PARTICLE PHYSICS
A MAJOR DOWNFALL TO RADIOACTIVE
ELEMENTS IS RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
WASTE MATERIAL REMAIN HARMFUL TO
LIVING THINGS FOR UP TO 3 MILLION YEARS.
THEY MUST BE STORED IN A NUCLEAR
GRAVE YARD.
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
GRAVEYARDS MUST ISOLATE AND
CONTAIN THE WASTES FOR AT LEAST 10,000 YEARS.
THEY ARE PLACED IN STAINLESS STEEL
CONTAINERS AND PLACED IN SHAFTS
BELOW THE GROUND UNDER LAYERS OF ROCK THEN CEMENTED SHUT.
RADIATION
AN X-RAY WAS AN ACCIDENTAL
DISCOVERY USING A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT. IT LEFT AN UNEXPLAINED
IMAGE. (BABY NEEDS A NEW PAIR OF SHOES) SO, NUCLEAR RADIATION WAS FIRST
KNOWN AS A “INVISIBLE SOMETHING”.
RADIATION
THE PEOPLE WHO STUMBLED UPON THE
RADIATION
Uranium has sixteen isotopes. All of
the isotopes are radioactive. Uranium
is a heavy, lustrous, silvery-white
metal. It is a bit softer than steel; not
hard enough to scratch glass.
Uranium is of great importance as a
RADIATION
FOUR PRIMARY CHARECTERISTICS OF
RADIATION:
1) IT CAN’T BE SEEN.
2) SOME ARE FLOURESCENT(GLOW). 3) AN ELECTRIC CHARGE CAN BE
DETECTED IN THE AIR.
4) IT DAMAGES CELLS OF LIVING
ORGANISMS.
TYPES OF RADIATION
1) ALPHA PARTICLES: ALPHA PARTICLES
ARE LIKE THE NUCLEUS OF A HELIUM ATOM. THEY HAVE 2 PROTONS AND 2
NEUTRONS. IT HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE.
IT IS THE WEAKEST TYPE OF RADIATION
BUT CAN BURN FLESH.
ALPHA PARTICLES CAN BE STOPPED BY A
ALPHA
ALPHA ARE EMITTED BY RADIOACTIVE
NUCLEI SUCH AS URANIUM OR RADIUM IN A PROCESS KNOWN AS ALPHA DECAY.
ALPHA
CHROMOSOME DAMAGE FROM ALPHA
ALPHA
MOST SMOKE DETECTORS CONTAIN
RADIATION
Americium-241 is made in nuclear reactors,
and is a decay product of plutonium-241.
SMOKE DETECTORS
use the radiation from a
small amount of radioactive material to
detect the presence of smoke or heat
RADIATION
Americium-241, with a half-life of 432
years, decays by emitting alpha particles
and gamma radiation to become
neptunium-237. One gram of
americium oxide provides enough active
material for more than three million
household smoke detectors
.ALPHA
RADON IS ANOTHER COMMON SOURCE
RADIATION
It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless
noble gas. It occurs naturally as an
intermediate step in the normal
radioactive decay through which
thorium and uranium slowly decay
into lead. Under normal conditions,
gaseous and easily inhaled. It is a
health hazard and is the second
most frequent cause of lung cancer,
number one cause among
ALPHA
CURIE DIED OF LEUKEMIA FROM
EXPOSURE OF ALPHA EMITTERS FROM RADIUM AND PERHAPS POLONIUM.
RADIATION
IN 2006, A RUSSIAN SPY WAS POISONED
WITH POLONIUM-210, AN ALPHA EMITTER, AND DIED.
ALPHA
EXAMPLES OF ALPHA EMITTERS: RADIUM,
RADON, URANIUM, THORIUM, POLONIUM, AMERICIUM, AND PLUTONIUM.
TYPES OF RADIATION
2) BETA PARTICLES: BETA PARTICLES ARE
ELECTRONS. THEY ARE NOT THE ELECTRONS THAT SURROUND THE
NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM BUT ELECTRONS THAT FORMED IN THE NUCLEUS WHEN A NEUTRON BREAKS APART.
THEIR PENETRATING POWER IS 100 TIMES
BETA
BETA PARTICLES CAN BE USED TO TREAT
EYE CANCER, BONE CANCER, AND ARE USED AS TRACERS.
BETA
EXAMPLES: HYDROGEN-3 (TRITIUM),
RADIATION
Tritium contains one proton and
two neutrons. Naturally occurring
tritium is extremely rare on Earth,
where trace amounts are formed
by the interaction of the
TYPES OF RADIATION
3) GAMMA RAYS: A HIGH FREQUENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE.
IT IS THE MOST PENETRATING RADIATION. IT CAN PASS THROUGH SEVERAL
CENTIMETERS OF LEAD.
GAMMA
EMR: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OR
LIGHT EMISSIONS. IT IS A VERY SPECIFIC HIGH FREQUENCY SHORT WAVELENGTH AND VERY HIGH ENERGY.
ENERGY THAT TRAVELS AT THE SPEED OF
GAMMA
GOOD AND BAD:
USED TO STERILIZE MEDICAL
EQUIPMENT, KILL BACTERIA IN MEAT,
EGGS, MAINTAIN FRESHNESS. CT SCANS AND RADIATION THERAPY. CAN ALTER
YOUR DNA, CAUSING CANCER AND HEREDITARY DISEASES.
GAMMA
EXAMPLES: TECHNETIUM-99m,
RADIOACTIVE HALF LIFE
HALF-LIFE: THE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR
HALF THE ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT TO DECAY.
RADIOACTIVE HALF LIFE
THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM ELEMENT TO
ELEMENT. SOME TAKE SECONDS.
URANIUM-238 TAKES 4.5 BILLION YEARS. URANIUM WILL DECAY INTO A STABLE
NUCLEAR FISSION
THE SPLITTING OF AN ATOMS NUCLEUS
INTO TWO SMALLER NUCLEI OF APPROX. EQUAL MASS.
AS THEY SPLIT, NEUTRONS ARE
RELEASED CAUSING THE SPLITTING TO CONTINUE- THIS CONTINUOUS FISSION
REACTION IS CALLED A NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION.
NUCLEAR FISSION
BILLIONS OF CHAIN REACTIONS CAN
OCCUR PER SECOND. WHAT DO YOU THINK IS PRODUCED?
HUGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS USE CHAIN
REACTIONS TO PRODUCE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF HEAT & THEN IT’S CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY.
NUCLEAR FUSION
THE JOINING OF TWO ATOMIC NUCLEI OF
SMALLER MASSES TO FORM A SINGLE NUCLEUS OF LARGER MASS.
FUSION IS SOMETIMES REFFERED TO AS
A THERMAL NUCLEAR REACTION. THERMO MEANING HEAT.
TEMPS GREATER THEN 1 MILLION
DEGREES CELSIUS(NOT F) ARE REQUIRED.
NUCLEAR FUSION
AT THESE TEMPS WE HAVE REACHED THE
FOURTH PHASE OF MATTER…. PLASMA.
FUSION RELEASES GREATER ENERGY AND
LESS RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
NUCLEAR FUSION
WHAT TYPE OF CONTAINER CAN HOLD A
REACTION WITH THIS HIGH OF TEMPERATURES?
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE KEEPS
NUCLEAR FUSION
THE SUN FUSES HYDROGEN ATOMS
NUCLEAR WASTES
114 NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN THE US 131 WASTE SITES
THE MAIN STATE IS NEVADA
Most nuclear waste is stockpiled at
nuclear power plants, medical facilities, and military bases. IN 2006 THERE WERE 85 THEFTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
(POSSIBLE DIRTY BOMBS)
NUCLEAR WASTES
YUCCA MOUNTAIN IN NEVADA; 90 MILES
FROM LAS VEGAS WILL BE THE BIGGEST GRAVE YARD IN THE US.
IT WOULD TAKE 100,000 TRUCK LOADS
NUCLEAR WASTES
AS OF TODAY, WE ARE TALKING ABOUT: 52,000 TONS OF SPENT FUEL FROM
REACTORS (COMMERCIAL & DEFENSE)
91 MILLION GALLONS PLUTONIUM WASTE. ½ MILLION TONS OF CONTAMINATED
COMPOUNDS
WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE PERIODIC
TABLE WE CLASSIFIED ELEMENTS.WE PUT THEM IN GROUPS OR FAMILIES WITH
SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES.
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COMPOUNDS
1) ACIDS: ALL ACIDS HAVE CERTAIN
PROPERTIES WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER. (AQUEOUS)
1) SOUR TASTE
2) COLOR CHANGE ON PH PAPER
3) REACT WITH ACTIVE METALS AND
COMPOUNDS
4) REACT WITH BASES TO PRODUCE SALT
AND WATER
5) STRONG ELECTROLYTE, CONDUCTS AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT.
DISSOLVED IN WATER, ACIDS
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COMPOUNDS
ACIDS ARE FOUND IN ASPIRIN, FRUIT,
FERTILIZERS, EXPLOSIVES, AND YOUR STOMACH.
ELECTROLYTE: A SUBSTANCE WHOSE
WATER SOLUTION CONDUCTS AN
COMPOUNDS
2) BASES:
ALL BASES HAVE
CERTAIN PROPERTIES WHEN
DISSOLVED IN WATER.
(AQUEOUS)
COMPOUNDS
3) CHANGE THE COLOR OF A PH
INDICATOR.
4) AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF BASES FEEL
SLIPPERY.
COMPOUNDS
5) STRONG BASES ARE ALSO GOOD
COMPOUNDS
BASES CONTAIN THE HYDROXIDE ION
(OH-). WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER, THIS
IS THE ION THE BASE PRODUCES.
COMPOUNDS
NaOH SODIUM HYDROXIDE IS A STRONG
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COMPOUNDS
NEUTRALIZATION: IF YOU WERE TO MIX
AN ACID AND A BASE: H+ AND AN OH
-WOULD YIELD WATER.
NEUTRALIZATION OF AN ACID AND A
BASE PRODUCES WATER AND A SALT.
HCl + NaOH YIELDS NaCl + H
COMPOUNDS
SOLUTIONS CAN BE VERY ACIDIC OR
STRONG BASES (ALKALINE) OR
SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN (CALLED NEUTRAL).
A SCALE IS USED TO MEASURE THE
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COMPOUNDS
THE pH SCALE ARE NUMBERS FROM 0 TO
14.
SEVEN IS THE MIDDLE OF THE SCALE AND
IS NEUTRAL.
A pH LESS THAN 7 IS AN ACID
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE COMPOUNDS
THAT CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON.
THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS: CO, CO
2, AND
CARBONATES.
ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN THE
ELEMENT CARBON. NOT EVERYTHING THAT CONTAINS THE ELEMENT CARBON IS ALIVE.
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BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS:
1) PROTEINS: POLYMERS FORMED FROM
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CALLED AMINO ACIDS.
POLYMERS ARE LARGE MOLECULES MADE
FROM SMALLER MOLECULES CALLED MONOMERS (A SINGLE UNIT)
THERE ARE MILLIONS OF PROTEINS MADE
FROM ONLY 20 AMINO ACIDS.
PROTEINS MAKE UP MUSCLE,
HEMOGLOBIN, AND ENZYMES.
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TRYPTOPHAN C
11H12N2O2
IT IS AN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID (MUST
BE OBTAINED IN YOUR DIET)
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TRYPTOPHAN IS IN CHOCOLATE, MILK,
AND CHEESE. ONE FUNCTION IS TO PRODUCE SEROTONIN, A
NEUROTRANSMITTER. A DECREASE IN TRYPTOPHAN YIELDS A DECREASE IN
2) NUCLEIC ACIDS: POLYMERS THAT
CONTROL THE ACTIVITIES AND REPRODUCTION OF CELLS.
DNA AND RNA ARE EXAMPLES OF
NUCLEIC ACIDS.
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC
ACIDS ARE MONOMERS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES.
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DNA: CODES AND STORES GENETIC
INFORMATION AND CONTROLS THE PRODUCTION OF RNA.
RNA: CONTROLS THE PRODUCTION OF
PROTEINS.
3) CARBOHYDRATES: SUCROSE,
GLUCOSE AND STARCH…1:2:1 RATIO OF CARBON- HYDROGEN- OXYGEN ATOMS.
C
6H12O6 IS A MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE.
USED IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF ATP FOR ENERGY. PRODUCED BY PLANTS DURING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
4) LIPIDS: FATS AND OILS… SAME
ELEMENTS AS CARBOS, BUT IN DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS AND ARRANGEMENTS.
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ANIMAL FATS ARE SATURATED FATS. OILS
FROM PLANTS ARE UNSATURATED.
TOO MUCH SATURATED FAT CAN CAUSE
HEART DISEASE.
THERMO-CHEMISTRY
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ENERGY FROM
THE SUN, MOST OF THE ENERGY USED IN OUR DAILY LIVES COMES FROM CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
THE COMBUSTION OF GASOLINE,
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THERMO-CHEMISTRY
THERMO-CHEMISTRY
THERMODYNAMICS: THE STUDY OF
ENERGY AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS AND ENERGY CHANGES THAT INVOLVE HEAT, A PORTION OF
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ENERGY
AN EXAMPLE IS OCTANE C8H18
OCTANE IS ONE OF THE MAIN
COMPONENTS OF GASOLINE.
THE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY OF
OCTANE RESULTS FROM THE
ARRANGEMENT OF THE CARBON AND
ENERGY
WHEN GASOLINE BURNS IN A CARS
ENGINE, SOME OF THE OCTANES STORED ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO WORK IN
MOVING THE PISTONS, WHICH ULTIMATELY MOVES THE CAR.
MUCH OF THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF
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ENERGY
A WELL TUNED CAR CAN ONLY CONVERT
ENERGY
WHEN HUMANS BREAK DOWN SUGAR
AND FAT FORMING CO2 AND H2O, THESE EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS GENERATE
ENERGY
THE HUMAN BODY IS PRIMARILY C,H,O,N
WITH TRACE AMOUNTS OF OTHER ELEMENTS.
O: 10 $, C: 18 CENTS, H: 2 $, K: 104 $,
Na: 30 $, Rb: 8 $, AND F: 6 $
ENERGY
THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
TURNING CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY IS 20-40% EFFICIENT.
OUR BODIES ARE 20-30 % EFFICIENT. WE
NEED ~2000 CALORIES PER DAY AND GIVE OFF THE EQUIVALENT OF 100
WATTS OF HEAT PER HOUR.
ENERGY
CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF CALORIES
YOU REQUIRE:
WOMEN: 655 + (4.35 X WEIGHT) + (4.7 X
HEIGHT) – (4.7 X AGE)
MEN: 66 + (6.23 X WEIGHT) + (12.7 X
