CELLS CELLS
CELLULAR COMPONENTS CELLULAR COMPONENTS
& PROCESES
& PROCESES
MODERN CELL THEORY MODERN CELL THEORY
1.1.
The cell is the unit of structure and The cell is the unit of structure and function in living things.
function in living things.
2.2.
All cells arise from preexisting cells. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
3.3.
The cells of all living things carry on The cells of all living things carry on similar chemical activities.
similar chemical activities.
4.4.
All cells carry on their metabolic All cells carry on their metabolic activities in organelles.
activities in organelles.
There are two types of cells:
There are two types of cells:
1.1.
Prokaryotic- Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other cell ORGANELLES
nucleus or other cell ORGANELLES
2.2.
Eukaryotic- Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS & cells with a NUCLEUS &
cell ORGANELLES cell ORGANELLES
Which is more complicated? Which is more complicated?
REMEMBER REMEMBER YOU YOU ARE ARE EUKARYOTIC! EUKARYOTIC!
The parts of a cell that carry out a The parts of a cell that carry out a function are called cell
function are called cell ORGANELLES ORGANELLES : :
All cells have the following All cells have the following organelles:
organelles:
Cell Membrane Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Ribosomes Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton
Eukaryote cells ALSO have Eukaryote cells ALSO have : :
Nucleus Nucleus
Nucleolus Nucleolus
Mitochondria Mitochondria
Golgi Body Complex Golgi Body Complex
Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuole Vacuole
Lysosome Lysosome
Centrioles ( Centrioles ( ANIMAL ONLY ANIMAL ONLY ) )
Only Plant Cells have all of the above &:
Only Plant Cells have all of the above &:
organelles organelles
little “organs” of the cell little “organs” of the cell
Organelles are present in BOTH Organelles are present in BOTH plants and animals
plants and animals
Carry out cellular functions! Carry out cellular functions!
Nucleus Nucleus
cellular cellular control center control center
Controls cellular activity Controls cellular activity
contains contains hereditary hereditary material material (DNA in chromosomes)
(DNA in chromosomes)
self duplicating self duplicating structure structure
-divides when the cell divides
-divides when the cell divides
Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane
surrounds nucleus allowing surrounds nucleus allowing
certain materials to enter and certain materials to enter and
leave
leave
Nucleolus Nucleolus
round organelle in the nucleus round organelle in the nucleus
usually a pair usually a pair
involved with the involved with the synthesis of synthesis of
RNA RNA in the ribosomes in the ribosomes
Ribosomes Ribosomes
sites of sites of protein synthesis protein synthesis in the in the cytoplasm
cytoplasm
may be free in the cytoplasm or may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
cytoplasmic channels from the cytoplasmic channels from the cell membrane to the nuclear cell membrane to the nuclear
membrane membrane
associated with the associated with the storage, storage, synthesis, and transport
synthesis, and transport of of materials within the cell
materials within the cell
“ “ HIGHWAY” for cell transport HIGHWAY” for cell transport
Cytoplasm (protoplasm) Cytoplasm (protoplasm)
fluid like material between the fluid like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus cell membrane and the nucleus
over 80 % water over 80 % water
“ “ HOLDS” cell organelles in place HOLDS” cell organelles in place
site of most organelles and site of most organelles and cellular
cellular chemical reactions chemical reactions
Vacuole Vacuole
membrane bound cytoplasmic membrane bound cytoplasmic spaces containing materials
spaces containing materials
** Vacuoles are crucial in single- ** Vacuoles are crucial in single- celled organisms
celled organisms Two Types:
Two Types:
Food Food vacuole--store and digest ingested vacuole--store and digest ingested food
food
Lysosome Lysosome
pouch containing pouch containing digestive digestive enzymes
enzymes
digest bacteria and some foods digest bacteria and some foods entering the cell
entering the cell
Breaks down complex molecules Breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules (SLICE)
into simpler molecules (SLICE)
breakdown breakdown worn out cell worn out cell
Mitochondrion Mitochondrion
"Powerhouse of the cell" "Powerhouse of the cell"
carries on carries on cellular respiration cellular respiration
(contains respiratory enzymes that (contains respiratory enzymes that
make ATP) (
make ATP) ( energy molecule energy molecule ) )
may contain DNA--is self may contain DNA--is self
duplicating-- divides when the cell duplicating-- divides when the cell
divides
divides
Golgi apparatus (complex) Golgi apparatus (complex)
usually located near the nucleus usually located near the nucleus
synthesizes, packages, and synthesizes, packages, and secretes
secretes cellular products cellular products
Packages waste & harmful Packages waste & harmful materials
materials
Plasma (cell) membrane Plasma (cell) membrane
The cell membrane is The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLE SEMI-PERMEABLE
selectively regulates the flow of materials selectively regulates the flow of materials to and from the cell--thus maintaining
to and from the cell--thus maintaining chemical
chemical homeostasis homeostasis within the cell within the cell
The membrane acts like a The membrane acts like a BOUNCER BOUNCER only only allowing certain things in and out of the allowing certain things in and out of the
cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer
double layer of FAT - double layer of FAT - "Fat sandwich" "Fat sandwich"
transport through the plasma membrane transport through the plasma membrane
Hydrophilic- Hydrophilic- attracts water attracts water
Hydrophobic- Hydrophobic- repels water repels water
Why is it important that the cell Why is it important that the cell membrane is made up of small membrane is made up of small
phospholipids?
phospholipids?
ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES
ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ONLY ONLY
Centriole- Centriole- a cylindrical structure a cylindrical structure found in the cytoplasm which
found in the cytoplasm which appears to function during the appears to function during the division of certain animal cells division of certain animal cells
(usually near the nucleus) (usually near the nucleus)
Helps animal cells divide Helps animal cells divide
PLANT CELL ORGANELLES
PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLY ONLY
Cell Wall- Cell Wall- a nonliving structure which a nonliving structure which surrounds and supports the cell -
surrounds and supports the cell - composed mostly of cellulose
composed mostly of cellulose
Gives the plant cell structure & support Gives the plant cell structure & support
Chloroplasts Chloroplasts - green in color-double - green in color-double membrane - contain the green
membrane - contain the green
pigment chlorophyll which carries on pigment chlorophyll which carries on
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
photosynthesis photosynthesis
the the conversion of light energy to conversion of light energy to chemical energy
chemical energy by chlorophyll by chlorophyll in chloroplasts
in chloroplasts
Overall Net equation for Overall Net equation for photosynthesis:
photosynthesis:
6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields glucose + 6 oxygen (when
glucose + 6 oxygen (when
catalyzed by chlorophyll in the
catalyzed by chlorophyll in the
Levels of Tissue Organization Levels of Tissue Organization
cell cell - unit of structure of all life - unit of structure of all life
tissue tissue - composed of groups of - composed of groups of similar cells
similar cells
organs organs - composed of groups of - composed of groups of tissues functioning together
tissues functioning together
organ systems organ systems - composed of - composed of groups of organs functioning groups of organs functioning
together
together
Types of transport in Cells Types of transport in Cells
Passive transport Passive transport - movement of - movement of
substances through a membrane from substances through a membrane from
a region of high to a region of low a region of high to a region of low concentration - no energy needed concentration - no energy needed
(ATP) - diffusion and osmosis are (ATP) - diffusion and osmosis are
examples of this examples of this
Active transport Active transport - movement of - movement of
substances through a membrane from substances through a membrane from
a region of low concentration to a
a region of low concentration to a
Whether passive or active transport Whether passive or active transport is needed depends on the
is needed depends on the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
The concentration gradient is the The concentration gradient is the difference
difference in the concentration of a in the concentration of a substance in two different spaces substance in two different spaces
Concentration Concentration - the amount of a - the amount of a
particular substance in a contained particular substance in a contained area compared with the amount of area compared with the amount of
the same substance in another area the same substance in another area
Translation: Amount of something in Translation: Amount of something in a space (water, salt, sugar, iron,)
a space (water, salt, sugar, iron,)
PROCESSES OF THE PLASMA PROCESSES OF THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE MEMBRANE
There are two types of There are two types of passive passive transport
transport : Diffusion and Osmosis : Diffusion and Osmosis
The goal of both diffusion and The goal of both diffusion and osmosis is to reach
osmosis is to reach EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM within the cell
within the cell
Equilibrium is a condition in which the Equilibrium is a condition in which the movement in one direction is equal to movement in one direction is equal to
the movement in another direction
the movement in another direction
Diffusion Diffusion
the tendency of molecules to the tendency of molecules to move from an area of
move from an area of higher higher concentration
concentration to an area of to an area of lower concentration
lower concentration
(concentration gradient- diff in (concentration gradient- diff in conc. between 2 regions)
conc. between 2 regions)
Osmosis Osmosis
movement of water through a membrane movement of water through a membrane from a region of higher to lower con.
from a region of higher to lower con.
Solute Solute - substance being dissolved in a liquid - substance being dissolved in a liquid (ex. salt)
(ex. salt)
Solvent Solvent - substance doing the dissolving (ex. - substance doing the dissolving (ex.
water) water)
Permeability Permeability - the extent to which a - the extent to which a membrane will allow particular sized membrane will allow particular sized
molecules to pass
molecules to pass
So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is made with regard to the terms made with regard to the terms
“solute” and “solvent”. What is the
“solute” and “solvent”. What is the
“universal solvent”?
“universal solvent”?
When comparing two solutions there are When comparing two solutions there are three possible relationships, We Identify three possible relationships, We Identify
the relationships by determining what the relationships by determining what
would happen if a cell were placed in the would happen if a cell were placed in the
solution.
solution.
Hypertonic Hypertonic - - A solution that causes a A solution that causes a cell to
cell to shrink shrink because of osmosis. because of osmosis.
Meaning water leaves the cell.
Meaning water leaves the cell.
Hypotonic- Hypotonic- A solution that causes a cell A solution that causes a cell to to swell swell because of osmosis meaning because of osmosis meaning
water rushes into the cell.
water rushes into the cell.
Isotonic Isotonic -A solution that causes -A solution that causes no no
If the fluid outside the
cell has…
Then the outside fluid
is…
Water moves… Effect on the cell?
…less water than is present inside the cell
…more water than is present inside the cell
So, answer this question…. Why do So, answer this question…. Why do
“establishments” offer free popcorn,
“establishments” offer free popcorn, peanuts, and pretzels to their
peanuts, and pretzels to their patrons if they are serving
patrons if they are serving
beverages? What changes are beverages? What changes are
taking place in the body to initiate taking place in the body to initiate
the need for more beverages?
the need for more beverages?
Active Transport Active Transport - -
the movement of a substance the movement of a substance against the concentration
against the concentration gradient. (uphill)
gradient. (uphill)
Active transport requires cell to Active transport requires cell to USE ENERGY
USE ENERGY
Sodium pump Sodium pump - transports three - transports three sodium ions out of the cell and
sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell two potassium ions into the cell
Both are against the concentration Both are against the concentration gradient
gradient
The energy needed to perform this The energy needed to perform this activity is supplied by ATP
activity is supplied by ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) (adenosine tri-phosphate)
ATP is a unit of energy made by ATP is a unit of energy made by the cell
the cell
Endocytosis Endocytosis - - the movement of a the movement of a
substance into the cell by a vesicle. A substance into the cell by a vesicle. A
vesicle is a form of packaging that is used vesicle is a form of packaging that is used
by cells.
by cells.
Exocytosis Exocytosis - - the movement of a substance the movement of a substance out of the cell by a vesicle.
out of the cell by a vesicle.
Phagocytosis Phagocytosis - - cytoplasm of cell surrounds cytoplasm of cell surrounds and engulfs particle--ex. ameba and white and engulfs particle--ex. ameba and white
blood cell blood cell
