A Guide to APA A Guide to APA
referencing
referencing
Introduction
Why are citations (i.e. references) important?
•give credit to or to acknowledge the influence of previous works or to refer to authority
•permit readers to put claims to the test by consulting earlier works
•respect intellectual rights and avoid plagiarism
(Wikipedia, 2006)
Introduction
Some existing referencing styles:
•American Psychological Association (APA)
•Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) Style Guide
•Havard University referencing system
•American Political Science Association (APSA)
•Modern Language Association (MLA)
(ibid.)
In-Text Referencing
[citation]
Single authors (regardless of media-e.g. book, journal, newspaper, etc.) :
The concept was introduced in 2006 (David, 2006) OR
David (2006) mentioned that …
Two-Three authors (regardless of media-e.g. book, journal, newspaper, etc.):
The concept was introduced in 2006 (David, David & David, 2006) OR
David, David and David (2006) mentioned that …
Four and above authors (regardless of media-e.g. book, journal, newspaper, etc.):
The concept was introduced in 2006 (David et al., 2006) OR
David et al. (2006) mentioned that …
No author stated for book:
He said he loves referencing (I love referencing, 2000)
Multiple works by same author (regardless of media-e.g. book, journal, newspaper, etc.) in same year:
He said he loves referencing (David, 1999a, 199b, 1999c) Newspaper article without author:
He said, “references are not nightmares” (“References are not nightmares,” 2006) from the newspaper article:
References are not nightmares. (December 4, 2006). The Moon Newspaper, p. 4.
Internet (No author)
The experts mentioned it was delicious (References are yummy, 2001) from the internet citation:
References are yummy alright (2001). Retrieved November 3, 2006 from http://www.yummyreferences.com
End-Text Referencing
References
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (2006a). Why being careless with references is a big no-no.
In M.K. David, D.M. Khemlani, & K.D., Maya (Eds.), Referencing is a big headache: Pray you get used to it. (pp. 310-399). Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (Eds.) (2006b).
Why being careful with references is important. Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Teh, M.K. (2006, June 8). I love referencing, you should too. The Moon Newspaper, Metro, p. 14.
Singh, T. (1945). Back then, referencing was so easy. Journal of Easy Referencing Methodology, 233(1), 50-60.
Udzir bin B.A. (n.d.). Referencing is my hobby.
Retrieved Dec 30, 2004 from http://www.referencingismyhobby.net
IMPORTANT for local
publication: There is no family name in Malay culture, hence the use of first name. If there is a
‘bin/binti’, include that as well.
(Nur Izura Udzir, n.d.) However, if international
publication, then place father’s name first.
For Chinese names with initial Anglo-Saxon names, e.g. David Tan Siew Beng, one could write,
“Tan, S. B.” or “Tan, D.”
Names
Rule of thumb: Surnames/Family names first, First names next BUT for chapters in edited books, author comes first.
•Alphabetical order
Last name first, and first initial next.
Author of article in newspaper
References
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (2006a). Why being careless with references is a big no-no.
In M.K. David, D.M. Khemlani, & K.D., Maya (Eds.), Referencing is a big headache: Pray you get used to it. (pp. 310-399). Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (Eds.) (2006b).
Why being careful with references is important. Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Teh, M.K. (2006, June 8). I love referencing, you should too. The Moon Newspaper, Metro, p. 14.
Singh, T. (1945). Back then, referencing was so easy. Journal of Easy Referencing Methodology, 233(1), 50-60.
Udzir bin B.A. (n.d.). Referencing is my hobby.
Retrieved Dec 30, 2004 from http://www.referencingismyhobby.net
Note the alphabet after the year
For daily newspapers or weekly magazines, note the date styles
When there is no date stated in the cited internet source, use ‘(n.d.)’
Years, Months and Dates
References
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (2006a). Why being careless with references is a big no-no.
In M.K. David, D.M. Khemlani, & K.D., Maya (Eds.), Referencing is a big headache: Pray you get used to it. (pp. 310-399). Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (Eds.) (2006b).
Why being careful with references is important. Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Teh, M.K. (2006, June 8). I love referencing, you should too. The Moon Newspaper, Metro, p. 14.
Singh, T. (1945). Back then, referencing was so easy. Journal of Easy Referencing Methodology, 233(1), 50-60.
Udzir bin B.A. (n.d.). Referencing is my hobby.
Retrieved Dec 30, 2004 from http://www.referencingismyhobby.net
Article titles/ Books/
Journals/ Newspapers Title of chapter in book
Title of books
Newspapers
Title of journal Title of article
References
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (2006a). Why being careless with references is a big no-no.
In M.K. David, D.M. Khemlani, & K.D., Maya (Eds.), Referencing is a big headache: Pray you get used to it. (pp. 310-399). Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T..(Eds.) (2006b).
Why being careful with references is important. Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Teh, M.K. (2006, June 8). I love referencing, you should too. The Moon Newspaper, Metro, p. 14.
Singh, T. (1945). Back then, referencing was so easy. Journal of Easy Referencing Methodology, 233(1), 50-60.
Udzir bin B.A. (n.d.). Referencing is my hobby.
Retrieved Dec 30, 2004 from http://www.referencingismyhobby.net
Page numbers/ URL
If chapter in book,
therefore, page numbers needed. Placed between location of publisher (Kuala Lumpur) and Book Title
Newspapers should include page numbers
Page numbers placed at the end of journals
URL placed at the end
References
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (2006a). Why being careless with references is a big no-no.
In M.K. David, D.M. Khemlani, & K.D., Maya (Eds.), Referencing is a big headache: Pray you get used to it. (pp. 310-399). Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T..(Eds.) (2006b).
Why being careful with references is important. Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Teh, M.K. (2006, June 8). I love referencing, you should too. The Moon Newspaper, Metro, p. 14.
Singh, T. (1945). Back then, referencing was so easy. Journal of Easy Referencing Methodology, 233(1), 50-60.
Udzir bin B.A. (n.d.). Referencing is my hobby.
Retrieved Dec 30, 2004 from http://www.referencingismyhobby.net
Publishers
Publishers placed at the end. Location of
publishers, followed by the name of the publishers
No locations and names of publishers for newspapers, journals and internet
websites.
No author, Conference proceeding and
Dissertations/Theses
References
Who moved my reference book. (2000). Kuala Lumpur: Maya Khemlani David Press.
David, M. K., & Yoong, D. (March 29, 2006).
Constructive communication in marriage and the family. Paper presented at the 2006 Marriage Philosophy Seminar, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
David, M. K. (2007). Language shift among the Sindhis of Malaysia. Ph.D. thesis. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
That crazy references. (2008, January 18). The Moon Newspaper, p. 3.
The insaneness I’m facing with references.
(n.d.). Retrieved November 3, 2005 from http://www.imgoinginsanewithreferences.com
If no author, cite the book
Conference proceeding
Theses/Dissertations
If no author/byline, cite the article in newspaper
If no author, cite the article title from the URL
References
David, M.K. (Producer), & Yoong, D. (Director).
(2006). Total reference: Payback time.
[Motion picture]. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:
Studio M.K.David Sdn. Bhd.
David, M.K. (Producer). (2006, December 30).
Everyone loves references [Television broadcast or Television series]. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Studio M.K.David Sdn.
Bhd.
David, M. K. (Executive Producer). (2006, October 13). The referencing hour [Radio broadcast]. Kuala Lumpur: Radio Maya Khemlani David.
Yoong, D. (2006, August 2). Break my referencing [Recorded by the Bandwidth]. On You rock my referencing [CD]. Kuala Lumpur: Skinny geek records. (Recording date if different from copyright date)
Less common references
FOR FILMS
Date of broadcast/
copyright
FOR MUSIC Date of copyright FOR TV SERIES Date of broadcast/
copyright
Songwriter Track title Medium of
recording
Record label FOR RADIO
References
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T. (2006a). Why being careless with references is a big no-no.
In M.K. David, D.M. Khemlani, & K.D., Maya (Eds.), Referencing is a big headache: Pray you get used to it. (pp. 310-399). Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
Tan, S.B., Yoong, D., & Siew, T.(Eds.) (2006b).
Why being careful with references is important. Kuala Lumpur: M.K. David Press.
The scary references: It wasn’t me, it was the references. (2006, June 8). The Moon Newspaper, Metro, p. 14.
Singh, T. (1945). Back then, referencing was so easy. Journal of Easy Referencing Methodology, 233(1), 50-60.
Udzir bin B.A. (n.d.). Referencing is my hobby.
Retrieved Dec 30, 2004 from http://www.referencingismyhobby.net
Format and Punctuations
Note the commas, full stops, & symbols, capital and small letters and brackets
If URL is very long, then use hyphen, e.g.
…from http://www.ilovere- ferencingverymuchsomuch- soidreamofreferencingeven- whenisleepatnight.com.my
Exercise
Task: Cite this
book
Exercise
Published by Silverfish Books 2004
www.silverfishbooks.com email: info@silverfishbooks.com Copyright © of Stories belong to
the respective authors Forward © Robert Raymer, 2004
First printing, July 2004 Printed by Academe Arts &
Printing Services Kuala Lumpur ISBN 983-3221-00-9
Contents FOREWORD Robert Raymer Changing ways Nana Tokeh Ishiaku
1
Ruby Earrings Nadine Sarreal
14 Anil Ridjal Noor
20
The Majestic Crab Yvonne Tham
29
The Sandal Thief Mohamad Mohamad-Sharin
40
Task: Cite this in this
book
Task: Cite this
website
The Star. Nation. Page 3
Sunday August 13, 2006
Help fight crime, the public urged
KUANTAN: The public and non-governmental organisations should play a more active role in fighting crime, MCA deputy president Datuk Seri Chan Kong Choy said.
By involving themselves in programmes such as Rakan Cop, it would help create a safer neighbourhood.
“We regret that another life was lost on Friday, possibly due to crime.
“The police are yet to ascertain whether she was a victim of a snatch thief.
“Nevertheless, all parties must take note of the situation and the increasing number of felony cases of late by involving themselves actively,” he said at an installation
ceremony of Pahang Chinese guilds here yesterday.
Task:
#1. Cite this newspaper. End-text reference
#2. Quotation of selected items. In-text reference
#3. Paraphrase selected items. In-text reference
Exercise
Social Policy & Society 5:1, 149–159 Printed in the United Kingdom
© 2005 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S1474746405002824
Reconsidering State Intervention in Domestic Violence Cases E v a n S t a r k
Department of Public Administration, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA E-mail: eds203@juno.com
…The most radical proposal, that domestic violence be decriminalised and returned to community-based counselling and mediation for solution, comes from Linda Mills, a
professor of law and social work at New York University (Mills, 1996, 1998a, 1998b,1999, 2003). In an influential article in the Harvard Law Review, Mills (1998) argued that state mandates for action in domestic violence cases
‘visit upon these victims an entirely distinct violent interaction’ (which she calls ‘emotional violence’) that deprives them of independence through a pattern akin to battering, ‘killing them’, albeit ‘softly’. Elsewhere, she (1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2000) extends her critique of criminalisation to the
(p. 149)
‘mainstream feminists’ she believes are responsible for this policy. In Insult to Injury (2003), she goes further, contending that the harms caused by mandated justice interventions are examples of ‘violence’ against victims by mainstream feminists who use the state as a proxy to exert power over women because they have not processed the violence in their own lives….
(p. 150)