A B S T R A C T
N
i
ch
ol
a sD
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W
at
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A f
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rQ
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U
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i
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r.J
a cq
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a cD
o n al d G i b
s o n)
T h
em
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th
eC
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A
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St
at
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t
h
eG
ul f
(
G C C
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a v es u c c e s s
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at
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r ob
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at
i
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io n s
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g
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n st
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th
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at
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te n s
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oll
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at
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t
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bu
D h
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r ab
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m
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ow
ch
a ng
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t
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O
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s.T A B L E O F C O
N
T EN
T
S
IN
T R
O
D
U C
T I
O N
1
H i
st
o ri
c al
W
at
e rS
up p l i
e s a nd
U
s e si
nt
h
eU A E
2
Cu r r e n
t
W
at
e rS
up p
l
y
a nd S
o u r c e s4
W
at
e rL
o s sf
r om
D i
st
ri b
ut
i
o nS
e ct
o r6
D
om
e st i
cS
e ct
o r7
W
at
e rT
a ri
ff
s7
P
op
ula
t i
o nG
r ow
t
h
9
P
r e vi
o u sS
tu
d
i
e s of
t
h
eE f f
e ct
s of D
e s al i
n at
i
o n o nA
m b
i
e nt
A i
rQ
u al i
t
y
1 0
M
E T H
OD S
1 3
D
em
a nd
a nd P
ri
c e2 0
Co n s u
m
e rV
al
u e of
W
at
e r2
5
W
at
e rL
o st
i
nD i
st
ri
b
ut
i
o nS y
st
em
s2 6
P
r od
uc t
i
o n(
E
n e rg y C
o n s um p
t i
o n of
D
e s ah
n at
i
o nP
la
n
t
)
2 7
M
ul
ti
st
ag
eF
la s
h
(
M
SF
)
2 8
M
ul
ti
-E
f f
e ct
D i
st
i
l l
at
i
o n(
M
E
D
)
2 9
R
e v e r s eO
sm
o si
s(
R O
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3 0
E
n e rg
y U
s eA
t t
ri
b
ut
ed
t
oW
at
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r od
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i
o n3 1
A
t
m
o sp h
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cE
m
i
s si
o n s a nd
E
n e rg y
Co n s u
m
p
t
i
o n3 2
M
o n et
a ry V
al
u e of R
ed
u c ed
E
m
i
s si
o n s3 6
R E S U L T
S
3 8
E
ff
e ct
s of
P
ri
ci
ng
a nd
W
at
e rL
o s sR
at
e s o nW
at
e rD
em
a nd
3
8
E
n e rg y N
e ed
ed
t
oP
r od
u c eW
at
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nd
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ff
e r e nt
W
at
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o s sS
c e n a ri
o s4 0
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m
i
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o n sfr o
m
W
at
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2
V
al
u e of
R
ed
u c ed
E
m
i
s si
o n s4
5
C
om
p
a ri
ng A i
rP
ol l
ut
i
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o st
st
oB
e n ef i
t
s of
W
at
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ub
si d i
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L I S T O F T A B L E S
T
ab l
e1
W
ate r r e s o u r c e s o
f A
b
uD
h
ab i
(
E A D
,2 0 0 9
)
4
T
ab l
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n n u al w
ate r u s e
b y
s e ct
o r a nd
s up p l y
s o u r c ei
nA b
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2 0 0 3
(
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,2 0 0 9
;
R SB
,2 0 0 7
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6
T
ab l
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I
np
ut
v a ri
ab
l
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nt
h
eW
ate r
t
oA
i
rM
od
el
1
9
T
ab l
e4 T
ot
al
v ol
um
e of
w
at
e rp
r od
u c ed b y i
nd
ep
e nd
e nt
w
at
e r a nd p
ow
e rp l
a nt
si
nA
b
uD h
ab
i i
n2 0 0 3
(
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W
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,2 0 0 8
;
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,2 0 0 8
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2 3
T
ab l
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n a c c o u nte
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-f
o rw
ate r
l
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f
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b
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h
ab i
(
A D D C
,2 0 0 8
)
2 7
T
ab l
e6
E
n e rg y
(
k
W
h
)
r eq
ui
r ed
p
e rm
^of w
at
e rp
r od
u c ed b
y
M
S
F
,M
E D
, a nd
R O
d
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n at
i
o np l
a nt
s(
D
a rw i
sh
,2 0 0 7
;
D
a rw i
sh
et
al
.,
2 0 0 2
;
D
a rw i
sh
et
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.,19 9 7
;
N
R C
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;
R
al
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;
R
al
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;
A
l
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h
am m
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a nd
S
af
a r,19 9 9
;
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u r o s2 0 0 0
;
S
t
ok
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9
;
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op
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3 0
T
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at
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W
P P
(
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;
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3 2
T
abl
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n e rg y
u s ed b
y A
b
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ab i
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p
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e r a nd
w
at
e rp l
a nt
s, a nd
ef f
i ci
e n cy
of
t
h
o s ep l
a nt
s(
A D
W
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)
3 3
T
ab l
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A
b
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h
ab i
p
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nt
s o u r c e em i
s si
o n si
n v e nt
o ry
f
o r2 00 3
(
N
I L
U
,2 0 0 9
)
3
4
T
abl
e1
0
2 0 0 3
e n e rg y
m
ix
a nd
t
ot
al f
u el bu r n e
d
at
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I
W
P P
(
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W
E C
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)
3 5
T
ab l
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m
i
s si
o n s r at
e(g
r am
s/
M M
B T
u)
a s e st
i
m
at
ed f
r om
t
he
A P
-4 2
r ep
o rt
a nd P
a ci
fi
cI
n st
i
t
ute
W
at
e rto
A i
rM
od
el
3 6
T
ab l
e1 2
M
at t
h
ew
s a nd
L
a v e e st
i m
at
e s of
t
h
eb
e n efi
t
s of
r ed
u ci
ng
em i
s si
o n s of
sp
e ci fi
cp
ol l
ut
a nt
s(
c o n v e rte
d
t
o2 0 0 3 d
ol l
a r sf
r om
1 9 9 2
d
ol l
a r s u si
ng
a2
.5
%
i
nfl
at
i
o n r ate
)
. ..3 7
T
ab l
e1 3
W
at
e rd
em
a nd
a s af
u n ct
i
o n of
p
ri
c e a s s um
i
ng
c o n sta nt
el
a st
i
cit
y
(p
e r c e nta
g
e s sh
ow
d
e c r e a s ef
r om
c u r r e nt
d
em
a nd
)
3 9
T
abl
e1 4 V
al
u e of
el
a st
i
ci
t
y
at
e a ch p
ri
c e, a s u s ed i
nt
h
eW
at
e rt
oA
i
rM
od
el
3 9
T
ab
le
1 5
W
at
e rd
em
a nd
a s af
u n ct
i
o n of p
ri
c ef
o rth
e v a ri
ab l
e el
a st
i
ci
t
y
s c e n a ri
o4 0
T
abl
e1 6 A i
r em
i
s si
o n s r ed
u ct
i
o n s u nd
e rd i ff
e r e nt
p
ol i
cy i
nt
e r v e nt
i
o n s(
t
o n s r edu c e
d
a nd
p
e r c e nt
of
c u r r e nt t
ot
al p
oi
nt
-s o u r c e a
i
r em i
s si
o n s r ed
u c ed
)
4
3
T
ab
le
1 7 A i
rp
ol l
ut
a nt
a nd g
r e e nh
o u s eg
a s em
i
s si
o n sf
r om
A b
uD
h
ab
i i
nd
ep
e nd
e nt
w
ate r a n
d
p
ow
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a nt
s a s r ep
o rt
ed i
nt
h
eA b
uD h
ab i E
m
i
s si
o n sI
n v e nt
o ry
(
A D E I
)
a nd
a s e st
i
m
at
ed
u si
ng
f
a ct
o r sf
r om
t
h
eE P A A P 4 2
em
i
s si
o n sm
a n u al
a nd
P
a ci fi
cI
n st
it
ute
W
at
e rto
A
i
rM
od
el
(g
/
M M
B
t
u)
4 4
T
ab
l
e1 8 A i
r em
i
s si
o n s r ed
u ct
i
o n s u nd
e rd
i f f
e r e nt
p
ol i
cy i
nt
e r v e nt
i
o n s,E P A A P 4 2
a nd
P
a ci fi
cI
n st
i
t
ut
e em
i
s si
o n s e st
i
m
at
i
o n(
t
o n s r ed
u c ed
a nd
p
e r c e nt
of
c u r r e nt t
ot
al p
oi
nt
-s o u r c e a
i
r em
i
s si
o n s r ed
u c ed
)
4 5
L I S T O F F I G U R E S
F i g
u r e1 P
r e-d
e v el
op
m
e nt
f
r e sh g
r o u nd w
at
e r r e s o u r c e si
nt
h
eE
m i
r at
e of
A b
uD
h
ab i
(
E A D
,2 0 0 9
)
:3
F i g
u r e2 L
o c at
i
o n a nd p
r od
u ct
i
o n v ol
um
e s of d
e s al in a
t
i
o np l
a nt
s s e r vi
ng A b
uD h
ab i E
m
i
r at
e(
A
D
W
E C
,2 0 0 8
)
5
F i g
u r e3 I
nf
l
u e n c ed ia
g
r am
of
t
h
e "W
at
e rt
oA i
rM
od
el
" c r e at
ed
t
o e st
im
at
et
h
e ef f
e ct
s of
ch
a ng
e si
nw
at
e rp
ri
ci
ng
a nd
u n a c c o u nt
ed
-f
o rw
at
e r o na
m
b i
e nt
air
q
u al i
t
y i
nA b
uD h
ab i
1 3
F i g
u r e4 D
em
a nd
a nd
p
ri
c em
odu
l
e of
t
h
eW
at
e rt
oA
i
rM
od
el
2 1
F i g
u r e5 H i
st
og
ram
of
t
h
ep
e r c e nt
ag
e r ed
u ct
i
o nin
w
at
er c o n s um
p
t
i
o n aft
e rw
at
e rp
ri
c e si
nA b
uD h
ab i in c r e a s e
d f
r om
0
.5 6 D h
sW
(
0
.1 5
$
W
)
t
o2
.2 D h
s/m
^
(
0
.6 0
$
/m
O (
A
bu
Q
d
ais a n
d A l
N
a s s ay
,2 0 0 1
)
2 4
F
i
g
u r e6 S
t
at
is
t
ic s
f
o rt
h
ed i
s c r et
e st
ep f
u n ct
i
o n u s ed
t
o r ep
r e s e nt
ch
a ng
e sin
ela s
t
ic
i
t
y
of
w
at
e r a sp
ri
c ei
n c r e a s e sf
r om
$
0
.6 0
t
o$
2
.4 0
/m
^
i
nt
h
eW
at
e rt
oA
i
rM
od
el
2 5
F i g
u r e7
M
od
ul
ew
it
h i
nt
h
eW
at
e rt
oA i
rM
od
el
t
h
at
c al
c ul
at
e s e n e rg y
u s ed
t
op
r od
u c e1
m
of
w
at
e r(
k
W
h
/m
^
)
2 8
F
i
g
u r e8
D i
ag
r am
of
am
ul
t
i
-st
ag
ef la s
h p
la n
t
(
E
u r o s,2 0 0 0
)
2
9
F
i
g
u r e9
D
i
ag
r am
of
am
ul
t
i
-ef f
e ct
p
la n
t
w
i
t
h h
o ri
z o nt
al
t
ub
e s(
B
u r o s,2 0 0 0
)
3 0
F i g
u r e1 0 B
a si
c c om
p
o n e nt
s of
a r e v e r s e o sm
o si
sp l
a nt
(
B
u r o s,2 0 0 0
)
3 1
F
i g
u r e1 1 I
nf l
u e n c ed i
ag
r am
i
l
l
u st
r at
i
ng
v a ri
ab l
e s u s ed
t
o e st
i m
at
et
h
e em i
s si
o n s a s s o ci
at
ed
w
i
t
h
w
at
e rp
r odu c
t
io n
i
nt
h
eW
at
e rt
oA i
rM
ode
l
3 3
F i g
u r e1 2 I
nf lu e n c e
d i
ag
r am
sh
ow i
ng h
ow
t
h
eW
at
e rt
oA i
rM
ode
l
e st
i
m
at
e s em
i
s si
o n sf
o r e a ch d
e s al i
n at
i
o np l
a nt
u si
ng d
at
af
r om
t
h
eA P 4 2
m
a n u al
a nd P
a ci
fi
cI
n st
i
t
ut
e st
ud y
. .3 6
F i g
u r e1 3 I
nfl
u e n c ed i
ag
r am
of
t
h
em
odu
l
ei
nt
h
eW
at
e rt
oA i
rM
od
el
t
h
at
e st
i m
at
e st
h
e e c o n om
i
cb
e n ef
it
s of
r ed
u ci
ng
em
i
s sio n s o
f
am
b ie n
t
air
p
ol l
ut
a nt
s3 7
F i g
u r e14 E
n e rg y
n e ed
ed
t
op
r odu c e e n o u
g h w
at
e rt
om
e et
r e si d
e nt
i
al d
em
a nd
u nd
e rd if
f
e r e nt
s c e n a rio s
4 2
F
ig
u r e1 5 B
e n ef
it
s of
r ed
u c ed
ai
r em i
s si
o n s(
ba s e
l i
n e3 5
%
u n a c c o u nt
ed
-f
o r
w
at
e r)
4 6
F i
g
u r e16 B
e n ef
it
s(
m i l l i
o n s of d
ol l
a r s)
of
r ed
u c ed
air
p
ol l
ut
a nt
em i
s si
o n si f f
ul l
p
ric e
i
sc
h
a rg
ed f
o rw
at
er at t
h
re ed i f f
e r ent
b
a s e c a s e sf
or u nac c o u nt
ed
-f
o rw
at
er :3 5
%
,
15
%
and
10
%
4 7
F
i
g
u r e1 7
W
at
e rde
m
a nd
a s afu n c
t
io n
of
p
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Total
Volume
(M
m')
19 4 9
6 0 7
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2 4 5
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S ha r e
( % )
58
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Sup p ly So u r c e
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(
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