MONTMORILLONITE REINFORCED RECYCLED POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE/RECYCLED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
NURLITA IRFIANI
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering
Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to give my absolute gratitude and praises to Allah for His blessing and gracing bestowed upon me that leads my dissertation successfully completed. Next, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Mat Uzir Wahit for his endless advice, guidance and encouragement, the result of which has lead to the completion of this dissertation. I would also like to thank to my co-supervisor, Dr. Norhayani Othman for her kind support, help, guidance and advice during my period of dissertation.
I also wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Nor Alafiza Yunus for her kind support and help through the entire period of my study in UTM. Sincere thanks are also accorded to all the lecturers in the Department of Chemical Engineering. I also gratitude to all the laboratory staff and laboratory technician of Polymer Engineering Department for their help and enjoyable working environment. My sincere appreciation also extend to all my colleagues, friends from PPI UTM and those who are not mentioned here.
A special thanks to my beloved parents and siblings. Words cannot express how grateful I am for all of the sacrifices that you have made on my behalf. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far.
ABSTRACT
The feasibility of developing kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) and recycled polypropylene (rPP) with comparison to two different reinforcing fillers, KF and montmorillonite (MMT) reinforced rPET/rPP was studied. In addition, the compatibilizer of ethylene vinyl acetate grafted maleic anhydride (EVA-g-MA) at composition 0-10 phr was used. Composites were prepared using twin-screw extruder and followed by injection molding. The optimum blend ratio of rPET/rPP was observed at 90 wt% rPET and 10 wt% rPP. Thermogravimetric analysis data showed that thermal stability of uncompatibilized rPET/rPP blend with ratio of 90/10 had maximum degradation temperature at 399.3 oC. Differential scanning calorimetry data revealed that rPET/rPP blend had two melting temperatures. The incorporation of 5 phr EVA-g-MA improved tensile and impact strength of the blends. Besides, the maximum decomposition temperature of rPET/rPP blend also increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed that by adding EVA-g-MA, uniform particles sizes of rPP was observed, indicating an interaction between both of tertiary carbon of rPP and ester group of rPET with EVA-g-MA. The addition of KF into compatibilized blend decreased mechanical and thermal properties. The maximum value of tensile and impact strength of the blends was obtained at 43.9 MPa and 43.4 J/m respectively, when 1 phr of MMT was added into the rPET/EVA-g-MA/rPP/KF blend. However, SEM micrograph showed that the addition of 4 phr MMT led to filler agglomeration which decreased tensile strength of rPET/EVA-g-MA/rPP/KF/MMT composite.
ABSTRAK
Komposit daripada gentian kenaf (KF) memperkuat polietilena terephthalate kitar semula (rPET) dan polipropilena kitar semula (rPP) dengan perbandingan dua pengisi penguat berbeza, KF dan montmorillonite (MMT) diperkuat rPET/rPP telah dikaji. Penserasi etilena vinil asetat tercangkuk malik anhidrida (EVA-g-MA) dengan komposisi 0-10 phr telah digunakan. Komposit disediakan menggunakan adunan skru berkembar dua dan diikuti dengan pengacuan suntikan. Nisbah campuran optimum rPET/rPP diperhatikan pada 90% rPET dan 10% rPP. Analisis termogravimetri menunjukkan bahawa kestabilan haba campuran rPET/rPP dengan nisbah 90/10 mempunyai suhu degradasi maksimum pada 399.3 oC. Data pengimbasan perbezaan kalorimetri mendapati bahawa campuran rPET/rPP mempunyai dua suhu lebur. Penambahan 5 phr EVA-g-MA meningkatkan kekuatan tegangan dan kekuatan hentaman kesan campuran. Selain itu, suhu penguraian maksimum campuran rPET/rPP juga meningkat. Mikrograf dari pengimbasan elektron mikroskop (SEM) menunjukkan bahawa dengan menambahkan EVA-g-MA, saiz seragam rPP diperhatikan, menunjukkan interaksi antara EVA-g-MA dengan karbon tersiar rPP dan ester rPET. Penambahan KF ke campuran rPET/rPP berpenserasi menurunkan sifat mekanikal dan terma. Nilai maksimum tegangan dan kekuatan hentaman kesan campuran diperoleh pada 43.9 MPa dan 43.4 J/m, apabila 1 phr MMT ditambah ke dalam campuran rPET/EVA-g-MA/rPP/KF. Mikrograf SEM menunjukkan bahawa penambahan 4 phr MMT menyebabkan penggumpalan pengisi yang mengurangkan kekuatan tegangan komposit rPET/EVA-g-MA/rPP/KF/MMT.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 5
1.4 Scope of the Study 5
1.5 Significance of the Study 6
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Plastics 7
2.2 Recycling Process 8
2.3 End Properties of Recycled Polymer 9
2.3.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate and Its
2.3.2 Polypropylene and Its Recycled 13 2.4 Polymer Blending 14 2.4.1 rPET/rPP Blend 15 2.5 Compatibilizer 17 2.6 Kenaf 19 2.6.1 Kenaf Fiber 19
2.6.2 Advantageous and Disadvantageous of
KF 21
2.6.3 Surface Modification of KF 22
2.6.4 Previous Studies of KF Reinforced
Polymer Composites 23
2.7 Clay 24
2.7.1 Montmorillonite Clay 25
2.7.2 Previous Studies of MMT Reinforced
Polymer Composites 27 2.8 PET/PP Composites 28 3 METHODOLOGY 32 3.1 Materials 32 3.2 Blend Formulations 33 3.3 Sample Preparation 35
3.3.1 Preparation of rPET and rPP Flakes 35
3.3.2 Preparation of KF 35
3.3.3 Preparation of MMT 36
3.4 Melt Processing of Composites 36
3.5 Injection Molding 36
3.6 Testing and Analysing 37
3.6.1 Melt Flow Index Measurement 37
3.6.2 Chemical Characterization 38 3.6.3 Mechanical Test 38 3.6.3.1 Tensile Test 38 3.6.3.2 Impact Test 39 3.6.4 Morphological Test 39 3.6.5 Thermal Analysis 40
3.6.5.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 40 3.6.5.2 Differential Scanning
Calorimetry 40
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41
4.1 Effect of rPP Content on rPET/rPP Blends 41 4.1.1 Melt Flow Index Measurement 41
4.1.2 Mechanical Properties 42 4.1.3 Thermal Properties 45 4.1.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 45 4.1.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis 47 4.1.4 Morphological Properties 48
4.2 Effect of EVA-g-MA Content on rPET/rPP
Blends 49
4.2.1 Melt Flow Index Measurement 50
4.2.2 FTIR Properties 51 4.2.3 Mechanical Properties 54 4.2.4 Thermal Properties 59 4.2.4.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 59 4.2.4.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis 61 4.2.5 Morphological Properties 62
4.3 Effect of KF Content on Compatibilized rPET/rPP
Blends 63
4.3.1 Melt Flow Index Measurement 64
4.3.2 FTIR Properties 65 4.3.3 Mechanical Properties 67 4.3.4 Thermal Properties 71 4.3.4.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 71 4.3.4.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis 72 4.3.5 Morphological Properties 74
4.4 Effect of MMT Content on Compatibilized
4.4.1 Melt Flow Index Measurement 75
4.4.2 Mechanical Properties 76
4.4.3 Morphological Properties 81
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 82
5.1 Conclusions 82
5.2 Recommendations 84
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Characteristics of KF 20
3.1 Formulation of different ratio of rPET/rPP blends 33 3.2 Formulation of different EVA-g-MA content on
rPET/rPP blends 33
3.3 Formulation of different KF content on rPET/rPP blends 34 3.4 Formulation of different MMT content on rPET/rPP
blends 34
4.1 TGA data of different ratio of rPET/rPP blends 46 4.2 DSC data of different ratio of rPET/rPP blends 48 4.3 TGA data of different EVA-g-MA content on rPET/rPP
blends 61
4.4 DSC data of different EVA-g-MA content on rPET/rPP
blends 61
4.5 TGA data of different KF content on compatibilized
rPET/rPP blends 72
4.6 DSC data of different KF content on compatibilized
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Reaction of PET synthesis 10
2.2 PET structure 11
2.3 Structure of propene and polypropylene 13
2.4 Cellulose structure 21
2.5 (a) Schematic diagram of MMT structure, and (b)
Atomic structure of MMT 26
4.1 Effect of rPP content on MFI value of rPET/rPP blends 42 4.2 Effect of rPP content on tensile strength of rPET/rPP
blends 43
4.3 Effect of rPP content on Young’s modulus of rPET/rPP
blends 44
4.4 Effect of rPP content on impact strength of rPET/rPP
blends 45
4.5 TGA curve of different ratio of rPET/rPP blends 46 4.6 DSC curve of different ratio of rPET/rPP blends 47 4.7 SEM micrographs of fracture surface of rPTPP
composite with magnitude of a) 1000x and b) 2500x 49 4.8 Effect of EVA-g-MA content on MFI value of rPET/rPP
blends 51
4.9 IR spectra of rPET, rPP, and rPTPP 52
4.10 IR spectra of rPTPP and rPTPP5E composite 53
4.11 Effect of EVA-g-MA content on tensile strength of
rPET/rPP blends 55
4.12 Effect of EVA-g-MA content on Young’s modulus of
rPET/rPP blends 56
4.13 Effect of EVA-g-MA content on impact strength of
4.14 Proposed chemical interaction between rPET, rPP, and
EVA-g-MA 59
4.15 TGA curve of different EVA-g-MA content on
rPET/rPP blends 60
4.16 DSC curve of different EVA-g-MA content on
rPET/rPP blends 62
4.17 SEM micrographs of rPTPP5E composite with
magnitude of a) 1000x and b) 2500x 63
4.18 Effect of KF content on MFI value of compatibilized
rPET/rPP blends 64
4.19 IR spectra of alkali treated KF 66
4.20 IR spectra of alkali treated KF, rPTPP5E, and
rPTPP5E5K composite 67
4.21 Effect of KF content on tensile strength of
compatibilized rPET/rPP blends 68
4.22 Effect of KF content on Young’s modulus of
compatibilized rPET/rPP blends 69
4.23 Effect of KF content on impact strength of
compatibilized rPET/rPP blends 69
4.24 TGA curve of different KF content on compatibilized
rPET/rPP blends 71
4.25 DSC curve of different KF content on compatibilized
rPET/rPP blends 73
4.26 SEM micrographs of rPTPP5E3K composite with
magnitude of a) 2500x and b) 500x 74
4.27 SEM micrographs of rPTPP5E15K composite with
magnitude of 2500x 75
4.28 Effect of MMT content on MFI value of compatibilized
rPET/rPP blends 76
4.29 Effect of MMT content on tensile strength of
compatibilized rPET/rPP blends 77
4.30 Effect of MMT content on Young’s modulus of
compatibilized rPET/rPP blends 78
4.31 Effect of MMT content on impact strength of
compatibilized rPET/rPP blends 79
4.32 Proposed chemical interaction between rPET, rPP,
EVA-g-MA, KF, and MMT 80
4.33 SEM micrographs of a) rPTPP5E1K1M composite, and
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AA - Acrylic acid
ABS - Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
ABS-g-MA - Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene grafted maleic anhydride
AF - Alfa fiber
ASTM - American standard testing and material
BC - Bamboo carchoal
BHET - Bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
CNW - Cellulose nanowhiskers
CRH - Chopped rice husk
DSC - Differential scanning calorimetry
EG - Ethylene glycol
EVA - Ethylene vinyl acetate
EVA-g-MA - Ethylene vinyl acetate grafted maleic anhydride FTIR - Fourier transform infrared
GMA - Glycidyl methacrylate
HDPE - High density polyethylene IV - Instrinsic viscosity
KF - Kenaf fiber
LDPE - Low density polyethylene
MA - Maleic anhydride
MFI - Melt flow index
MH - Magnesium hydroxide
MMT - Montmorillonite
M-TDSC - Modulated-temperature differential scanning calorimetry OIT - Oxidation induction time
OIT - Oxidation induction time
OMMT - Organically modified montmotrillonite
PA11 - Polyamide11
PALF - Pinneaple leaf fiber PBT PC -Polybutylene terephthalate Polycarbonate
PET - Polyethylene terephthalate
PLA - Polylactic acid
POE - Polyolefin
POE-g-GMA - Polyolefin grafted glycidyl methacrylate
PP - Polypropylene
PP-g-AA - Polypropylene grafted acrylic acid PP-g-MA - Polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride
PVC - Poly(vinyl chloride)
rPET - Recycled polyethylene terephthalate
rPP - Recycled polypropylene
SEBS - Styrene ethylene butylene styrene
SEBS-g-GMA - Styrene ethylene butylene styrene grafted glycidyl methacrylate
SEBS-g-MA - Styrene ethylene butylene styrene grafted maleic anhydride
SEM - Scanning electron microscopy SSP - Solid state polymerization
TEM - Transmission electron microscopy TGA - Thermogravimetric analysis
TPA - Terephthalic acid
vPET - Virgin polyethylene terephthalate
vPP - Virgin polypropylene
WAXD - Wide angle X-ray diffraction WAXS - Wide angle X-ray scattering
LIST OF SYMBOLS
% - Percent
∆Cp - Heat capacity at constant pressure
∆Hm - Enthalpy of melting
∆Ho
m - Enthalpy of melting formation
µm - Micrometer
Ȧ - Angstrom
cm-1 - Centimeter power -1 dL/g - deciliter per gram
f - Weight fraction
g/cm3 - Gram per centimeter cube
g/min - Gram per minute
GPa - Giga Pascals
h - Hour
J/m - Joule per meter
kJ/m - Kilo Joule per meter
mg - Miligram
min - Minute
MPa - Mega Pascals
N/mm2 - Newton per milimeter square
nm - Nanometer
oC - Degree Celcius
oC/min - Degree Celcius per minute
phr - Part per hundred
rpm - Revolutions per minute
T10 - Temperature at 10% weight loss Tc - Crystallization temperature Tg - Glass transition temperature
Tm - Melting temperature
Tmax - Maximum temperature
Ton - Onset temperature
Tonnes/ha - Tonnes per hectare
wt% - Percentage weight
wt/v - Weight per volume
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
The vast increment of packaged water consumption is followed by the rise of environmental concerns. Since the material of packaged water is mainly bottle and made from plastic, so that, it is uneasy to degrade in nature (Awaja and Pavel, 2005; Martin and Brandau, 2012). The most favorable material for packaged water is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) because of its transparent, lightweight, and shatter-resistant, while polypropylene (PP) often makes up the caps due to its excellent moisture barrier, pliability and toughness (Ferrier, 2001; Boonstra and van Hest, 2017). However, most of packaging bottles were used only once. The changing in people way of living to get better and healthier quality of water also increases the demand for packaged water usage. As a consequence, the large amount of post-consumer packaged water containers increase annually, making these materials the main target for recycling. Nevertheless, the recycled materials will be decomposed and degraded in recycling processes which drives to the decrement in intrinsic viscosity. As a result, the chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of materials will also deteriorate (Awaja and Pavel, 2005; Karayannidis and Achilias, 2007; Lou et al., 2007; Inoyaet al., 2012).
Reprocessing of recycled PET (rPET) bottle materials and/or recycled PP (rPP) cap bottle will arise another problem since both rPET and rPP has low chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties (Torres et al., 2000; Awaja and Pavel, 2005; Martin and Brandau 2012). Hence, in order to improve rPET and rPP properties after recycling process, blending rPET with rPP has gained more attraction since the ease of fabrication and more cost-effective. Nonetheless, immiscibility in chemical nature and polarity of rPET and rPP make rPET/rPP blend exhibits two-phase morphology with poor interfacial adhesion and thus shows poor properties (Oromiehie and Meldrum, 1999; Lee and Han, 2000; Chiu and Hsiao, 2006; Inoya et al., 2012; Dikobe and Luyt, 2016). Therefore, in order to resolve the major drawbacks of rPET/rPP blend, many approaches have been adopted, such as adding compatibilizer, organic and/or inorganic filler into rPET/rPP blend.
The introduction of compatibilizer into the immiscible blends can improve the compatibility of the blends by increasing adhesion and minimizing interfacial tension which leads to better chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties as compared to uncompatibilized blends (Koning et al., 1998; Chiu and Hsiao, 2006; Inuwa et al., 2017). Several studies have been reported in the literatures on the compatibilizer usage to compatibilized two immiscible polymer blends. Kang et al.
(1999) reported that the thoughening effect of ethylene vynil acetate (EVA) grafted maleic anhydride (MA) increased the impact strength of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) without significantly decreased tensile and flexural strength. van Bruggen et al. (2016) reported styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) grafted glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), SEBS-g-MA, and polyolefin (POE)-g-GMA increased the viscosity ratio and mechanical properties of PP/PET blends. The high flexibility of EVA-g-MA is expected to enhance impact resistance, provide good dispersion, and improve the compatibility of rPET/rPP blends (Kang et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2007). However, the presence of a rubber-like polymer often decreased other properties such as tensile, flexural, and heat distortion temperature (Li et al. 2002). In order to overcome this problem, the incorporation of natural fiber in the post-consumer plastic blend can improve performance characteristics of the blends.
Natural fiber (NF) reinforced composites have gained a great attention compared to synthetic fiber in relation to their ecological friendly and sustainability. One example of promising natural fiber used as composite filler is kenaf fiber (KF). The chemical structure of KF consists of 45-57% cellulose (Akil et al. 2011). KF presents the easiness of processing, low density with high specific strength and modulus, biodegradable, and low cost because it is abundantly available (Akil et al., 2011; Basri et al., 2014). According to Akhtar et al. (2014), the addition of 40 wt% KF improved mechanical properties of PP. Mohammad and Arsad (2013) reported that by incorporating 5 wt% of KF into rPET/ABS composite improved Young’s modulus, flexural modulus and viscosity of the composites. Nevertheless, since the majority of KF is cellulose, it has high moisture absorption (Carllson, 2005), so that, the hydrophilic properties of KF become the main problem in combining KF with polymer matrix. Some researchers suggest to add two different reinforcements into two incompatible polymer blends, such as NF and clay, to get more remarkable improvement of mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of the blend (Azmi et al., 2012; Arjmandi et al., 2016; Suharty et al., 2001).
As reported by Azmi et al. (2012), mechanical properties of PP/polylactic acid (PLA)/KF had been shown to increase when 1 wt% of montmorillonite (MMT) clay was added. MMT is layered smectite clay mineral which has attained huge consideration as filler in polymer/clay composites due to its large surface area and high aspect ratio (Ray and Okamoto, 2003; Calcagno et al., 2008; Parvinzandeh et al., 2010). Moreover, the addition of MMT in polymer blend improves barrier properties and flame retardation of composites. Besides that, the existence of MMT together with KF will help in holding up the bond even if KF is breakage, so the compatibility between matrix and filler will improve. Some supporting evidences and agreement have been given by some researchers, for example de Lima et al.
(2015) reported an improvement of PET thermal stability with 1%, 3%, and 5% MMT due to the differences of entropy and entanglement density near the clay surface. Besides, Arjmandi et al. (2015) reported the addition of 5 parts per hundred (phr) MMT and 1 phr cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) resulted the highest tensile strength.
1.2Problem Statement
PET and PP become the most used plastic in daily life. This is due to both PET and PP are used as favorable material for packaged water particularly bottle. The increment amount of rPET (bottle itself) and rPP (cap of bottle) as post-consumer packaged water also cause a problem. The large amount of disposable bottles presently produced which are not biodegradable, makes imperative the search for alternative procedures for recycling or reuse these materials. Previous studies have been carried out to recycle rPET and rPP waste by blending those materials together. Nevertheless, due to the immiscible properties between rPET and rPP, the rPET/rPP blend will form two-phase morphology and result in poor mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties.
The interest in using the rubbery compatibilizer which has toughening effect, such as EVA-g-MA, is expected to not only makes rPET/rPP blend becomes a compatible blend but also enhances impact resistance of the blend without sacrificing other properties. Thus, the addition of KF into compatibilized rPET/rPP blend is expected to improve the materials properties. Nonetheless, KF has high flammability and low thermal stability. The incorporation of MMT together with KF into compatibilized rPET/rPP blends is presumed to improve mechanical properties and thermal behaviour of the blends, and also decreased the flammability of the blends.
To the best of our knowledge, there are many studies about blending PET/PP, natural fiber reinforced composite and polymer/clay nanocomposites with and without compatibilizer. However, the study of either KF or KF/MMT reinforced rPET/rPP blend with addition of EVA-g-MA compatibilizer have not been reported. In this study, the optimum loading ratio of rPET/rPP blend was observed and was used as basis formulation for the next step, the effect of addition of EVA-g-MA compatibilizer on rPET/rPP was also investigated, and the effect of different KF loading and hybrid KF/MMT incorporation into compatibilized rPET/rPP blend on mechanical and thermal properties were also studied.
1.3Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to develop new material based on KF and MMT reinforced compatibilized rPET/rPP composites with better mechanical and thermal properties. The main objectives can be further divided into:
1. To determine the effect of different ratio of rPET and rPP on MFI value, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of rPET/rPP blend.
2. To investigate the effect of EVA-g-MA compatibilizer incorporation on the compatibility of rPET/rPP blend based on MFI value, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties.
3. To study the effect of different KF and MMT loading on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of compatibilized rPET/rPP blends.
1.4Scope of the Study
In order to achieve the goals, this research involved development of rPET/rPP blends with the incorporation of KF and MMT with and without compatibilizer EVA-g-MA. The following steps were carried out :
1. Sample preparation and melt processing
In this study, sample preparation and melt processing by using twin screw extruder followed by injection molding were conducted. The content of rPP was varied from 0, 10, 15, 20, and 100 wt% each to find the optimum ratio of
rPET/rPP blend. The incorporation of EVA-g-MA into the optimum ratio was varied from 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 phr each. KF with ratios of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 phr was added into the observed maximum result of compatibilized rPET/rPP blend. Meanwhile, 0, 1, and 4 phr MMT were used together with 1 phr KF as another reinforcement in polymer matrix.
2. Characterization and Analysis
Melt flow index (MFI) measurement was done based on American standard testing and material (ASTM) D1238 to investigate flow rates of polymer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was carried out to characterize the functional group exist in the blends. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to examine the surface morphology of the blends. Mechanical properties was observed through tensile (ASTM D638) and impact test (ASTM D256). Thermal properties was analysed by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
1.5Significance of the Study
Polymer blending has been a useful technique to enhance properties or reduced cost. It can directly be made by added at least two polymers together to create a new material with different properties from the individual components. Simply combining rPET and rPP will result in incompatible polymer blend. Adding EVA-g-MA compatibilizer should overcome the compatibility problems and enhanced rPET/rPP blends properties. The incorporation of KF and MMT is expected to enhance mechanical and thermal properties. This research was conducted in order to develop acceptable properties in term of tensile, impact and thermal properties of KF/MMT reinforced rPET/rPP composites from post-consumer bottle with EVA-g-MA compatibilizer. However, the result obtained are found to be way less than that found theoretically, which are discussed in detail in Chapter 4.
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