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l
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of N
O
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ro
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s
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f
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np
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ri h
al
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et
h
a n e s(
T H
M
s)
a nd h
al
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A
A
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h
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A D / D B P
(
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si
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y
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R
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t
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i
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C
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m
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m
ate
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ay
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E
B C
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ay
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C
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n ad d i
t
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SS C T
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sw
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m
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at
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h
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he
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l
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t
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M
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d
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etw
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l
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r o ug h
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th
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ata
w
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i
m
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(
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r a n ul
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i
v at
ed C
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or e a c
h
t
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ul
at
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si
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h i
sm
et
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i
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T T
H
M
b
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t
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r o ug h
r a ng
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fr o
m
7
3 d
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sto
1 17
d
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sf
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m
i
n ut
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a nd 1 5 1
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cK
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r.D i G i
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w
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em
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r .Si
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r.A i
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l
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ri
sK
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p p
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g
em
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h
a nk y
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C
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y
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ai
t
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ul f
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h
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Jo
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ai
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w
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he
i
rf
ri
e nd
shi p
a nd
ab i l i
t
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t
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T
ab l
e of C
on
t
en
t
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on
P
ag
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0
I
n
t
ro
d
u
ct
i
on
1
2
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M
at
e
ri
al
s an
d
M
et
h
od
s4
2
.1
R S SC T Se
t
-U p
4
2
.2
R
S SC
T
Sc a
l i
ng E q
u at
i
o n s6
2
.3
R S S C T S p
e ci f
i c at
i
o n s7
2
.4
P
r ep
a r at
io n
of
S
ol
ut
i
o n sfo r
C h l
o ri
n at
i
o n of
S
am
p
l
e s1
0
2
.5
C h lo r
i
n ati
o n of S
am
p
le s
1 1
2
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A d
s o rp
t
i
o nI
s ot
h
e rm
s13
2
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A
n al y
si
s of
I
s ot
h
e rm
D
a
t
a
14
2
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L
ogi
st
i
cF
u n ct
io
n15
3
.0
R
es u
l
t
s17
3
.1
F
e ed
W
at
e rC
h
a
r ac t
e ri
st
i
c s17
3
.2
Se a s o n a
l
V
a ria
b i l i
t
y i
nT
O C
a nd U V
B
re
ak
t
hr o u
g h C
u r v e s19
3
.3
S
e a s o n al V
a ria
b i l i
t
y
i
nS D S
-
D
B P
s2 8
3
.4
U
s e of
t
h
eL
og i
sti
cF
u n ct
i
o nt
oD
e s c ri b
eB
r e ak
t
h
r o ug
h
B
eh
a vi
o r4 0
3
.5
U
s e of U
V
B
r e ak
th
r o ug
h C
u r v e st
oE
st
i m
at
eB
r e ak
t
h
r o ug
h C
u r v e sf
o rSD
S
-D B P F
o r
m
at
i
o n4
9
L i
st
of F i g
u
r e sF i
g
u
r eP
ag
e1
S
ch
em
at
i
c of
R
SS C
T
A p p
a r at
u s9
2
C h
e ck
of A
c c u r a cy
of U
V
2 5 4D
at
a20
3
C
om
p
ari
s o n of
T O C B
r e ak
t
h
r o ug
h b
eh
a vi
o rf
o rE B
C
T
of
10
2 1
a n
d
2 0
m
i
nf
o rW
i
nt
e r,S
p
ri
ng
, a nd
S
um
m
e r4
C
om p
a ri
s o n of U
V
2 5 4B
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h b
eh
a vi
o rf
o rE B
C
T
of
1
0
2 3
a n
d 2 0 m i
nf
o rW
i
nt
e r,S p ri
ng
, a nd
S
um
m
e r5
C
om
p
ari
s o n of U V
2 5 4b
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h b
eh
a vi
o r at
10
a nd
2 4
2 0
m
i
nE B
C T f
o rW
i
nt
e r,S
p ri
ng
, a nd S
un
m
i e rR
S SC
T
s6
C
om p
a ri
s o n of
T
O C
a nd
U
V
2 5 4b
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h b
eh
a vi
o rf
o r10
2 6
a
n
d 2 0 m i
nE B C T f
o rW
i
nt
e r,S p
ri
ng
, a nd S
um
m
e r7
C
o r r el
at
i
o n of T O C
c o n c e nt
ra t
i
o nt
oU V
2 5 4f
o rW
i
nt
e r,S p ri
ng
, a nd
2 7
S
um
m
e r at
E
B
C
T
s of
1
0
a nd 2 0
m
i
n ut
e s8
C
om
p
a ri
so n o
f
T
O C
,U
V
25 4,T T H
M
,a
nd H A A
5b
r ea
k
t
h
ro u
g h
2 9
a
t
10 m i
n ut
eE
B
C
T
9
C
om
p
ari
s o n of
T O
C
,U
V
2 5 4,T T
H
M
, a nd
H A A
5b
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h
30
a
t
2 0
m
i
n ut
eE B
C
T
10
C
o r r el
at
i
o n of
T O
C
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o nt
oT T
H
M
f
o rm
at
i
o n at
E B
C T
s3 1
10
a nd 2 0 m i
n1 1
C
o r r el
at
i
o n of T
O C
c o n c e nt
ra t
i
o nt
oH A A
5f
o
rm
at
i
o n at
E B
C
T
s3 1
10
a nd 2 0
m
i
n12
B
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h
of T T
H
M
s a nd
H
A A
5f
o rW
i
nt
e r,1 0
M
i
nE B
C
T
3 3
13
B
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h
of
T T
H
M
s a nd
H
A A
5f
o rW
i
nt
e r,2
0
M
i
nE B
C
T
3 4
14
B
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h
of T T H
M
s a nd H A A
5f
o rS p ri
ng
,10
M
i
nE B C T
3 5
15
B
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h
of T T H
M
s a nd H A A
5f
o rSp ri
ng
,2 0
M
i
nE B C T
3 6
1
6
B
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h
of T T
H
M
s a nd H
A A
5f
o rS
um
m
e r,10
M
i
nE B C T
3 7
18
R
e s ul
t
s of A d
s o rp
ti
o nI
s oth
e rm b
ot t
l
e-p
oin
t
m
et
h
od f
o r4 0
W
i
nte r
,Sp
ri
ng
, a nd Su
m
m
e rf
e ed
w
at
e r s am p l
e s19
L i
n e a riz a
t
io n
of
t
h
el
og i
sti
cf
u n cti
o nto
d
et
e rm i
n e r a nd A
4 1
2
0
C
om p
a ris o n
of A
a nd
r v al
u e sf
o r1
0
a nd
2 0
m
i
nE
B
C T
u si
ng
4 4
W
i
nte r
,S p
ri
ng
, a nd
S
um
m
e rd
ata
2 1
L i
n e a ri
z at
i
o n of l
og i
st
i
cf
u n ct
i
o nt
o ob
t
ai
n r a nd
A
v al
u e s4
5
u s
i
ng U V
2 5 4d
at
a2 2
C
om p
a ri
s o n of
r a nd A
v alu e s
b
a s ed
up
o nT
O C
a nd U V
2 54d
at
a4 6
2 3
C
om p
a ri
s o n of A
a nd
r
v al
u e sf
o r10
a nd 2 0 m i
nE B C T
u
sin
g U
V
2 5 44
7
d
ata
24
C
o r r el
at
i
o n of S
D S
-T T H
M
f
o r
m
ati
o nt
oU V
2 5 44 9
2 5
C
o r r el
ati
o n of
S D S
L i
st
of T
ab l
e sT
ab l
eP
ag
e1
C
ol l
e ct
i
o nD
at
e s of S
e a so
n al S
a
m
p l
e s4
2
P
a r am
ete r s a n
d
C
ol
um
nD
i
m
e n si
o n s u s ed f
o rt
h
e
10
a nd 20
8
m
i
n ut
eE B C T
3
F
e ed
W
at
e rC h
a r a ct
e ri
st
i
c s1
8
4
E
xp
e ri m
e nt
st
oI
n v e st
i
g
at e th
eS
o u r c e of B
r om
i
d
e19
5
R
e s ul
t
s of P
ol y
n om
i
al F
i
t a
nd U
V
2 5 4 c o r r el
at
i
o nm
et
h
od
t
o5 2
Y
i
el
d
e st
i
m
ate
d
s e r vi
c et
i
m
e sf
o rT T
H
M
s1
.0
I
n
t
r od
u
ct i
on
T h
et
re
at
m
e nt
a nd q
u al i
t
y
of d ri
nk i
ng
w
ate r
i
nt
h
eU
ni
t
ed S
t
at
e sh
a sb
e en
u nd
e rp
a rt
i
c ul
a r s c r ut
i
ny
d
uri
ng
t
h
ep
a st t
w
od
e c ad
e s.R
e c e nt
l y
, r eg
ul
at
i
o n sl
i m
i
t
i
ng
t
h
ec o n c e n
t
r at
i
o n of
d
i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nb y
-p
r od
u ct
(
D B F
s)
h
a v e c al l
ed
at t
e nt
i
o nt
ot
h
e n e ed f
o rn e
w
e r,m
o r e ef f
i ci
e nt t
e ch
n ol
og
i
e s.D B F
s a r ef
o rm
ed
w h
e n n at
u r al
o rg
a ni
cm
at te r
(
N O
M
)
i
nt
h
ew
ate r r e a c
t
sw i
t
h
ch l
ori
n e u s ed f
o rt
h
ed i
si
nf
e
ct
i
o
n of d ri
nk i
ng w
a t
e r.T w
og
r o up
s of D
B F
s of p
a rt
i
c ul
a r c o n c e r n a r et
ri h
al
om
et
h
a n e s(
T H
M
s)
a nd
h
al
o a c et
i
c a ci d
s(
H A A
)
.A
c c o rd i
ng
to
St
ag
e1
of
t
h
e
U SE
F
A D i
si
nf
e ct
i
o n/ D i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nB y
-
P
r od
u ct
(
D
/D
B F
)
R
ul
e,p
a s s ed i
nD
e c em
b
e r19 9 8
,t
h
em
a xi
m
um
c o nt
am i
n a nt
l
e v el
(
M
C
L
)
f
o rT
H
M
sh
a sb
e e n r ed
u c ed
f
r om
i
t
sp
r e vi
ou s
l
e v el
of 10 0 n g/ L
t
o8 0 |
x
g/ L
a nd
se t
ar e
g
ul
at
o ry l
i m i
t
of
6 0 ^
i
g
/ L
f
o rH
A A
s.T
h
eU SE F
A
I
nf
o rm
at
i
o nC
ol l
e ct
i
o nR
ul
e(
I C
R
)
w
e nt
i
nt
o ef f
e ct
i
nO
ct
ob
e r of
19 9 6
.T h
eI C R h
ad
t
h
re e
m
aj
o
ra
r ea
s of
st
ud y
:1
)
t
o a s s e s sm
i
c r ob i
al p
at
h
og
e no c c u r r e n c e s
;
2
)
t
om
o ni
to r
D B F p
r e c u r s o r(
N O
M )
r em
o v al
a nd
D B F
f
o rm
at
i
o ni
n o rd
e rto
e
v al
u at
et
h
e r el
at
i
o n shi
p b
et
w
e e n o v e r al l w
ate r
q
u al i
t
y
a nd D
B F
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s;
a nd 3
)
to
c o nd
u ct
p i l
ot
-s c a
l
e o rb
e n ch
-s c a
l
e
stu
d i
e s of
ei
t
h
e rg
r an
ul
a ra
ct
i
v at
ed
c a rb
o n(
G A C
)
a
d
s o rp
t
i
o n o rm
em
b
r a n e s ep
a r at
i
o nt
o a s s e s st
h
em
o st
e c o n om i
c al m
et
h
od
of
c o nt
r ol l i
ng
D B
F p
r e c u r s o r s.T
h
eI C R
r eq
ui
r e sth
at
w
at
e ru t
i l i
t
i
e s
s e r vi
ng 10 0
,
00 0
to
50 0
,0 0 0 p
e op l
ea n
d h
a vi
ng
a n a v e r ag
ei
nf l
u e nt t
ot
al
o rg
a
ni
c c a rb
o n(
T O C
)
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o no
f 4
m
g / L
o rg
r e at
e ri
nt
h
e r aw
s u rf
a ce
w
at
e r
m
us
t
co
nd
u ct
p i l
ot
-s c a
l
eo
rb
e nc
h
-s c al
e st
ud i
e s of G A C
o r n a n o
f il
t
r ati
o n o v e r ao
n e-y
e a rp
eri
od i
n19 9 8
.D
u et
ot
h
e s ea
s o n al
v ari
at
i
o n of
T
O C
l
e ve
l
s a nd
t
h
e s ub
s eq
u en
t
ef f
ec t
o nD B F f
o rm
at
i
o
n ,t
h
e s e ut
i
l
i
t
i
e sm
u st
c on
d
u ct
o n et
e st
p
e r s e a so
n .T h
ed
at
ai
nt
h
i
s r ep
o rt
r ef
l
e ct t
h
e r e s ul
t
s of
t
h
eW
i
nt
e rs a
m
p l
e s c ol l
e ct
ed f
r om
t
h
eP
.O
.H
of f
e rp l
a nt
i
nF
ay
et t
e vi l l
e,N
o rt
h C
a r ol i
n a.A
R S S C T
(
R
ap i d S
m
al l
-S
c a
l
eC
ol
um
nT
e st
)
w
a s c o nd
u ct
ed i
nth
eF
al l
;
h
ow
e v e rd
u et
ot
i
m
ec o n s
t
r ai
nt
s,th
ed
at
a a r e n ot
p
r e s e nt
ed i
nth i
s r ep
o rt
.T h
eE P
A
-I C R
f
o rb
e n ch
s c al
e a nd
p
i l
ot
s c al
e st
ud
i
e s(
W
e st
ri
ck
,19 9
6
)
h
a sa
p p
r o v ed
of
t
h
e r ap i d
sm
al l
-s c al
e c ol
um
nt
e st
(
R
S S C
T
)
f
o rb
e n ch
s c al
e ap p
l i
c at
i
o n .B
e nc
h
-s
c
a
l
es t
ud ie s
h
a
ve s e
ve r a
l
a
d
va
nt a
g
es o
ve
rp i l
o
t
s c a
l
e st
ud i
e s
,t
h
e
m
o st
i
m
p
o
rt
a
nt
o n e
b
ei
ng
c o st
.I
t
h
a sb
e e n e st
i m
at
ed
t
h
at
ap
i l
ot
s c al
e st
ud
y
c a n c o st
up
t
o$
7 5 0
,0 0 0
a nd
r e
q
ui
r e al
a rg
e r st
af
f f
o rm
o
ni
t
o ri
ng
(
K
r a s n e r,1
9 9 5
)
.A
b
e n ch
-
s
c al
e st
ud
y
,h
ow
e v e r,r e
q
ui
r e s am
u ch
sm
al l
e r st
af f
a nd
c a n of
t
e nb
e c o nd
u ct
ed i
n af
r a cti
o n of
t
h
eti
m
et
h
at
ap i
l
ot
s c al
e r eq
ui
r e s.I
n c om p l i
a n c ew
it
h
t
h
eI
C R
r eg
ul
ati
o n s, st
ud i
e s a r et
ob
e c o nd
u ct
ed
e v e r
y
s e a s o n.T h i
si
s e as
i
e rw
it
h
th
eb
e n ch
-s c a
l
e st
ud
y
d
u et o
q
ui
ck
st
a rt
-u
p
a nd
s
h
ut
d
ow
n .T h
eR
S S C T
c a n al
s ob
e c o nd
u ct
ed
aw
ay f
r om
t
h
ew
at
e r uti
l
it
y
,t
h
e r eb y
m
ak i
ng
sp
a c e a nd
st
o r ag
e c o n c e r n s vi
rt
u al
l
y
n o n e xi
st
e nt
f
o rth
e ut
i l i
t
y
.H
ow
e v e r, ac o n c e r n o v e r
t
h
ei
nt
e rp
r et
ati
o n of b
e n ch
-s c al
e st
ud y
r e s ul
t
sh
a sl i m it
ed
t
h
e u s e of
t
h
em
.P
i l
ot
- s c al
e st
ud
y
r e s ul
t
s a r eb
el i
e v ed
t
ob
e e a si
e rt
o ap p l y
t
o af
ul
l
-s c a
l
e op
e r at
i
o ni
nt
e rm
s of p
e rf
o rm
a n c e e v alu
at
i
o n a nd
c o st
e st
i m
at
i
o n .T h
ed
at
ap
r e s e nt
ed i
nt
h i
s r ep
o rt
a r ef
r om b
e n ch
-s c al
e st
ud i
e s of G A C f
o rt
h
ew
at
e r s up p l y
of
F
ay
et t
e vi l l
e,N
o rth C
a r ol i
n a.T
h i
sw
o rk w
a s s ub
c o nt
r a ct
ed b
y
C
am
p
,D
r e s s e r,&
M
cK
e et
ot
h
eU
ni
v e r sit
y
of
N
o rt
h C
a r ol i
n a.S
e v e r al i m p
o rt
a nt
ad d it
i
o n sw
e r em
ad
et
oth
eR
S SC
T
p
r ot
oc
ol
t
oi
n c r e a s et
h
e v al
u e of
t
h
ed
at
a.F i
r st
, a
d
s o rp
t
i
o ni
s ot
h
e rm
sw
e r em
e a s u r ed f
o r s e a s o n al
s am p l
e st
o a s s e s st
h
e v a ri
ab i
l
i
t
y i
nN O
M
ad
s o rp
t
i
o n.S
e c o nd
,t
h
ei
s oth
e rm
r e s ul
t
sw
e r e u s ed i
nt
h
el
og
i
st
i
cf
u n ct
i
o nm
od
el
t
od
e s c ri
b
eth
et
h
r e e s e a s o n s of d
at
a,t
h
e s e a s o n al
v a ri
ab i l i
t
y w
a s e v al
u at
ed
.T h i
rd
,m
et
h
od
sw
e r ee x
p l
o r ed b
y w
h i
ch
c om m
o n s u r r og
ate s o
f N O
M
b
r e ak
t
h
r o ug h
(
t
ot
al
o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o n a nd
U V
ab
s o rb
a n c e at
2
5
4
nm
)
c o ul d b
e u s ed
t
op
r ed i
ct t
h
e s e r vi
c et
i
m
e of
t
h
eG A
C
,b
a s ed
2
.0
M
at
e
ri
als a
n
d
M
et
h
od
s
2
.1 R S S C T S
e
t
-U
p
T h
ew
at
e r u s ed i
nt
h
i
s st
ud y
w
a s c ol l
e ct
ed f
r om
t
h
eP
.O
.H
of f
e rW
at
e rT
r ea t
m
e nt
P
l
a nt
in
F
ay
e t t e
vi l l
e,N
o rt
h C
a r ol
i
n a.T
h
ew
at
e rw
as
c ol l
e
ct
ed f
r om
t
h
e ef fl
u e nt e
nd
of
t
he
s ed i
m
e nt
at
i
o nb
a si
n s,b
ef
o r e ch l
o ri
n at
i
o n a nd f i l
t
r at
io n
.T h i
sw
a sd
o n ei
n o rd
e rf
o rc
hl
o ri
n at i
o nt
ob
ep
e rf
o rm
ed i
nt
h
el
ab
o r at
o ry
t
o a ch
i
e v e si
m
ul
at
ed
d
i
st
ri
b
ut
i
o n sy
st
em
(
SD
S
)
co
nd i
t
io n s
.T
h
eSD S
c o nd i
t
i
o n s,w
h i
ch i
n cl
ud
et
em
p
e r at
u re
,d
e si
r ed
ch
l
o rin e
r e s
i d
u al
, a nd i
n c ub
at
i
o nt
i
m
e,de
t
e rm
i
n et
h
ef
o rm
at
i
o n of d i
sin
fe c
t
i
o nb y
-p
r od
uc t
s(
D
B
P
s)
f
r om
t
h
eD
B
P p
r e c u r s o r s r em
a
i
ni
ng i
nt
h
ep
r odu c
t
w
at
e r of
t
h
eG A C
c o nt
a
ct
o ru s e
d i
nt
h
eR SS C T
.G
r ab
s am
p
l
e sw
e r et
ak
e n o n ce
d
u ri
ng
e a ch
c al
e nd
a r s e a s o nt
h
r o ug
h
o ut
19 9 8
.T h
es a
m
p
l
e sw
e r e c ol l
e ct
ed b y
si
p
h
o ni
ng w
at
e ri
nt
o30
-g
al l
o np
l
a st
i
cdr u
m
s.T h
e s eb
a r r el
sw
e r et
h
e nd
el i
v e r ed
t
oU N C
-C h
ap
el H i l l
a nd
st
o re
d
at
5
°C
u nti l
u s e.T h
ed
at
e so
f
s a
m
p
l
e c ol l
e ct
i
o n a r el i
st
ed
in
t
he
T
ab
l
e1
.T
a
b l
e1
-C
ol le
c
ti
o n
D
at
e s of S
e a s on
al Sa
m
p l
e sSe
a
s on
W
i
nt
e rSp
ri
ng
S
um
m
e rF
al l
D
at
eS
am
p l
e
C
ol l
e ct
ed
3/
16 /9 8
5/
18 /9 8
8/
1
1/ 9 8
1 1/
15 / 9 8
A
c c o rd i
ng
t
oE P A
-I C R p
r o c ed
u r e s, al l f
e ed w
at
e r u s ed i
nt
h
eR S S C T
w
a sfi l
t
e r ed
b
o nd
ed
c el l
ul
o s e c art
ri d g
ef i l
t
e r(
A
m
et
e xM
od
el R B I
,C
ol
e-
P
a rm
e r,
V
e r n o n ,D l i
n oi
s)
.H
ow
e v e r, af
t
e r c o nd
u ct
i
ng R S S C T
sf
o rt
h
eW
i
nt
e r a nd Sp
ri
ng
e xp
e ri m
e nt
s,i
t
w
a sf
o u nd
t
h
at t
h
ef
il
t
e rw
a sm
o st
l i k
el
y l
e a ch i
ng b
r om
i d
ei
nt
ot
h
ef
e ed
w
at
e r.T
h
e c o n s eq
u e n c e s of
th i
sl
e a ch
i
ng
w i l
l b
ed i
s c u s s ed
i
nt
h
eR
e s ul
t
s s e ct
i
o n .F
o rt
h
eS
um
m
e r a nd
F
al l
s am
p
l
e s,a
1
-^
i
m
g l
a s sf
ib
e rf
il
t
e r(
M
S
I
g l
a s sf
il
t
e r,1
.0
|
x
m
,C
ol
e -P
am
e r,
V
e r n o n ,D
l i
n oi
s)
w
a su s e
d
t
op
r e-t
r e at t
h
ei
nf l
u e nt
.B
ef
o r e u s e,t
h
efi l
t
e rw
a s ri
n s ed
w
i
t
h
o rg
a ni
c -f
r e e,
d
ei
o ni
z ed
w
at
e r(
O F
D
W
)
p
r ep
a r ed b
y
aD
r a c o r(
D
u rh
am
,N
ort
h
C
a r ol i
n a)
sy
st
em
f
r om
t
ap w
at
e r.T h
ef
e ed
w
at
e rw
a s al l
ow
ed
t
ow
a rm
t
o ro
om
t
em
p
e r at
u r eb
ef
o r ef i l
t
r at
i
o n .T h
eR
S SC
T
i
sb
a s ed
o n u si
ng
a sm
al l
e rp
art
i
cl
e si
z e of G
A
C
t
h
a n c om
m
e r ci
al l y
a v a
i l
ab l
e.T
h
e1
2
x4
0 U
.S
. st
ei nd
a rd
si
e v e si
z e of G A C
(
C
al g
o nF
4 0 0
)
w
a s c r us
h
ed
u s
i
ng
ab
a
l l
m
i l l
c r u sh
e r a nd
t
h
e80
x1
(X) U
.S
. si
e
v e si
z ef
ra
ct
i
o n(
0
.16
-
m
m
m
e a n
g
e om
et
ri
cd i
am
et
e r)
w
a s r e s e r v ed f
o rt
h
eR
SSC T
.T h
ef
r a ct
i
o n of G A C
w
a s ri
n s ed
w
i
t
h
d
ei
o ni
z ed
w
at
e r a nd fi
n ep
art
i
cl
e sw
e r ed
e c a nt
ed
.R i
n si
ng
w
a s r ep
e a t
ed
u nt
i l
t
h
e
s u
p
e r n at
a nt
w
a s c o n si
st
e nt
l y
c
l
e a r.T
h
eG A C
w
a s t
h
e np l
a c ed
i
n afi l
t
e ri
ng fl
a sk
a nd
d
ei
o ni
z ed w
at
e rw
a s ad d
ed
t
oa
l
e v el
of 2
cm
ab
o v et
h
eG
A
C
s u rf
a c e.T
h
eG A C
w
a st
h
e nd
e a e r at
ed
b
y
v a c u um
o ve
rn
i
g
h
t t
o a v oi d
th
e r el
e a s e of
ai
rb
ubb
l
e si
nt
ot
h
eR S SC
T
c o
l
um
n .A f
t
e rd
e a e r at
i
o n ,th
e c a rb
o nw
a st
h
e n ad
d
ed
a s sl
u r ry
t
ot
h
eR
S S
C
T
c ol
um
n .T
h
e c ol
um
nw
a st
h
e
n al l
ow
ed
t
o op
e r at
e o v e r ni g h
t w
i
t
h d
ei
o ni
z ed
w
at
e ri
n o rd
e rt
o ch
e ck
2
.2
R S
S C T S
c al i
n
g E q
u
at
i
on
sT h
eb
a si
sf
o rth
eb
e n ch
s c al
et
e st
a s ub
st
a nti
al
r ed
u ct
i
o ni
nt
h
et
i
m
e n e ed
ed
f
o r ag
i
v e n ef f
l
u e nt
T O
C
r el
at
i
v et
o af
ul l
-s c a
l
e sy
st
em
:E B
C T
g s=
E B
C T
p s(
1
)
i
nw
h i
ch d i
st
h
ep
a rt
i
cl
ed i
am
et
e r,X i
s ap
a r am
et
e r a c c o u nti
ng
f
o rt h
ed
ep
e nd
e n cy
of
d
i f
f
u si
vi
t
y
of
D
B P
p
r e c u r s o r s o nG
A
C p
a rt
i
cl
ed
i
am
et
e r,E
B
C T i
s em
p
t
y
b
ed
c o nt
a ct
t
i m
e, a nd
t
h
e s ub
s c ri p
t
sB S
a nd
F
S
r ef
e rt
ob
e n ch
-s c a
l
e a nd f
ul l
-s c al
e,
h
it
h
i
s eq
u at
i
o n ,t
h
e
v al
u e of X h
a sb
e e n sh
ow
nt o
b
e ap p
r o xi
m
at
el y 1
(
S
um
m
e r s et
al
,1
9 9 5
)
.T
h
u s,t
h
eR S SC
T
p
e rm i
t
sm
e a s u r em
e nt
of
th
eb
r e ak
th
r o ug h
c u r v ei
na
m
u ch
sh
o rt
e rt
i
m
et
h
a nf
ul l
-s c a
l
e e xp
e ri
m
e nt
sb
e c a u s et
h
e
c o nt
a ct t
i
m
ei
s sh
o rt
e r.T
h
eR
S
S C
T
b
r e ak
t
h
r o ug
h
c u r v ei
st
h
e n s c al
ed
up
a c c o rd i
ng
t
ot
h
e
p
ri
n ci p l
e of
a 'c o n st
a nt
w
a ve
p
at t
e r n ',
m
e a ni
ng
t
h
at t
h
es
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