Register-based population census methodology in Finland

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Register-based population census

methodology in Finland

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History of Finland’s Population Censuces (1)

In Finland, population censuses and population registration have been closely tied together for centuries.

In 16th century in Sweden-Finland the first records on population were compiled for purpose of recruiment and taxation

In 17th century parishes were obliged to keep records on births, deaths and marriages and also migrations between parishes

In 17th century the idea of contionously production of statistics on population

In 1748 the Statistical Office of Sweden(-Finland) was established In 1749 conducted the first ever population census in the country Parishes and register office records were consulted to collect

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0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000

1749 1756 1763 1770 1777 1784 1791 1798 1805 1812 1819 1826 1833 1840 1847 1854 1861 1868 1875 1882 1889 1896 1903 1910 1917 1924 1931 1938 1945 1952 1959 1966 1973 1980 1987 1994 2001 2008

Population in Finland and Sweden

All information was not collected every year, but anyway since that the number of population have been available yearly in Finland (and of cource also in Sweden)

History of Finland’s Population Censuces (2)

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Administrative sources (Church Book / records) were used already then for statistical purposes!

1965 Central Statistical Office was founded in Finland. => This year 150th Anniversary of Statistics Finland

Years 1870-1930 the traditional censuses in the biggest cities 1938 Census Law for the conducting the first census in the whole country 1940

Cancelled because of the war

Traditional censuses 1950,1960, 1970, 1975, 1980 and 1985 First time register were used in 1970 Census

Totally Register-based Census from 1990

History of Finland’s Population Censuces (3)

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Administrative registers are generated and

developed

the first exhaustive register of persons was established by Social Insurance Institution in 1960’s

the personal identity code was introduced 1964

earnings-related pension system began in 1960’s, and in 970 enlarged covering also self-employed => data both on

employees, self-employed and pension recipients were registered 1969 Central Population Register was established => Population Register as a basic register on population for all authorities

taxation register were used first time in 1970 Census

unemployment benefit developed strongly in 1970’s. Also statistics on unemployed based on register started

data collection for the Register of Buildings and Dwellings in the connection of 1980 Census => data entered to the register owned by Population Register Centre

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Statistical registers are generated

Business Register was founded at the end of 1960’s

– since 1999 the scope of the register has also extended to the public sector, i.e. central and local government units

Register of Completed Education and Degrees was established in the connection of Census 1970

Register of Educational Institutions was established in the beginning of 1970’s

Register of Students was established at the end of 1990’s Updates yearly by educational institutes

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Data sources for the Population and Housing

Census

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1 Building code

The basic units of the register-based census in Finland - and links between them

Buildings and dwellings in PIS (CPR)

Dwellings

Buildings

Co-ordinates

1

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1 Building code 2 Domicile code

Persons in PIS (CPR)

Dwellings

Buildings

Co-ordinates

Household- dwelling units

Families Persons 1

2 2

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1 Building code 2 Domicile code 3 Business-id

4 establishment number 5 Address

Persons in PIS (CPR)

Enterprises, establishments

in Business Register (SF)

Dwellings

Buildings

Co-ordinates

Household- dwelling units

Families Persons

Enterprises Establishments 1

2 2

3

4 3, 4 5

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Some factors facilitating the increased use of

administrative registers in Finland

Use of uniform identification numbers

Administrations own interest in building nation-wide databases – Reduction of response burden

– Reduction of costs of statistics – To have total populations

Legal basis: The Finnish Statistics act:

– It is compulsory to use existing data (if suitable).

– State government and social security institutions are obliged to deliver the data they have to Statistics Finland

Acceptance of the population

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_

Henk ilö PKhtu n

sy nty mäaika kuolinaik a suk upuoli maast am uutto maahanm uut to

Henkil o_v uosi P K, FK1vuosi P K, FK1hnro

FK 1Rnro

FK 1Penro

Ki eli k ans alais uus ik ä v iitehenkl ö_as ku v iitehlö_perhe amm at ti ptoim tola tuk tk ty ott

FK 1huonro

Perhe P K, FK2Penro P K, FK2Rnro P K, FK2huonr o P K, FK2vuosi pety asra pekok o uusper pets uh kuly k s

Av aintaulu

PK,FK2 P enro

PK,FK1,F K2Rnro

PK,FK2 hu onro

PK,FK2,F K4vuosi

PK,FK4 hn ro

k oord

FK3 ht un

Rak ennus PK, FK1, FK2 Rnro

rat ikt a v av v rak oko huonala rat ikeal os aal FK 1, FK2v uosi As unt okunt a_v uosi PK,FK1Rnro PK,FK1Huon ro PK,FK1vuo si as mu ak oko k uly ks s v at va l y65 l a3 l a7 He nkilö

PKh tu n sy ntym äa ik a ku olina ika su kup uoli m aa stam uu tto m aa han mu utto

He nkilo_ vuos i PK,F K1v uo si PK,F K1h n ro F K1Rn ro F K1Pe nroKie li ka nsa laisuu s ikä viit ehe nklö_ asku viit ehlö _pe rhe a mm att i p toim t ola t uktk t yott F K1h uon ro Perh e PK, FK2Pen ro PK, FK2Rn ro PK, FK2h uo nr o PK, FK2vu os i pe ty asr a pe koko uu spe r pe tsuh kulyk s

Avainta ulu PK,F K2Pe nr o PK,F K1,F K2R nr o PK,F K2h u on ro PK,F K2,F K4v uo si PK,F K4h n ro k oor d

F K3 h tun

R aken nus PK,F K1, FK2Rnr o rat ikta vavv rak oko huo nala rat ikeal osa al F K1,F K2vuo si As unto kun ta_ vuos i PK, FK1Rn ro PK, FK1Hu on r o PK, FK1vu o si as mu ak oko ku ly ks sva tva ly65 la3 la7

Henk ilö P Khtun s ynt ym äai ka k uolinaika s ukupuoli m aas tam uut to m aahanmuut to

Henk ilo_v uos i P K, FK1vuosi P K, FK1hnro

FK 1Rnro

FK 1Penro

Kieli kans alaisuus ik ä vi itehenklö_as ku vi itehlö_perhe ammat ti ptoim tola tuk tk ty ott

FK 1huonro

Perhe PK, FK2Penro PK, FK2Rn ro PK, FK2huonro PK, FK2vu osi pet y as ra pek oko uus per pet suh kuly ks

Av ai nt aulu

P K,FK2 Penro

P K,FK1,FK2Rnro

P K,FK2 huon ro

P K,FK2,FK4vuosi

P K,FK4 hnro

k oord

F K3 htun

Rak ennus PK,FK1, FK2Rnro

ratik ta v avv rakok o huonala ratik eal os aal FK1, FK2v uosi A sunt okunta_v uos i P K,FK1Rnro P K,FK1Huonro P K,FK1vuosi as mu ak oko k ulyk s s vat va ly 65 la3 la7

Data

collection

Process control

_

Editing

Hen kilö PKh tu n

syn tymä aika ku olinaik a su kupu oli m aast am uutt o m aah anm uu tto

Hen kilo_vu osi PK ,FK1vu o si PK ,FK1h nr o

FK1Rnr o

FK1Pen ro Kieli ka nsala isuus ikä viite hen klö_a sku viite hlö_ per he am ma tti pt oim to la tu ktk tyo tt FK1hu on ro Pe rh e PK,F K2Pe nr o PK,F K2Rnr o PK,F K2hu on r o PK,F K2vu os i pet y asr a peko ko uusp er pet suh kulyks

Ava inta ulu PK,FK 2Pen r o PK,FK 1,F K2Rn ro PK,FK 2h uo n ro PK,FK 2,F K4v uo si PK,FK 4h nr o ko ord

FK3 h tun

Ra kenn us PK,F K1,F K2Rn r o

r atikt a va vv r ako ko h uon ala r atike al o saa l F K1 ,F K2vu osi Asu ntok unt a_vu osi PK,F K1Rnr o PK,F K1Huo n ro PK,F K1vu os i asm u ako ko kulyks svat va ly65 la3 la7

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Dissemination

PX-web Internet

Products Services

Collect Process, analyse Disseminate

Social Statistics Data Warehouse (Census Data

Warehouse)

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Structure of the Social Statistics Data

Warehouse (Census Data Warehouse)

Database in SQL Server contains all persons having

person id code in Statistic Finland’s data files (years 1970-

2014)

Persons have a unchanging person number (in addition to

person id code in PIS)

Personal data is divided in two different tables: basic

information and yearly data

Building table contains all buildings and coordinates

Areal information (GIS) integrated to database (link building

number)

Families and household-dwelling units constructed in

database

Building number is updated to all establishments in

Business Register (based on address of establishment)

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Structure of the Social Statistics Data

Warehouse

Basic tables (all units) :Person and Building (Person ID)

Annual data (published final data): Official Statistics of Finland (OSF) – Person_year, Building_year, Dwelling_year, Family_year etc.

Relations between persons – Children

– Marriages Periodical data

– Employment (all) periods, unemployment, conscripts, pension recipients

Events

– migration, completed educations and degrees, births, deaths

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Structure of the Social Statistics Data

Warehouse

•PIN

•Person_nr

Person

•Person_nr

•Unchanged data of person

Person_year

•year

•Person_nr

•Building_nr

•Dwelling_nr

•Family_nr

•Data from each statistic year

Family_year

•year

•Building_nr

•Dwelling_nr

•Family_nr

Building_year

•year

•Building_nr

Dwelling_year

•year

•Building_nr

•Dwelling_nr

Building

•Building_nr

Empl_year

•year

•Person_nr

Edu_year

•year

•Person_nr

Income_year

•year

•Person_nr

•Data from each statistic yearPension_year

•year

•Person_nr

Student_year

•year

•Person_nr

Causes_of_death

•Person_nr

•Data from each event

Unemp_year

GIS Database

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New possibilities for research and statistics

production (1)

Statistics usually provide cross-sectional information on a

variable at a given point in time, such as population number or the number of people in gainful employment;

on this basis we can see to what extent these figures have changed.

The register system offers the added advantage of allowing us to identify the individuals behind these changes: who has got a job, who has completed a degree.

Changes can be monitored by linking unit data from consecutive years

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Traditionally, the most important regional unit in statistics has been the administrative area.

However, administration is dynamic and keeps changing => may occur difficulties to keep up these changes

The building-based code system with its coordinates has provided a solid foundation for reliable and flexible statistical areas.

Despite major changes in administrative areas, it is still possible to produce time series for different regions.

The adoption of map coordinates for buildings has also paved the way to more flexible determination of statistical areas.

New possibilities for research and statistics

production (2)

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New possibilities for research and statistics

production (3)

For instance:

Calculation of accessibility (workplaces, services) – Distance to work, school, voting place

Flow statistics

– employment flows – student flows

Longitudinal researches

– Data from 1970, 1975, 1980 and 1985 Censuces and

annually data from year 1987 in the Census Data Warehouse – Data over 7 million persons (Population of Finland 5,4 million

in 2015)

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Examples

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Commuting Distance

– General annual update for the Census Statistics Data Warehouse

Commuting time

– Enriching with traffic sensor data

Digiroad, National Road Database of Finnnish Transport Agensy – Accurate data on location of all roads and streets in Finland Census Data Warehouse

– Dwelling coordinates and work place coordinates – Coordinate coverage

• for the place of living of population around 99 %

Commuting distance and time for employed

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Traffic sensor data of FTA

– Currently 437 stations (vechile detection loops) giving

information for speed, direction, length and class of a passig vechile.

– Open data services available as well (Digitraffic)

Read more: Pasi Piela. Commuting time for every employed: combining traffic sensors and many other data sources for population statistics in European forum for geography and statistics, Krakow 2014

Commuting distance and time for employed

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Commuting distance and time for employed

in subregions (LAU1) in 2012

Commuting time Median in minutes

4.1 - 6.8 6.9 - 8.8 8.9 - 10.8 10.9 - 15.8 15.9 - 25.8

Commuting distance Median in kilometers

2.8 - 5.2 5.3 - 6.7 6.8 - 8.7 8.8 - 12.7 12.8 - 20.6

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Flows between different activity groups:

Employed 2012-2013

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Employment rate by birth cohorts

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Employment rate, %

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Deaths and the history of different activities

History of Employment

(1950),1970,75,80,85,87-2013

Unem- ployment Pensions

Students

Housework Children Industry

Level of ed. Field of ed.

Deaths 1971-2013 by causes of death

Immigr.

Births Occupation

Socio/econ Incomes

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Kaija Ruotsalainen kaija.ruotsalainen@stat.fi

Register-based population census methodology in Finland