a compatible organi#ation given their respective personality

respective personality they %ill find a better fit %ith t they %ill find a better fit %ith thehe organi#ational culture.

organi#ational culture.



 *s for yourself if you are an extrovert %hat 0ind of *s for yourself if you are an extrovert %hat 0ind of organi#ation %ould fit you betterG

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3.;

<alues



 __a_{alues are a}_{lues are a set of beliefs about}_{set of beliefs about particular things}_{particular things} that %e hold as important to us as individuals.

that %e hold as important to us as individuals. 

 _{'uch personal values are reflected in our @value}_{'uch personal values are reflected in our @value} system5. &his system holds our organi#ation of system5. &his system holds our organi#ation of

beliefs relating to our preferred modes of conduct beliefs relating to our preferred modes of conduct or end-states that is the notion of ho% %e %ould or end-states that is the notion of ho% %e %ould li0e to behave and ho% %e %ould li0e things to be. li0e to behave and ho% %e %ould li0e things to be. 

 Ae may have many values but their importanceAe may have many values but their importance to us are relative bet%een each one of the values to us are relative bet%een each one of the values %hich %e hold over time.

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3.;

<alues



 _{&he values %e hold can be divided into t%o}_{&he values %e hold can be divided into t%o}

types1 Instrumental values and terminal values types1 Instrumental values and terminal values %hich can be discussed in the context of

%hich can be discussed in the context of meansmeans and ends.

and ends.

 _{Instru$ental values refer to means by %hich}_{Instru$ental values} _{refer to means by %hich}

%e achieve desired ends. &hey are instruments %e achieve desired ends. &hey are instruments or tools that guide our behaviours or ho% %e act. or tools that guide our behaviours or ho% %e act. For example honesty ambitious loving and

For example honesty ambitious loving and independent.

independent.

 Ter$inal values refer to desired end-states orTer$inal values refer to desired end-states or life goals. For example %orld peace happiness life goals. For example %orld peace happiness

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3.=

<alue %onflicts



 *s humans %e may sha *s humans %e may share common ideas andre common ideas and opinions about the relative importance of the opinions about the relative importance of the things around us. )o%ever %e may hold some things around us. )o%ever %e may hold some values that contradict %ith each other.

values that contradict %ith each other.



 &his is called intrapersonal value conflict.&his is called intrapersonal value conflict.



 )ave you ever had internal conflict about values)ave you ever had internal conflict about values that you hold dearG

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3.1>

alaysian Wor <alues



 $reference for relationships.$reference for relationships.



 &rust and relationship building preserving face @%e5&rust and relationship building preserving face @%e5 orientation team%or0 harmony cooperation and orientation team%or0 harmony cooperation and personali#ed relationships.

personali#ed relationships.



 &he Malaysian %or0force place high premium in&he Malaysian %or0force place high premium in

maintaining relationships in the %or0place. *s such maintaining relationships in the %or0place. *s such

building relationships is seen as an important activity and building relationships is seen as an important activity and is highly valued.

is highly valued.



 Expatriate managers %ho may be more tas0-orientedExpatriate managers %ho may be more tas0-oriented may have to be sensitive to this value if they %ant to get may have to be sensitive to this value if they %ant to get the best out of their Malaysian employees.

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3.1>

alaysian Wor <alues



 $reference for hierarchy$reference for hierarchy..



 4espect for senior2elderly people non-4espect for senior2elderly people

non-assertiveness respect for loyalty status good assertiveness respect for loyalty status good manners and courtesy respect for hierarchy manners and courtesy respect for hierarchy respect for

respect for differences non-aggressivenedifferences non-aggressivenessss status differential and po%er distance.

status differential and po%er distance.



 _{Deference to authority and hierarchy among}_{Deference to authority and hierarchy among the}_the

Malaysian %or0force. Malaysian %or0force.

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

 &herefore in supervisor"subordinate&herefore in supervisor"subordinate

relationships much respect must be sho%n relationships much respect must be sho%n bet%een the boss and the em

bet%een the boss and the employees.ployees.



 _{In Malaysia honorific titles are important}_{In Malaysia honorific titles are important}

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an *merican-based multinationals.

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3.11

3.11 @eview Auestions

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7. Ahat is personalityG 7. Ahat is personalityG

C. Discuss and distinguish the important personality C. Discuss and distinguish the important personality

theories. theories.

9. Ahat determines personalityG 9. Ahat determines personalityG

. Ahat are the maor personality traits used in Myers" . Ahat are the maor personality traits used in Myers"

Briggs type indicator and the Big FiveG Briggs type indicator and the Big FiveG

. )o% can one achieve personality fit in terms of . )o% can one achieve personality fit in terms of

personality"ob fit and personality"organi#ation fitG personality"ob fit and personality"organi#ation fitG =. Ahat are valuesG

=. Ahat are valuesG

;. Ahat are the t%o Malaysian %or0 valuesG ;. Ahat are the t%o Malaysian %or0 valuesG