Vol 7, No 9 (2017)

Research Article

a

September

2017

Computer Science and Software Engineering

ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-7, Issue-9)

IoT Based Non Invasive Glucometer Using Optical Method

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University,

Kerala, India

Abstract—Analysis and measurement of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) became one of the critical challenges of the coming future. Since by 2030, diabetes effected are increased to 360 million all over the world by the World Health Organization (WHO) analytical study survey results. The main aim of this paper is non invasive and continuous glucose monitoring with the IoT technology involvement. Traditional finger pricking methods pros and cons are notified and tried to rectify its demerits. The designed device consist of an infrared led having a wavelength of 900 to 1100nm for the optical blood glucose measurement. NIR photodiodes used to collect light collected from body parts and regressive analysis is carried out. The signal processing, data algorithm is based on Beer-Lambert’s law. In assistance with internet of things (IoT) in WiFi range push alerts are reached to the patients and their concerns on real time. Therefore, it helps in emergency, continuous real time blood glucose monitoring. An IOT based noninvasive glucose monitoring will be a milestone for emerging and smart generation.

Keywords— Noninvasive Method,conventional finger pricking, Optical leds, NIR Spectroscopy, IoT.

I. INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM) a metabolic pathological condition, that affect regular body life activities. Regular monitoring of glucose is needed to avoid complications such as finger pricking. The glucose detection is a painful practice and frequent pricking causes skin damages. There is even a risk of spreading continuous diseases by needles and strips which is the demerit of conventional methods.

Commonly used glucose measurement methods are invasive. Without posing any problem and easy to maintain regularity, effective bio sensing and signal processing is incorporated. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is chronic and incurable diseases which will cause malfunction of regular working body parts. Diabetes not only causes blood glucose concentration increases, but also damage or kill normal working body parts one by one. Diabetes even causes strokes, blindness and running bleeding, which may become a cause of death. According to (WHO) world health organization the number of diabetics is increasing day by day. It is expected that by the year of 2040, the number of diabetics reaches 466 million, of which 92-95% may be suffering from type2 diabetes. There are 2 types of diabetes type1 and type2 diabetes. Type1 occurs when a condition of the body is unable to produce any insulin, which is used to regulate the body glucose level. Glucose is converted into energy using insulin. Diabetes, type 2 occurs when the body is not making insulin, which repelled from the body. Type 2 is spreading world wider than type1, where people of about 40+ have diabetes type2.

Diseases due to diabetes are increasing at an alarming rate. Diabetes leads to serious illness such as cardiovascular diseases, eye problems, kidney problems, brain dysfunction and premature mortality. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) or implantable systems are well known in the health care industry. In finger pricking a series of chemical reaction take place and reacts with metals. This is a conventional way. As compared to conventional, non-invasive glucose monitoring devices that are easy to use, low cost, mobile and non-hazardous but with limited battery life. The sugar level increases due to improper production of insulin in the body. This results in a diabetes state of body in not producing insulin quantity properly. So, diabetic patients need to regulate their body glucose level by the good diet maintenance as well as by injecting the correct amount of insulin. A number of optical technologies such as electromagnetic sensing, near infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, reverse iontophoresis, Fourier transforms, infrared spectroscopy has been invested and utilized.

The NIR spectrum operates at a wavelength of 750-2500nm. The glucose, c6H12O6 consist of C-H, O-H, C=O bonds, which possess light absorption to be observed. The Beer Lambert law provides a mathematical model which allows the calculation of concentration and the thickness of the sample. Lambert law takes care of intensity of transmitting light, the concentration of the substance and distance travelled.

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 42-46 remotely in real time environment. IoT can be viewed as a dynamic network where physical and virtual objects are interconnected together [4]. WHO classified diabetes as top ten causes of mortality disease. Unfortunately, there is no any permanent cure for diabetes. However, continuous monitoring is one of the solutions by seeking medical help.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the emerging serious, incurable diseases increasing day by day. Traditional methods used to calibrate diabetes level are invasive and difficult to implement continuously due to inconvenience of finger pricking pain, increased wastage of biomedical strips and needles, damage to skin tissues and raising infection, chances etc.A painless, non invasive, accurate system is increasing need of the coming generation for a healthy future. Since, by world health organization by the year of 2030, diabetics reach to 366 million from 171 million current scenarios.

II. EXISTINGSTANDARDTECHNIQUES

A prediction of treatment algorithms gives the accuracy to the measured value. Different optical methodologies are available. Investigations mainly described are polarimetry, metabolic heat conformation, ultrasound, thermal emission, photo acoustics, Raman light absorption and transmittance spectrums. [1]

1. Light absorption spectroscopy

When light hits on biological tissues of the human body due to reflection, transmission and scattering a proportional variation occurs with the structure and chemical components of the sample.

Fig.1 NIR Spectra-Glucose solution absorbance against wavelength. [1]

Main regions of spectroscopic investigations are done in visible and near infrared (NIR) range, namely around 590nm-1180nm. Middle range (MIR) propagates into few micrometers and applied to blood samples observed, whereas NIR get penetrated more than MIR. Glucose produces weakest NIR absorption signal per concentration unit of body composition. NIR measures a depth of 1 to 100 millimeters. When the wavelength value increases penetration value decreases. Ear lobe, finger cuticle and skin are the main body parts used for observations.

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 42-46

2. FIR Spectroscopy

Body heat and thermal emission are used for glucose detection. It is a radiation technology, which needs no any external energy source. [5]

3. Raman spectroscopy

Due to oscillations and rotation of transmitting light get scattered and its value varies. It is tested with blood, water, serum and plasma solutions. Instability in intensity of laser wavelength and error due to tissue chemicals. [5]

4. Photoacoustic spectroscopy

Rapid heat formation due to optical beam and generate an acoustic pressure wave, measured using microphones. An ultrasonic wave is generated as a part of the absorption of pulsating light. Pressure variations arise due to heat variations when laser beams hits on biological tissues. [5]

5. Polarimetry

Linear polarization of light with respect to path characteristics, temperature and concentration is considered. A clear optical depolarization of the beam occurs in aqueous humor of the eye.

6. Fluorescence

Fluorescence is a sensing technology carried with tears by painless method. The photonic sensing is done by polymerizing crystalline arrays with respond to different concentration of diffraction of visible light.

Used to measure Diabetes mellitus ,which is an incurable disease and increasing at an alarming rate.

In current scenario,a non invasive measurement is needed due to difficulties in finger pricking and inconvenience in continuous monitoring.

Simon C.H Lam WY Chung, K, L Fan and Thomas KS [1] have proposed a noninvasive blood glucose measurement by near infrared spectroscopy considering machine drift and time drift is carried out initially (2010). According to Beer’s law single wavelength (1180nm) was selected for glucose concentration evaluation. Partial least squares (PLS) prediction, r correlation coefficient (RP) of prediction, root mean square of prediction are the variable calibrated to check the accuracy and effect of machine and time drift. An inverse linearity was observed with absorbance spectra of wavelength 1180nm[1].Rp of 0.48 and rmsep of 1.34mmol/l was obtained. Machine drift and time drift could be reduced by the PLS pre - process. Unreliability is mainly due to physiological variations. A physiologically considered non invasive glucometer will give more accurate results and observations [1].

Parag Narkhede, Suraj Dhalwar and B. Karthikeyan [2] have proposed near infrared spectroscopy plays an

important role in invasive glucometer development.Noninvasive blood glucose measurement by NIR uses LED signals

of the wavelength of 940nm[2]. A good correlation was observed between glucometer and the proposed system. The performance characteristics of the system can be increased by introducing suitable signal conditioning circuit to avoid interference and by incorporating noise filtering techniques. Variation in the intensity of receiving signal after reflection from sensing part was analyzed. NIR spectroscopy enables the penetration depth in tissues of about 1 to 100 millimeter depth range [2]. Penetration depth decreases as wavelength value increases. Beer-Lambert law states that, the absorbance of light through any solution is in proportion to the concentration of the solution and length path travelled by light ray [2].

Chagrin Haxha and Jaspreet Jaspreet [3] in 2016, an optical based noninvasive glucose monitoring sensor prototype was introduced [3]. Monitoring of glucose was done by spectroscopic analysis to avoid hazards to user, high cost, difficulty to use a non invasive system development is needed. The proposed sensor system is applicable for patients and non patients.NIR gained attention due to its ability to analyze samples without any prior manipulation and easily penetrate into tissues [3]. Here, NIR transmittance spectroscopy was used in finger tips, ear lobes, forearm and checks. Glucose values of absorbance and concentration are calculated from the data processing algorithm. Data processing algorithm mainly deals with the Beer-Lambert law’s mathematical modeling. They used Labview using the lab view interface for Ardino (LIFA) module, to display on a live data chart widget. A possible variation which not included in this paper is skin roughness which cause light scattering, fluid concentration in different parts of the body. An increased circumference causes less penetration since the distance of IR light increases sensor reading values varies. The relationship between glucose concentration and the output voltage is directly proportional [3]. Vitro and vivo experiments with NIR transmission spectroscopy is also carried out here for improved robustness and accuracy of the device. Real time monitoring is to be established. Multivariate regression in vivo testing increases system performance deployed.

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 42-46

continuous monitoring system which gives push notifications to the user and in charge of the user concerned. Internet of things (IOT) has been introduced for improvement of quality of health of health care services. The main objective of this paper is a feasibility of invasive and secure CGMS using IOT.IOT based system of health care consisting of sensing, smart gateways, WSN, a cloud which provide remote and real time health monitoring. An alarm system to take corrective action such as decisions on their diet, physical exercise and medication are designed and tried to employ here. The back end of IOT based system architecture will provide real time glucose, body temperature and contextual data. nrf communication protocol was used to achieve high energy level efficiency. Investigated energy consumption of sensor device and designed energy harvesting unit for devices. In abnormal situations a push notification service for doctors and patients are provided. Energy harvesting unit a power management unit and ultra low energy nor protocol together with dedicated gateway and advanced services like push notification for real time analysis. Thermal harvesting by adding body temperature sensors will increase system efficiency.

TABLEI

YEAR PUBLICATIO N

AUTHOR TOPIC THEME PROBLEM FINDINGS APPROACHES

USED

2010 Spectroscopy

24 (2010) IOS Press

(Simon C.H. Lam, Joanne W.Y. Chung ,K.L. Fan and Thomas K.S.Wong School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China)

Non-invasive

blood glucose

measurement by

near infrared

spectroscopy:

Machine drift,

time drift and physiological effect

• Unreliability due to

the physiological

difference, time

drift and machine drifts. •Partial least square (PLS) regression was used.

•R correlation

coefficient of prediction (Rp) was 0.48.

•Root mean square of prediction (rmsep) was 1.34 mmol/l.

•Machine drift and time drift

could be

reduced by

using PLS with pre-process

2016 Indian Journal

of Science and Technology,

November 2016

Paragnarkhede,suraj

dhalwar and

b.Karthikey n

NIR based

non-invasive blood

glucose

measurement

•Penetration of signals inside the tissue within the range of 1 to 100 millimeters depth.

• Analyzing the variation in the

intensity of

receiving signal

obtained after

reflection.

2016 IEEE Photonics

Journal · Dece mber 2016

Shyqyri Haxha

University of

Bedfordshire,Jaspreet Jhoja

University of British Columbia - Vancouver

Optical Based

Non invasive

Glucose Monitoring Sensor Prototype

•Possible variables such

as skin roughness

which can cause light

scattering, different

body fluids

concentration, etc.

Were not included in this proposed model. •Multivariate regression will be deployed to make the system more

robust for in-vivo

testing.

• Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy is

used and in

vitro

experiments are

conducted, as

well as in vivo

2017 8th

International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies

Tuan Nguyen Gia1 , Mai Ali2 , Imed Ben Dhaou3 , Amir M. Rahmani4,5 , Tomi Westerlund1 , Pasi Liljeberg1 IoT-based continuous glucose monitoring system: A feasibility study.

•CGM equipped with alarm systems can help

patients to take

corrective action.

•nrf communication

protocol is customized

for suiting to the

• Invasive and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

•Remotely in

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 42-46

(ANT-2017).Procedia Computer Science 109C (2017)

glucose monitoring

system.

•Design energy

harvesting units of the device.

system utilizing

its based

approach.

III. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we present a survey study of various methods of glucose measurement using non invasive systems. Some of the modern invasive system using IoT is also mentioned. Through this system, doctors and patients can easily bind each other from any remote location using GSM / Wi-Fi / Cloud network connected through smart phone. The data analytic study obtained by collecting information’s from various IoT devices. Efficient energy consumption obtained by transmitting aggregated data to sink position. The application provides an advanced service to the users such as notification service.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The heading of the Acknowledgment section and the References section must not be numbered.

Causal Productions wishes to acknowledge Michael Shell and other contributors for developing and maintaining the IEEE LaTeX style files which have been used in the preparation of this template. To see the list of contributors, please refer to the top of file IEEETran.cls in the IEEE LaTeX distribution.

REFERENCES

[1] Simon C.H. Lam, Joanne W.Y. Chung, K.L. Fan and Thomas K.S. Wong School of Nursing, The Hong Kong

Polytechnic University,’’Non invasive blood glucose measurement by near infrared spectroscopy: Machine

drift,Time drift and physiological effect ‘Hong Kong, China-2010

[2] Parag Narkhede, Suraj Dhalwar and B. Karthikeyan-2016 ’NIR Based Noninvasive Blood Glucose

Measurement’’

[3] Tuan Nguyen Gia1, Mai Ali2, Imed Ben Dhaou3, Amir M. Rahmani4,5 , Tomi Westerlund1 , Pasi Liljeberg1’’

IoT-based continuous glucose monitoring system: A feasibility study’’

[4] Megha C.Pande, Prof.A. K. Joshi ‘’Non invasive glucometer using optical method’’ / International Journal of

Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp. 129-131

[5] ’Christopher Dale Chua1, Ian Mikhael Gonzales1, Enrique Manzano1, Maria Carla Manzano1.‘’Design and