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EU#IPA12/CS02- -
Development*of*the*Renewable**
Energy*Sector
** TASK*1*
Assessment-of-Current-Situation,-Barriers-and-Road-Map- SubTask1A-
Assessment-of-Current-Situation- -
ENVIRONMENTAL-AND-SOCIAL-IMPACTS-(05)- Activities-8-and-9.-
Deliverable-D2-–-Final-Report- -
Task-Leader:-Jordi-Dolader- -
June-2017- -
TASK 1 – SUBTASK 1A
DELIVERABLE D2 – FINAL REPORT ACTIVITIES 8, 9
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Project!Title!! :! !Consulting!Services!for!Development!of!the!Renewable!Energy!Sector!
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Project!Number! :! !Contract!MENR!EU!IPA12/CS02!
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Country! :! TURKEY!
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Date!of!report:! ! 06/06/2017!
Date!of!last!revision:! ! 14/06/2017!
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Author!of!report:! ! Jordi!Dolader,!Luca!Napolitano! !!
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Approved!by,!
•- Project!Manager:! ! Antonio!Moretti!
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Table&of&Contents&
Table!of!Contents!...!3!
Table!of!Acronyms!...!5!
Figures!Index!...!6!
Tables!Index!...!7!
1.! Supply!and!Demand!Evolution!...!8!
1.1.! Electricity!Demand!Evolution!...!8!
1.2.! Electricity!Supply!Evolution!...!11!
1.3.! Installed!Capacity!Evolution!...!13!
2.! Key!Energy!Policy!...!16!
2.1.! Climate!Change!Policy!...!17!
3.! RES!Environmental!and!Social!Impact!(TASK!1A!–!Activities!8!and!9).!...!20!
3.1.! Key!Turkish!Environmental!and!Social!Legislation!...!20!
3.1.1.! Environmental!Impact!Assessment!Regulation!...!20!
3.1.2.! Biodiversity!and!Habitat!Protection!Laws!...!22!
3.1.3.! Other!Ecologically!Important!Areas!...!23!
3.2.! Overall!Status!of!Alignment!of!Turkish!Environmental!Legislation!with!EU!Law!...!24!
3.3.! Standards!used!by!International!Financial!Institutions!...!25!
3.4.! Requirements!of!Major!Non_Governmental!Organisations!(NGOs)!...!27!
3.5.! Industry!Standards!...!28!
3.6.! Key!Impacts!and!Risks!...!29!
3.7.! Managing!Environmental!and!Social!Risks!in!RE!Projects!...!34!
3.7.1.! Project!Location!...!34!
3.7.2.! Impact!on!Habitat!and!Biodiversity!...!34!
3.7.3.! Impact!on!Amenity!Value!...!35!
3.7.4.! Land!and!Acquisition!and!Resettlement!...!36!
3.7.5.! Stakeholder!Information,!consultation!and!Engagement!...!37!
3.7.6.! Community!Ownership!and!Benefits!...!37!
3.7.7.! Cumulative!Impacts!...!38!
3.7.8.! Summary!of!Risks!...!39!
3.7.9.! Investor!Guidelines!for!RE!Projects!...!39!
4.! Economic,!Financial!and!Environmental!Assessment!of!Different!RES!Scenarios.!...!40!
4.1.! Conclusions!...!44!
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Table&of&Acronyms!
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Acronym! Definition!
BOT! Build!Operate!and!Transfer!
EIA! Environmental!Impact!Assessment!
EIRR! Economic!Internal!Rate!of!Return!
EMRA! Energy!Market!Regulatory!Authority!
EPIAS! Energy!Market!Operations!Company!
EUAS! Electricity!Generation!Company!
EUR! Euro!Currency!
FX! Foreign!Exchange!
FIT! Feed!In!Tariff!
GDP! Gross!Domestic!Product!
GW! Gigawatt!!
IFI! International!Financial!Institutions!
IMF! International!Monetary!Fund!
IEA! International!Energy!Agency!
IPP! Independent!Power!Producer!
MENR! Ministry!of!Energy!and!Natural!Resources!
MW! Megawatt!
NPV! Net!Present!Value!
PPA! Power!Purchase!Agreement!
TOR! Transfer!of!Operating!Rights!
TSO! Transmission!System!Operator!
TWh! Terawatt!hours!
USD! United!States!Dollar!
YoY! Year!on!Year!
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Figures&Index&
Figure!1:!Evolution!of!Turkish!Electricity!Consumption!(GWh).!...!8!
Figure!2:!Electricity!Consumption!Growth!vs.!GDP!Growth!...!8!
Figure!3:!Electricity!Demand!Growth!(5_year!average).!...!9!
Figure!4:!Monthly!Electricity!Demand!in!Turkey!(2000!–!2015).!...!10!
Figure!5:!Electricity!Consumption!by!Customer!Group!...!11!
Figure!6:!Monthly!Peak!Demands!...!11!
Figure!7:!Electricity!Generation!(TWh)!...!12!
Figure!8:!Generation!by!Institutions!(TWh)!...!12!
Figure!9:!Generation!Percentages!by!Institutions!(%)!...!12!
Figure!10:!Generation!by!Sources.!...!12!
Figure!11:!Generation!by!Sources!in!2015.!...!13!
Figure!12:!Installed!Capacity!Development!in!Turkey!(MW)!...!13!
Figure!13:!Installed!Capacities!by!Institutions!...!14!
Figure!14:!Installed!Capacity!Distributions!...!14!
Figure!15:!Installed!Capacities!by!Institutions!as!of!Jan.!2016!...!15!
Figure!16:!Installed!Capacities!by!Sources!as!of!June_!2016!(MW).!...!15!
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Tables&Index&
Table!1:!Per!Capita!Demand!Evolution!...!9!
Table!2:!Comparison!of!Electricity!Consumptions!per!Capita.!...!10!
Table!3:!Annex!I!and!Annex!II!projects!as!per!the!EIA!Regulation.!...!21!
Table!4:!Renewable!Energy!Technologies:!Potential!Environmental!and!Social!Impacts!and!Risks!...!31!
Table!5:!Estimated!Average!Energy!Benefits!by!RE!Technology.!...!40!
Table!6:!Estimated!Average!Capacity!Benefits!by!RE!Technology!...!41!
Table!7:!average!costs!by!technology.!...!41!
Table!8:!Economic!analysis!results.!...!42!
Table!9:!Estimated!Values!of!Environmental!Benefits.!...!42!
Table!10:!Economic!Analysis!Results!Without!and!With!Environmental!Benefits!...!43!
Table!11:!EIRR!Summary!for!Three!Scenarios!by!RE!Technology!...!43!
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1.* Supply&and&Demand&Evolution&
1.1.& Electricity&Demand&Evolution&
Over!the!last!quarter!(1990_2015),!electricity!demand!in!Turkey!has!grown!at!an!outstanding!rate!of!6.3%!
per!year!(CAGR),!based!on!the!data!as!presented!in!the!following!Figure.!
Figure!1:!Evolution!of!Turkish!Electricity!Consumption!(GWh).!
! Source:(TEİAŞ(
This!trend!in!demand!can!be!easily!explained!by!the!economic!development!of!the!country!during!the!
same!period.!If!we!compare!the!evolution!of!real!GDP!with!electricity!demand,!we!can!observe!that!both!
follow!nearly!the!same!trend.!!
Figure!2:!Electricity!Consumption!Growth!vs.!GDP!Growth!
! Source:(TEİAŞ(and(World(Bank.(
_8%
_3%
2%
7%
12%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Electricity!Consumption GDP!Growth
It!is!important!to!point!out!that!between!2000!and!2015!Turkish!GDP!grew!at!a!rate!of!4.0%!and!the!
electricity! demand! growth! at! a! rate! of! 4,9%! (CAGR),! which! means! that! the! electricity! consumption! is!
increasing!more!than!the!GDP!growth.!
However,!as!the!country!is!developing!and!as!expected,!both!the!rate!of!the!GDP!growth!and!electricity!
consumption!growth!rate!is!declining.!While!the!average!electricity!demand!growth!rate!is!9,5%!in!1990s,!
it!is!about!4,7%!for!the!last!five!years.!5_year!moving!average!of!electricity!consumption!is!shown!in!below!
graph.!
Figure!3:!Electricity!Demand!Growth!(5Vyear!average).!
! Source:(Own(Elaboration.(
Major!declines!in!the!demand!growth!rate!can!be!explained!by!the!economic!crisis!occurring!in!those!
years.!
Table!1:!Per!Capita!Demand!Evolution!
Years! Population! Gross!Consumption!(GWh)! Gross!Consumption!per!Capita!
1985! 50.664.458! 36.361! 717,7!
1990!! 56.473.035! 56.812! 1006,0!
2000!! 67.803.927! 128.280! 1891,9!
2007!! 70.586.256! 190.000! 2691,7!
2008!! 71.517.100! 198.085! 2769,8!
2009!! 72.561.312! 194.079! 2674,7!
2010!! 73.722.988! 210.434! 2854,4!
2011!! 74.724.269! 230.306! 3082,1!
2012!! 75.627.384! 242.370! 3204,8!
2013!! 76.667.864! 246.357! 3213,3!
2014! 77.695.904! 257.220! 3310,6!
2015! 78.741.053! 263.828! 3350,6!
Source:(TEİAŞ(and(TURKSTAT(
The!previous!Table!shows!how!per!capita!gross!consumption!and!generation!have!been!grown!since!1985.!
Comparison!of!per!capita!consumption!between!Turkey!and!some!other!countries!and!European!Union!
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
average!is!shown!in!the!next!Table.!While!the!per!capita!consumption!is!steadily!increasing!in!Turkey,!
there!is!much!way!to!catch!the!levels!of!EU.!This!situation!is!an!indicator!that!the!electricity!demand!in!
Turkey!will!at!least!double!in!the!future!in!parallel!to!the!country!development.!
Table!2:!Comparison!of!Electricity!Consumptions!per!Capita.!
! ! 1980! 1990! 2000! 2010! 2012!
Turkey! 496! 928! 1.653! 2.492! 2.790!
Germany! 5.797! 6.640! 6.635! 7.264! 7.270!
Spain! 2.648! 35.38! 5.207! 5.707! 5.573!
Italy! 3.105! 4.145! 5.300! 5.494! 5.398!
Greece! 2.247! 3.234! 4.539! 5.318! 5.511!
USA! 9.862! 11.713! 13.671! 13.394! 12.954!
China! 282! 511! 993! 2.944! 3.475!
EU! 4.200! 5.158! 5.827! 6.266! 6.144!
Source:(World(Bank(
Electricity!consumption!per!capita!is!one!of!the!indicators!of!development!levels!of!countries!and!it!is!
related!with!GDP!per!capita!levels.!As!an!economy!grows!and!develops,!its!electricity!consumption!per!
capita!values!also!tend!to!grow!along!with!this!GDP!growth.!Differences!between!per!capita!GDP!levels!of!
countries!follow!the!same!path!with!the!differences!in!per!capita!electricity!consumption.!
To!shed!further!light!on!the!pattern!of!electricity!consumption!in!Turkey,!the!following!Figure!shows!the!
recorded!monthly!demand!during!the!period!2000_2015.!It!can!be!seen!that!the!summer!peak!is!revealing!
by!years.!!
Figure!4:!Monthly!Electricity!Demand!in!Turkey!(2000!–!2015).!
! Source:(TEİAŞ(
According!to!the!country!comparisons!stated!above,!and!the!expected!economic!growths!of!Turkey,!we!
can! conclude! that! the! country! will! have! electricity! growth! rates! higher! than! its! GDP! growths! for! the!
following! years.! For! example,! between! 2000_2015,! Turkish! GDP! increased! at! a! rate! of! 4%! and! the!
electricity!consumption!grew!at!a!rate!of!4,9%.!This!is!because,!Turkey!is!still!a!developing!country!and!for!
this! reason! energy! intensity! is! higher! than! the! developed! countries.! According! to! the! GDP! demand!
forecasts!of!World!Bank!and!IMF,!GDP!of!Turkey!is!expected!to!grow!at!a!rate!of!3,5%,!while!the!electricity!
demand!forecasts!in!the!market!are!between!4,5%_5%.!
When!analyzing!consumer!categories,!commercial!customers!have!the!highest!demand!growth!rate!with!
12,4%!(CAGR)!between!1990_2013.!During!this!period,!government!consumption!grew!7,8%,!Households!
7,2%!and!Industry!5,2%,!while!the!total!average!rate!was!6,5%.!
Figure!5:!Electricity!Consumption!by!Customer!Group!
! Source:(Turkstat.(
The! peak! demand! characteristic! has! also! been! changed! over! the! years! due! to! economic! growth! and!
related! air! conditioning! consumption.! The! following! Figure! shows! how! instantaneous! peak! demand!
shifted!in!a!year!and!grew!between!2000!and!2014.!By!year!2000!dual!peak!started!to!emerge.!Recently!
the!summer!peak!started!to!exceed!the!winter!peak.!
Figure!6:!Monthly!Peak!Demands!
! Source:(TEİAŞ(
1.2.*Electricity&Supply&Evolution&
Turkey! is! a! self_sufficient! country! for! the! electricity! generation,! for! this! reason! supply! always! follows!
demand!and!there!is!little!import!and!exports.!
Figure!7:!Electricity!Generation!(TWh)!!
! Source:(TEIAS(
The!share!of!private!generation!in!terms!of!the!number!of!generation!companies!on!total!generation!has!
been!increasing!since!2004.!The!share!of!independent!power!producers!in!terms!of!generated!quantity!
has!reached!to!56%!in!2015.!This!increase!is!due!to!the!new!capacity!additions!coming!from!the!IPPs!and!
the!EÜAŞ!plant!privatizations.!!
Figure!8:!Generation!by!Institutions!(TWh)! Figure!9:!Generation!Percentages!by!Institutions!(%)!
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After! the! expiration! of! the! BO_BOT_TOR! contracts! until! 2022,! and! completion! of! some! EÜAŞ! plant!
privatizations,!IPPs!will!dominate!the!market.!By!2019,!91%!of!the!BO_BOT_TOR!contracts!will!expire!and!
the!share!of!contracted!generation!will!decrease!below!2%.!
Natural!Gas!is!the!main!fuel!type!as!it!can!be!seen!in!the!next!Figure,!Natural!Gas!is!the!main!fuel!type!for!
generation!throughout!the!year!and!it!follows!seasonal!hydro!variations!(when!hydro!production!goes!up,!
gas!production!goes!down).!In!fact,!power!generation!by!natural!gas!consumes!around!60%!of!the!total!
natural!gas!consumption!in!the!country.!Wind!and!geothermal!sources!are!still!insignificant!in!terms!of!
their!contribution.!
Figure!10:!Generation!by!Sources.!
! Source:(TEİAŞ(
In!2014,!the!generation!mix!was!as!follows,!where!thermal!sources!constitute!80%!of!the!production.!It!
should!be!noted!that!2014!was!a!dry!year!so!hydro!generation!was!less!than!long_term!averages.!In!2015,!
share!of!natural!gas!reduced!to!37,9%!and!hydro!increased!to!25,8%.!In!2016,!for!the!first!two!months,!
share!of!natural!gas!further!reduced!to!33%.!
Figure!11:!Generation!by!Sources!in!2015.!
! Source:(TEİAŞ(
1.3.*Installed&Capacity&Evolution&
Installed!capacity!increase!in!Turkey!is!shown!in!below!graph!and!as!of!November!2015,!the!capacity!
reached!to!72.486!MW.!As!can!be!seen,!from!2005!to!2015,!installed!capacity!nearly!doubled.!
Figure!12:!Installed!Capacity!Development!in!Turkey!(MW)!
0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Coal Fuels Natural!Gas Waste Hydro Geothermal Wind Solar
Hydro Natural Gas
Coal
! Source:(TEİAŞ(
The!increase!in!the!installed!capacity!stems!from!the!independent!power!producers!(IPPs),!rather!than!
the!EÜAŞ!or!BO_BOT_TOR!contracts,!as!shown!in!below!graph.!
Figure!13:!Installed!Capacities!by!Institutions!
! Source:(EUAŞ(
By! the! increase! in! total! capacity,! share! of! IPPs! are! increasing! while! EÜAŞ! and! contracted! plants! are!
decreasing.!
Figure!14:!Installed!Capacity!Distributions!
! Source:(EUAŞ(
As!of!January!2016,!installed!capacity!mix!by!sources!and!institutions!are!given!in!the!below!figures.!As!
can!be!seen,!independent!power!producers!constitute!the!largest!segment!in!the!market.!According!to!
the!sources,!non_hydro!segment!can!be!said!to!be!newly!developing.!
Figure!15:!Installed!Capacities!by!Institutions!as!of!Jan.!2016!
! Source:(EUAŞ(
Figure!16:!Installed!Capacities!by!Sources!as!of!JuneV!2016!(MW).!
! Source:(TEIAŞ.(
(
2.* Key&Energy&Policy&
In!the!Strategy!Paper!of!Ministry!of!Energy,!the!key!subjects!are!stated!as!Security!of!Supply!and!Energy!
Efficiency.!For!the!security!of!supply!of!electricity,!!
•- Strong!and!Reliable!Energy!Infrastructure,!
o- Eliminating!the!transmission!constraints!between!regions,!
o- Smart!Grids,!
o- Energy!Storage,!
o- Establishing!international!connections!in!ENTSO_E,!
•- Optimal!Resource!Diversity,!
o- Installing!coal_fired!power!plants!within!the!mining!sites,!
o- Rehabilitation!of!the!current!coal_fired!power!plants,!
o- Increasing!the!amount!of!domestic!hard!coal!production,!
o- Exploration!of!new!geothermal!resources,!
o- Continuing!incentives!for!Renewable!Sources,!
o- Dissemination!of!microgeneration,!
o- Strengthening!of!Infrastructure!for!wind!and!solar!plants,!
o- Heating!the!feed_in!water!with!solar!energy!for!thermal!power!plants,!
o- Determination!of!renewable!sources!in!the!state_owned!lands!will!be!continued,!
o- Hydro!plants!with!pumped!storage!will!be!realized,!
o- Usage!of!renewables!for!heating!and!cooling!will!be!worked!on,!
o- Karapınar!Energy!Field!will!be!allocated!to!Solar!plants,!
o- Nuclear!Power!Plant!investment!will!be!conducted,!
o- Petroleum!and!natural!gas!explorations!will!be!supported,!
o- Effective!Demand!Management,!
o- Demand_side!participation!will!be!started,!
o- Illegal!usage!of!electricity!(theft)!will!be!reduced,!
o- Reducing!the!peak!demand!in!houses!will!be!achieved!by!smart!grid!applications,!
For!the!Energy!Efficiency;!
•- Efficiency!of!the!thermal!power!plants!will!be!increased,!
•- Capacity!usage!ratio!of!the!coal_fired!thermal!power!plants!will!be!increased,!
•- Energy!usage!in!general!city!lighting!will!be!reduced,!
•- Smart!metering!will!be!disseminated,!!
•- Illegal!usage!of!electricity!(theft)!will!be!reduced,!
•- Good!quality!materials!will!be!used!for!reducing!the!technical!losses,!
•- Feasibility!studies!for!the!usage!of!thermal!power!plants!in!house!heating!will!be!conducted,!
•- Central!heating/cooling!systems!will!be!supported,!
•- Geothermal!energy!will!be!used!for!heating!where!possible,!
•- Small!scaled!coal!resources!will!be!used!for!heating,!
•- In_situ!generation!will!be!supported,!
•- Agricultural!irrigation!will!be!done!by!wind/solar!plants!in_situ.!
•- Energy!intensity!will!be!reduced!by!20%!according!to!2011!levels,!
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2023!targets!also!enlighten!the!renewable!energy!policy.!For!example,!as!of!2023,!!
•- Wind!capacity!is!planned!to!be!increased!from!4.561!MW!to!20.000!MW,!!
•- Solar!capacity!is!planned!to!be!increased!from!328!MW!to!5.000!MW,!!
•- Biomass!capacity!is!planned!to!be!increased!from!345!MW!to!1.000!MW,!!
•- Hydro!capacity!is!planned!to!be!increased!from!26.137!MW!to!34.000!MW,!
•- Geothermal!capacity!is!planned!to!be!increased!from!635!MW!to!1.000!MW.!
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In!2023,!Turkish!demand!is!expected!to!be!414.000GWh!and!minimum!30%!of!this!is!targeted!to!be!met!
by!renewable!sources.!
In!the!medium_term!natural!gas!usage!in!electricity!generation!sector!is!aimed!to!be!reduced!and!in!2023!
it!is!targeted!as!30%!of!all!generation.!
By!2023,!a!nuclear!power!plant!is!planned!to!be!gained!to!the!generation!portfolio.!
Thus,!key!energy!policy!of!Turkey!is!supplying!the!energy!requirement!from!the!indigenous!sources!such!
as!renewable!energy!and!domestic!coal.!
2.1.*Climate&Change&Policy&
Turkey!was!in!both!the!Annex_1!(historical!liability)!and!Annex_2!(financial!liability)!of!the!United!Nations!
Framework!Convention!on!Climate!Change!that!was!negotiated!from!3_14!June!1992!in!Earth!Summit!and!
entered!force!in!21!March!1994.!However,!with!the!attempts!of!Turkey,!the!country!is!exempted!from!
Annex_2!and!listed!in!Annex_1!with!its!special!terms!and!became!the!189.!country!that!officially!attended!
to!the!Convention!in!24!May!2004.!
Also,!Turkey!officially!attended!to!the!Kyoto!Protocol!in!26!Augusto!2009.!However,!Turkey!has!no!liability!
for!reducing!the!CO2!emissions!in!the!first!(2008_2012)!and!the!second!(2013_2020)!liability!periods.!!
Turkey!has!a!general!policy!of!reducing!CO2!emissions!by!putting!renewable!energy!sources!into!effect.!
However,!large!amount!of!natural!gas!imports!(~48!bcm)!and!high!dependency!on!imported!natural!gas!
in!electricity!generation,!turning!the!country’s!face!to!the!indigenous!coal!reserves.!Nuclear!energy!may!
be!counted!as!one!source!of!reducing!emissions,!and!Turkey!is!aiming!to!install!4.800!MW!of!nuclear!
power!until!2023.!
Since!Turkey!is!not!a!developed!country!but!rather!a!developing!country,!the!CO2!emissions!are!expected!
to!increase!until!the!renewable!sources!will!be!adequate!to!compensate!the!demand!increase.!After!the!
increase!in!demand!reduces!to!lower!levels,!emissions!may!be!expected!to!stay!straight.!
Climate!Change!Action!Plan!of!Turkey!comprising!2011_2023!has!the!following!main!objectives!about!the!
energy!sector;!
•- Decreasing!the!energy!density;!
o- Reducing!the!primary!energy!density!10%!below!the!2008!levels!in!2015,!
o- Increasing!the!energy!efficiency!capacity!until!2015,!
o- Supporting!the!R&D!studies!for!energy!efficiency,!
o- Increasing!the!energy!efficiency!incentives!100%!until!2015,!
•- Increasing!the!level!of!renewable!energy;!
o- Increasing!the!share!of!renewable!energy,!
o- Increasing!the!capacity!for!renewable!energy!expansion,!
o- Developing!renewable!energy!technologies!until!2023,!
•- Decreasing!the!coal!sourced!emissions;!
o- Increasing!the!efficiency!of!coal_fired!power!plants!until!2023,!
•- Decreasing!the!loss_theft!ratio!in!the!distribution!system;!
o- Decreasing!the!energy!loss!ratio!of!distribution!system!to!8%!until!2023,!
•- Increasing!the!energy!efficiency!in!the!buildings;!
o- Minimum! of! 1! million! houses! and! 10.000! m2! commercial! building! will! be! made! heat!
insulation!that!satisfies!the!standards.!
o- Application!of!the!Energy!Performance!in!Buildings!regulation!until!2017,!
o- Development!of!the!financial!tools!about!the!building!efficiency,!
o- Giving!the!Energy!Certificate!to!all!buildings!until!2017,!
o- Reducing!the!energy!consumption!of!the!public!buildings!by!10%!until!2015!and!20%!until!
2023,!
•- Utilizing!renewable!sources!for!buildings;!
o- After! 2017,! supplying! 20%! of! the! energy! needs! of! new! constructed! buildings! from!
renewable!sources,!
•- Limitation!of!the!energy!usage!in!new!settlements,!
o- New!settlements!should!be!at!least!10%!more!efficient!than!the!existing!settlements,!
Climate! Change! Coordination! Board! (CCCB)! was! first! established! with! the! Prime! Ministerial! Circular!
2001/2.!CCCB!then!reformed!by!the!Circular!2013/11!(07!Oct.!2013)!and!named!as!Climate!Change!and!
Air!Management!Coordination!Board.!The!Board!consists!of!the!following!members:!
•- Ministry!of!Environment!and!Urbanization!(Coordinator)!
•- Ministry!of!EU!Relations,!
•- Ministry!of!Science,!Industry!and!Technology,!
•- Ministry!of!Foreign!Affairs,!
•- Ministry!of!Economy,!
•- Ministry!of!Energy!and!Natural!Resources,!
•- Ministry!of!Food,!Agriculture!and!Livestock,!
•- Ministry!of!Internal!Affairs,!
•- Ministry!of!Development,!!
•- Ministry!of!Finance,!
•- Ministry!of!National!Education,!
•- Ministry!of!Forestry!and!Water!Affairs,!
•- Ministry!of!Health,!
•- Ministry!of!Transportation,!Maritime!Affairs!and!Communication,!
•- Undersecretaries!for!the!Treasury,!
•- Turkish!Union!of!Chambers!and!Exchange!Commodities!(TOBB),!
•- Turkish!Industry!and!Business!Association!(TÜSİAD),!
•- Independent!Industrialists!and!Businessmen's!Association!(MÜSİAD),!
•- Disaster!and!Emergency!Management!Directorate!(AFAD),!
•- Turkish!Statistical!Institution!(TÜİK),!
Paris!Climate!Agreement!is!signed!on!12!Dec.!2015!by!the!parties!attended!to!the!Paris!Climate!Summit.!
However,! before! the! Paris! Agreement,! Turkey! has! submitted! its! Nationally! Determined! Contribution!
(INDC)!to!UN!Climate!Secretariat,!stating!that!the!increase!of!emissions!until!2030!will!be!21%!less!than!
the!reference!scenario.!
!
! !
3.* RES&Environmental&and&Social&Impact&(TASK&1A&–&Activities&8&and&9).&
3.1.*Key&Turkish&Environmental&and&Social&Legislation&
The!Environmental!Law!(No.!2872),!which!was!published!in!Official!Gazette!No.!18132!dated!August!11,!
1983!provides!the!legislative!framework!for!the!regulation!of!industries!and!infrastructure!projects!and!
their!potential!impact!on!the!environment.!The!Environmental!Law!authorized!the!publication!of!several!
regulations.!!
Main!environmental!legislation!includes!are!the!following:!
•- Environmental!Impact!Assessment!Regulation,!Official!Gazette!No.!29186,!dated!November!25,!
2014!
•- Regulation!on!Assessment!and!Management!of!Environmental!Noise,!Official!Gazette!No.!27601!
dated!June!4,!2010!
•- Water!Pollution!Control!Regulation,!Official!Gazette!No.!25687!dated!December!31,!2004!!
•- Regulation!on!Waste!Management,!Official!Gazette!No.!29314!dated!April!2,!2015!
•- Industrial!Air!Pollution!Control!Regulation,!Official!Gazette!No.27277!dated!July!3,!2009.!
Main!social!legislation!includes!the!following:!
•- Expropriation!Law!(No.2942),!Official!Gazette!No.18215!dated!November!8,!1983!
•- Resettlement!Law!(No.5543),!Official!Gazette!No.26301!dated!September!26,!2006!
This!social!legislation!is!important!for!project!appraisal!and!permitting!by!the!environmental!regulator;!
the!assessment!of!social!impacts,!particularly!where!relocation,!expropriation!and!loss!of!income!and!
livelihood!is!concerned,!is!also!a!cornerstone!of!the!project!due!diligence!carried!out!by!IFI’s!and!their!
local!partners!as!part!of!project!financing.!
!!There!are!several!other!laws!and!regulations!that!are!required!to!be!considered!in!project!review.!The!
major!laws!and!regulations!applicable!to!renewable!energy!projects!are!listed!below:!
•- Laborr!Law!(No.4857),!Official!Gazette!No.25134!dated!June!10,!2003!
•- Health!and!Safety!Law!(No.6331),!Official!Gazette!No.28339!dated!June!30,!2012!
•- Law!on!Utilization!of!Renewable!Energy!Resources!for!the!Purpose!of!Generating!Electrical!Energy!
(No.5346),!Official!Gazette!No.25819!dated!May!18,!2005!
•- Law!on!Protection!and!Usage!of!Agricultural!Lands!(No.5403),!Official!Gazette!No.25880!dated!
July!19,!2005!
•- Pasture!Law!(No:4342),!Official!Gazette!No.23272!dated!February!28,!1998!
•- Forestry!Law!(No:6831),!Official!Gazette!No.9402!dated!September!8,!1956!
3.1.1.* Environmental&Impact&Assessment&Regulation&
Under!the!Environmental!Impact!Assessment!Regulation!(Official!Gazette!No.!29186,!dated!November!25,!
2014),!projects!are!classified!as!either!‘Annex!I’!or!‘Annex!II’,!and!by!default,!‘No!Annex’.!Projects!that!are!
not!listed!in!Annex!I!or!Annex!II!require!no!further!consideration!under!the!Turkish!EIA!regulatory!system.!!
If!a!project!is!identified!under!Annex!I!of!the!Turkish!EIA!Regulation,!an!EIA!Report!needs!to!be!prepared.!
Turkish! requirements! for! carrying! out! an! EIA! Report,! including! public! consultation,! expert! review! and!
revisions!to!the!EIA!Report!are!outlined!in!the!regulation.!!!!
Projects! identified! under! Annex! II! of! the! EIA! regulation! is! required! to! prepare! and! submit! a! “Project!
Introduction!File”!(PIF)!to!the!Provincial!Directorate!of!Ministry!of!Environment!and!Urbanization!(MoEU).!
Based! on! PIF,! the! Provincial! Directorate! of! MoEU! determines! whether! an! Environmental! Impact!
Assessment! Report! (EIA! Report)! is! required! or! not.! The! content! of! the! PIF! is! also! defined! in! the! EIA!
regulation.!!It!is!important!to!note!that!the!PIF!itself!should!constitute!a!brief!environmental!assessment!
of!project!environmental!implications!as!well!as!key!mitigation!requirements.!!!
For!renewable!energy!projects,!a!summary!of!Annex!I!and!Annex!II!projects!according!to!current!Turkish!
EIA!regulation!are!presented!in!the!Table!below.!
Table!3:!Annex!I!and!Annex!II!projects!as!per!the!EIA!Regulation.!
! Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal Biomass EIA!Regulation
Annex!
I
More!
than!10!
MWm
!
Reservoir!
size!_!
more!
than!10!
million!m3
More!than!
20!turbines!
or!50!MWm!
installed!
capacity
Project!area!
larger!than!
20!hectare!or!
More!than!10!
MWe! installed!
capacity
More!than!
20!MWe
!
More!than!300!
MWt
Daily!
combustion!of!
100!tons!or!
more!!waste
Full!Environmental!
Impact!Assessment!
(EIA)!required
Annex!
II
1_10!
MWm
!
Reservoir!
size!–!5_
10!million!
m3
More!than!
5!turbines!
or!installed!
capacity!
between!
10_50!MWm
Project!area!
larger!than!2!
hectare!or!1_
10!MWe!
(excluding!
roof!top!
systems)
5_20!MWe
20_300!MWt
! Daily!
combustion!of!
less!than!100!
tons!waste
Project!
Introduction!File!
(PIF)!which!decides!
whether
EIA!necessary!(then!
the!Annex!I!process!
applied)!or EIA!not!necessary
No!
Annex Less!than!
1!MW Less!than!
10!MWe
Less!than!
1MWe
Less!than!5!
MWe
!
No!requirements
!
The!EIA!process!includes!environmental!and!social!investigations.!The!two!key!social!laws!(relating!to!
expropriation!and!resettlement)!are!listed!in!the!previous!section.!The!following!sections!describe,!in!
more!detail,!the!relevant!environmental!regulations!and!refer!to!relevant!international!conventions!and!
areas!designated!for!protection!of!flora!and!fauna.!
3.1.2.* Biodiversity&and&Habitat&Protection&Laws&
The!following!section!presents!Turkish!environmental!law!relating!to!biodiversity!and!habitat!protection.!
There!are!various!laws!and!regulations!relating!to!nature!conservation!and!sustainability!of!biodiversity!in!
Turkey.!Main!national!legislation!with!respect!to!nature!conservation!includes:!
•- The(Environment(Law((No.2872):!Aims!at!conservation!of!environment!in!line!with!the!principles!
of!sustainable!environment!and!development.!!
•- Law( on( National( Parks( (No.2873):! Determines! the! principles! governing! the! selection! and!
designation! of! national! parks,! natural! monuments,! nature! parks,! and! nature! reserve! areas! of!
national!and!international!value,!and!the!conservation,!development!and!management!of!such!
places.!
•- Law(on(the(Conservation(of(Cultural(and(Natural(Heritage((No.2863):(Aims!to!define!movable!
and! immovable! cultural! and! natural! property! to! be! protected! and! regulate! proceedings! and!
activities.!
•- Statutory(Decree((No.383)(on(the(Establishment(of(the(Authority(for(the(Special(Protection(of(
Areas(Decree:!Defines!provisions!on!establishment!of!Environmental!Protection!Institution,!which!
is!responsible!for!taking!necessary!precautions!for!eradicating!existing!environmental!problems!
in! the! areas! defined! as! "Special! Environmental! Protection! Area"! under! Article! 9! of! the!
Environment!Law!No.!2872.!!
•- Law(on(Terrestrial(Hunting((No.(4915):!Determines!the!principles!of!selection!and!designation!of!
wild! life! protection! and! development! areas.! Implementation! of! the! Law! is! enforced! by! the!
decisions!of!Central!Hunting!Commission.!
•- Law(of(Forests((No.(6831):!Defines!provisions!for!management!of!forests.!Conservation!forests,!
gene!conservation!forests!and!seed!stands!are!the!main!conservation!status!area!set!out!in!the!
Law.!
•- Law(on(Fisheries((No.1380):!Defines!requirements!for!production,!protection!and!inspection!of!
aquatic!animals!and!establishes!provisions!to!be!applied!on!marine!and!inland!fisheries!(including!
aquaculture).!
•- Regulation(on(Conservation(of(Wetlands:!Defines!the!principles!of!protection,!management!and!
development!of!wetlands!and!their!habitats.!This!Regulation!also!covers!the!establishment!of!the!
National!and!Provincial!Wetland!Commissions.!!
•- Draft(Law(on(Conservation(of(Nature(and(Biodiversity:!developed!in!the!scope!of!the!Biodiversity!
and!Natural!Sources!Management!Project!supported!by!Global!Environment!Facility!in!2003!and!
sent!to!the!Grand!National!Assembly!of!Turkey!by!the!Ministry!of!Environment!and!Forestry.!The!
draft! law! was! revised! a! few! times! and! approved! by! the! Environment! Commission! of! Grand!
National!Assembly!of!Turkey!on!18!June!2012.!It!has!not!been!published!yet.!!
Turkey!is!a!signatory!to!several!regional!and!international!conventions!that!are!relevant!to!the!renewable!
energy!projects.!These!include!the!following:!
•- Convention!on!Biological!Diversity,!!
•- Convention!on!the!International!Trade!in!Endangered!Species!of!Wild!Flora!and!Fauna!(CITES),!
•- Convention!on!the!Conservation!of!European!Wildlife!and!Natural!Habitats!(Bern),!!
•- Convention!on!Wetlands!of!International!Importance!Especially!as!Waterfowl!Habitat!(Ramsar),!!
•- International!Convention!for!the!Protection!of!Birds,!and!the!
•- Convention!Concerning!the!Protection!of!the!World!Cultural!and!Natural!Heritage.!
3.1.3.* Other&Ecologically&Important&Areas&
In! addition! to! the! protected! areas! described! under! national! legislation,! there! are! other! areas! of!
outstanding!environmental!value,!some!of!which!may!not!designated!or!partly!designated!by!national!
legislation,!but!which!are!nevertheless!considered!to!be!ecologically!important.!Generally,!these!areas!
have! been! identified! by! Turkish! non_governmental! organizations! in! coordination! with! relevant!
international!environmental!organizations.!These!areas!include:!
Key!Biodiversity!Areas:!
The!Key!Biodiversity!Area!(KBA)!methodology!is!a!tool!to!identify!and!conserve!a!global!network!of!natural!
areas!crucial!to!sustain!the!world’s!ecological!diversity.!KBAs!are!sites!of!international!importance!for!the!
conservation!of!biodiversity!at!the!global!level;!they!are!selected!by!using!globally!applicable!standards!
and! threshold! based! criteria! that! consider! the! distribution! and! population! of! species! for! which! site!
conservation!is!appropriate.!!
The!Nature!Foundation!(Doğa!Derneği)!has!actively!contributed!in!the!development!of!the!global!KBA!
methodology!in!Turkey!with!the!support!of!the!Royal!Society!for!the!Protection!of!Birds!(RSPB)!and!Birdlife!
International.!
In!2006,!the!Doğa!Derneği!published!“Key!Biodiversity!Areas!of!Turkey”.!!This!book!identifies!305!KBAs!
which!cover!20,280,149!hectares,!equivalent!26%!of!Turkey’s!surface!area.!!Approximately!20!%!of!these!
KBAs!are!designated!under!national!legislation.!!
Important!Bird!Areas!
The!European!Important!Bird!Area!(IBA)!Programme!is!coordinated!by!the!European!Division!of!BirdLife!
International!and!implemented!through!national!IBA!Programmes!in!51!European!countries.!“Important!
Bird!Areas!in!Turkey”!was!first!published!in!1989;!the!second!version!was!published!by!the!Society!of!
Conservation! of! Nature! (Doğal! Hayatı! Koruma! Derneği)! and! BirdLife! International! in! 1997.! A! revised!
version!was!republished!in!2004!by!the!Nature!Foundation!(Doğa!Derneği)!and!Birdlife!International,!with!
support!of!the!RSPB.!
IBAs! are! defined! as! the! priority! sites! for! bird! conservation! because! they! regularly! hold! significant!
populations!of!one!or!more!globally!or!regionally!threatened,!endemic!congregator!bird!species,!or!highly!
representative!bird!assemblages.!In!addition,!IBAs!are!more!than!a!collection!of!separate!sites:!they!form!
a! network,! effective! conservation! of! which! should! ensure! that! migratory! species! can! find! suitable!
breeding,!stop_over!and!wintering!places!along!their!respective!flyways.1!
184!IBAs!are!identified!in!Turkey.!!The!ecological!criteria!used!for!determination!of!the!IBAs!are!the!same!
as!used!for!KBAs.!!!!
3.2.*Overall&Status&of&Alignment&of&Turkish&Environmental&Legislation&with&EU&Law&
Turkey’s!EU!Accession!Negotiations!started!on!3!October!2005!and!are!conducted!in!35!chapters!in!the!
context!of!the!Negotiation!Framework.!Of!these!35!chapters!15!have!been!opened;!one!was!provisionally!
closed.!Chapter!27!(Environment!and!Climate!Change)!was!opened!in!2009.!The!2015!EU!progress!report!
on!the!status!of!these!chapters!(‘Turkey!2015!Report’;!SWD!(2015)!216!final)!presents!a!detailed!account!
of!legal!alignments!and!states:!‘Turkey'is'moderately'prepared'in'the'area'of'environment'and'climate' change.'In'the'past'year,'there'was'some'progress,'mainly'in'aligning'environmental'legislation,'whereas' enforcement' remains' weak,' especially' on' waste' management' and' industrial' pollution.' There' is' considerable' room' to' improve' the' way' horizontal' legislation2' is' implemented.' Poor' implementation' of' court'rulings'on'environmental'issues'is'causing'public'concern.'More'ambitious'and'better'coordinated' environment' and' climate' policies' still' need' to' be' established' and' implemented.' Strategic' planning,' substantial'investment'and'stronger'administrative'capacity'are'required'as'well.’!
More! specifically,! this! report! states! that! ‘Turkey' amended' its' environment' horizontal' legislation' in' November'2014'by'introducing'environmental'impact'assessment'requirements'for'projects'started'after' May'2013.'Civil'society'remains'critical'of'the'inadequate'level'of'public'consultations'and'of'procedural' requirements.'Several'cases'are'being'challenged'in'court,'including'the'Akkuyu'nuclear'power'plant'and' microJhydro'power'plants.'Procedures'for'transboundary'consultations'have'not'been'aligned'with'the' acquis.'Turkey'has'not'yet'sent'to'the'relevant'Member'States'its'draft'for'general'bilateral'agreements' on' environmental' impact' assessment' cooperation' in' a' transboundary' context.' Alignment' with' the' Strategic'Environmental'Assessments'Directive'is'still'pending.'Provisions'on'access'to'information,'public' participation'and'access'to'justice'in'environmental'matters'established'in'the'UN'Economic'Commission' for'Europe'Aarhus'Convention'also'have'yet'to'be'aligned'with.’!!!
Of!specific!relevance!to!the!siting!of!renewable!energy!production!installations!are!comments!relating!to!
river!basins!(‘In'the'area'of'water'quality,'the'preparation'of'river'basin'management'plans'is'under'way.’)!
and! nature! conservation! sites! (‘Framework' legislation' on' nature' protection,' the' national' biodiversity' strategy'and'action'plan'have'not'yet'been'adopted.'The'regulations'allowing'development'in'wetlands,' forests'and'natural'site'areas'are'still'not'in'line'with'the'acquis.'The'draft'nature'protection'law'needs'to' be'made'compliant'with'the'acquis.'It'is'crucial'that'implementing'legislation'also'be'adopted'on'time'to'
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1!For!details!see!Birdlife!International!!
2!‘horizontal!legislation’!encompasses!legislation!which!applies!to!different!environmental!subject!areas!as!
opposed!to!regulations!which!apply!to!a!specific!sector,!e.g.!waste,!air!or!water.!This!legislation!is!procedural!and!
provides!methods!and!mechanisms!for!decision!making.!It!includes,!inter!alia,!legislation!related!to!environmental!
and!social!impact!assessment!(EIA!Directive;!2011/92/EU);!strategic!environmental!assessment!(SEA!Directive!
2001/42/EC);!public!access!to!environmental!information!(Access!to!Information!Directive!2003/4/EC!and!Public!
Participation!Directive!2003/35/EC)!
!
avoid'any'legal'vacuum,'as'the'draft'currently'envisages'repeal'of'the'national'parks'law.'The'potential' Natura'2000'sites'have'not'yet'been'identified.'Investments'in'hydropower'need'to'ensure'compliance' with'environment'legislation,'especially'in'areas'of'high'natural'value.’).!
3.3.*Standards&used&by&International&Financial&Institutions&
International! Financial! Institutions! (largely! international! development! banks),! bilateral! Financial!
Institutions!(national!development!banks)!and!some!larger!and!often!internationally!operating!banks!use!
their!own!standards!and!procedures!for!project!appraisal!prior!to!making!decisions!on!project!finance.!
Whilst!individual!institutions!have!their!individual!environmental!and!social!policies!and!procedures,!these!
are! broadly! comparable! and! frequently! use! other! legal! provisions! and! standards! as! criteria! for!
acceptability! of! projects! (e.g.! EU! country! financial! institutions! use! compliance! with! EU! Directives! as! a!
yardstick).!!
The!key!standards,!for!the!purpose!of!this!project,!are!!
•- the! World! Bank! Safeguard! Policies! (for! the! International! Bank! for! Reconstruction! and!
Development! the! public! sector! finance! of! the! World! Bank! Group)! and! the! IFC! Performance!
Standards!(of!the!International!Finance!Corporation,!IFC,!which!is!also!part!of!the!World!Bank!
Group!and!provides!finance!to!the!private!sector);!and!
•- the!Performance!Requirements!of!the!European!Bank!for!Reconstruction!and!Development!(EBRD!
which! provides! finance! to! the! private! sector,! either! directly! or,! for! smaller! projects,! ! via! local!
Financial!Intermediary!Banks!which!apply!EBRD!standards);!
•- EU!Directives!and!other!regulations!(as!applied!by!the!European!Investment!Bank!and!as!also!
referred!to!in!the!EBRD!policies!and!standards;!this!is!already!covered!in!a!previous!section.!
!
Perhaps!the!most!widely!used!standards!mentioned!are!those!of!the!IFC.!These!are:!
•- PS!1:!Assessment!and!Management!of!Environmental!and!Social!Risks!and!Impacts!!
•- PS!2:!Labor!and!Working!Conditions!!
•- PS!3:!Resource!Efficiency!and!Pollution!Prevention!!
•- PS!4:!Community!Health,!Safety,!and!Security!!
•- PS!5:!Land!Acquisition!and!Involuntary!Resettlement!!
•- PS!6:!Biodiversity!Conservation!and!Sustainable!Management!of!Living!Natural!Resources!!
•- PS!7:!Indigenous!Peoples!!
•- PS!8:!Cultural!Heritage!
These!IFC!Performance!Standards!are!complemented!by!guidance!documents!which!are!either!general!for!
all!projects!(e.g.!the!Environmental,!Health!and!Safety!Guidelines,!2007)!or!relate!to!specific!projects!(e.g.!
Environmental,!Health,!and!Safety!Guidelines!for!Wind!Energy,!2015;!Environmental,!Health,!and!Safety!
Guidelines! for! Geothermal! Generation,! 2007;! Cumulative! Environmental! Impact! Assessment! for!
Hydropower!Projects!in!Turkey,!2012).!
The! public_sector! finance! of! the! World! Bank! Group! (International! Bank! for! Reconstruction! and!
Development,!IBRD)!is!using!a!different!set!of!procedures!for!its!projects,!the!Safeguard!Policies.!!
These!Safeguard!Policies!are!currently!being!revised!into!the!new!so_called!“Environmental!and!Social!
Framework”3.!The!proposed!changes!will!bring!the!Safeguard!Policies!very!close!to!the!IFC!Performance!
Standards,!namely!as!Environment!and!Social!Standards!(ESS),!thus!providing!a!more!unified!and!less!
confusing!policy!framework!within!the!entire!World!Bank!Group.!This!updated!policy!for!the!public!sector!
is!likely!to!become!operational!in!2018.!!
The!EBRD!Performance!Requirements!are!largely!identical!to!the!IFC!Performance!Standards.!EBRD!also!
provides!eligibility!Criteria!for!Hydropower!Projects!and!Wind!Power!Projects4!under!its!MidSEFF!facility.!
There!has!been,!historically,!some!confusion!about!the!multitude!of!environmental!and!social!standards!
applied! by! IFIs;! bilateral! development! banks;! Export! Credit! Agencies;! and! commercial! banks,! and! the!
question!as!to!what!extent!these!standards!(and!project!appraisal!processes)!are!comparable.!!What!has!
happened!over!the!years!is!that!these!standards!have!become!very!compatible!in!scope!and!detail,!as!all!
banks!try!to!focus!on!state!of!the!art!technical,!social!and!environmental!requirements,!and!on!a!pragmatic!
project!appraisal!process.!The!following!summarizes!the!current!situation:!
•- IFI!standards!are!already!very!similar.!By!2018,!environmental!and!social!standards!of!the!World!
Bank!Group!(public!as!well!as!private!sector!financing)!and!EBRD!standards!will!be!largely!identical.!!!
•- The!European!Principles!for!the!Environment!of!the!European!Investment!Bank!(EIB,!the!key!EU!
bank),!is!requiring!compliance!with!EU!Directives!and!regulations.!EBRD!also!refers!to!compliance!
with!EU!standards!in!its!policies.!Additionally,!some!of!the!EU!developed!guidance!notes!(e.g.!on!
best!available!techniques)!have!become!international!industry!standards.!
•- Bilateral!Development!Banks!(such!as!KfW;!AfD;!FMO)!generally!also!refer!to!EU!Directives!and!
use!IFC!standards,!as!do!Export!Credit!Agencies.!!
•- Commercial! banks! subscribing! to! the! Equator! Principles! use! IFC! Performance! Standards;! this!
group!of!83!‘Equator!Principles!Financial!Institutions’!in!36!countries!does!currently!not!include!
any!Turkish!bank!but!some!banks!are!nevertheless!applying!these!criteria!either!for!their!own_
funded! projects! or! for! projects! where! they! act! as! Financial! Intermediaries! for! international!
development!banks!such!as!the!IFC.!!
In! summary,! these! standards! used! by! financial! institutions! and! commercial! banks! are! compatible! and!
often!identical.!The!same!applies!to!the!project!environmental!and!social!appraisal!process!of!investment!
projects.!!
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3!
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTSAFEPOL/0,,menuPK:584441~pagePK:6 4168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:584435,00.html!
4!MIDSEFF!Eligibility!Criteria;!EBRD!
Differences!in!the!environmental!requirements!and!project!appraisal!relate!to!project!screening!which!
determines! project! classification! and! subsequent! due! diligence.! IFI! project! classification! is! largely! risk!
based! whereas! classification! under! Turkish! law! is! primarily! based! on! project! size.! IFIs! also! consider!
associated!projects!such!as!access!roads!or!transmission!as!an!integral!part!of!the!project.!
A!major!difference!between!Turkish!legislation!and!international!guidelines!is!found!in!social!due!diligence!
of! projects.! ! Social! impact! assessment! is! not! a! legal! requirement! in! Turkey,! and! consequently!
environmental!impact!assessment!studies!include!very!limited!social!assessment.!In!addition,!the!Turkish!
EIA!process!requires!only!limited!community!engagement!(i.e.!public!participation!and!disclosure)!when!
compared!to!the!requirements!of!the!WB!or!the!EU.!
!!A!pillar!of!the!IFI!approach!is!stakeholder!engagement!and!assessment!of!project!impacts!on!affected!
local! communities.! This! social! dimension! will! grow! in! importance! in! the! new! WB! framework.! There!
appears!to!be!at!present!a!discussion!within!the!WB!as!to!how!to!assess!and!ensure!that!the!national!
requirements! and! systems! of! the! borrower! meet! WB! standards! (i.e.! will! national! standards! and!
procedures!lead!to!project!implementation!in!compliance!with!WB!standards).!
3.4.*Requirements&of&Major&NonWGovernmental&Organisations&(NGOs)&
NGOs! generally! support! renewable! energy! projects! because! of! their! environmental! benefits,! notably!
reduction!of!carbon!emissions.!!However,!there!is!also!growing!opposition!to!new!projects,!mainly!from!
local!groups!affected!by!wind!parks,!geothermal!power!plants!or!small!hydro!power!stations/cascades.!
Some! of! these! groups! are! part! of! international! networks! such! as! the! European! Platform! Against!
Windfarms.!!
Key!NGOs!(other!than!local!NGOs)!with!an!interest!in!renewable!energy!projects!in!Turkey!include!(but!
are!not!limited!to):!
•- Greenpeace! (http://www.greenpeace.org/turkey/tr/);! broad! support! for! renewable! energy!
projects;!
•- Nature!Association!(Doğa!Derneği)!(http://www.dogadernegi.org/en/);!serves!for!the!protection!
of!biodiversity!in!Turkey!and!carried!out!various!projects!aimed!at!identification!of!Key!Biodiversity!
Areas!(KBA)s,!protection!of!aquatic!environment!and!migratory!bird!species;!
•- Birdlife!International!(www.birdlife.org)!with!its!statement!on!birds!and!windfarms!(see!below);!!
•- Nature!Research!Society!(Doğa!Araştırmaları!Derneği)!(www.dogaarastirmalari.org);!
•- WWF!Türkiye!!!(http://www.wwf.org.tr/);!broad!support!for!renewable!energy!projects;!WWF!
International!worked!with!IHA!on!the!Hydropower!Sustainability!Protocol;!
•- European! Platform! Against! Windfarms! (EPAW)! (! [email protected]! )! ;! 968! member!
organisations! in! 30! countries;! includes! Cunda! Island! Society! Against! Wind! Propellers! –! Citizen!
group,! Ayvalık,! Balıkesir! and! Karaburun! Yaylaköy! ve! Sarpıncık! Rüzgar! Santrallerine! Hayır! –!
Platform,!Karaburun,!Izmir.!!!
The!past!and!current!major!targets!for!criticism!and!in!places!fierce!local!opposition!are!small!and!micro!
hydro!power!schemes!(single!and!cascades),!and!large!wind!power!developments;!and!there!is!now!also!
increasing!opposition!to!geothermal!power!generation.!!
Small!and!medium_sized!hydropower!developments!were!a!major!focus!of!investment!in!past!decades,!
often!without!adequate!environmental!investigations,!and!thus!became!a!major!target!for!opposition,!
mostly!by!local,!affected!communities.!!Opposition!to!hydro!power!focuses!on!change!in!land!use;!the!
land!acquisition!process;!habitat!and!biodiversity!destruction;!cumulative!impacts!(of!associated!facilities,!
e.g.!water!collection!systems!and!road!networks);!and!on!visual!impact.!Opposition!is!particularly!strong!
in!areas!with!cascades!of!hydro_power!schemes.!With!the!rapid!development!of!wind!power,!particularly!
along! the! Aegean! coast,! opposition! to! developments! in! previously! pristine! and! untouched! areas! has!
developed!rapidly!in!past!years.!Examples!are!the!opposition!to!wind!parks!in!the!Karaburun!peninsula!
and!in!the!Balikesir!region.!!Opposition!to!wind!turbines!focuses!on!change!in!land!use;!the!land!acquisition!
process;! overall! visual! impact! on! the! landscape! and! its! unique! features;! and! on! noise! and! flicker! for!
residential!premises.!Other!areas!of!concern,!like!those!for!hydropower,!are!impacts!of!associated!projects!
such!as!access!roads,!where!tree!cutting!and!slope!stabilization!are!major!issues.!
There! is! also! criticism! of! the! quality! of! environmental! and! social! investigations! and! resulting! EIA!
documents,!and!of!the!control!and!enforcement!of!permit!conditions!and!project!commitments.!!
There!are!some!guidance!documents!from!NGOs!or!working!groups!on!major!aspects!of!renewable!energy!
projects,! particularly! on! wind! park! location! and! on! hydropower! projects.! These! include! ‘Wind! Farm!
Development!and!Nature!Conservation’,!20015!and!the!Birdlife!International!‘Position!Statement!on!Wind!
Farms!and!Birds’6,!and!WWF!documents!relating!to!hydropower.!
3.5.* Industry!Standards!!
Similar! to! environmental! NGOs,! there! is! very! little! practical! guidance! from! international! industry!
associations!and!no!internationally!accepted!standards!for!environmental!and!social!issues.!!The!exception!
is! the! International! Hydropower! Association! (IHA)! which! has! prepared! a! ‘Hydropower! Sustainability!
Assessment! Protocol’! (2010)! to! address! key! environmental! and! social! issues.! This! is! a! very! detailed!
publication!aimed!at!medium!to!large!size!hydro_power!installations.!It!covers:!
•- ‘For' key' environmental' issues:' Aquatic' and' terrestrial' biodiversity,' threatened' species,' critical' habitats,'ecosystem'integrity'and'connectivity'issues,'water'quality,'erosion'and'sedimentation.' Environmental'impacts'of'the'project'that'extend'beyond'the'jurisdictional'boundaries'in'which' the'project'is'located'would'need'to'be'assessed'and'included'in'management'plans.'
•- For'key'social'issues:'Key'social'issues'include'projectJaffected'communities,'indigenous'peoples,' ethnic' minorities,' resettlement,' cultural' heritage' (both' physical' and' nonJphysical),' and' public' health;'and'are'analyzed'with'respect'to'socioJeconomic'indicators'(including'living'standards,'
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
5!Wind!farm!development!and!nature!conservation;!A!guidance!document!for!nature!conservation!organizations!
and!developers!when!consulting!over!wind!farm!proposals!in!England;!English!Nature/RSPB/WWF_UK/BWEA,!
March!2001!
6!Birdlife!International,!Position!Statement!on!Wind!Farms!and!Birds,!adopted!by!the!Birdlife!Birds!and!Habitats!
Directive!Task!Force!on!9!December!2005!
