Energy Efficiency in Buildings in the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community. Energy Efficiency

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www.energy-community.org This report was financed by the Energy Community.

Energy Efficiency in Buildings in

the Contracting Parties of

the Energy Community

Energy Savings International AS

February 2012

Energy

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Study on

Energy Efficiency in Buildings in

the Contracting Parties of

the Energy Community

Final Report

24.02.2012

30.09.2012

Time

3. National EE Focal Point(s) (planning, management , reporting, etc.)

1. U pda te /n ew Na ti on al La w (s ) 5.3 Methodology on Cost-effective Evaluations 2. O veral l N a ti o n al A p p roa ch fo r c o m p lian ce w it h EPBD

4. Building Stock Inventory

5.4 Regulation on Energy Performance Certification

7. Certification Tool 5.5 Regulations on Inspections;

Heating and Air-conditioning

8. National Control System/ Registry (Certificates,

Inspection Reports, Experts…) 9. Training, information and awareness raising

5.6 Procedures for training, certification and registration.

Climatic data 5.1 Energy Performance Calculation Methodology 5.2 Minimum Energy Performance Requirements 6. Calculation Software

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Report title Project no. Date

Energy Efficiency in Buildings in the Contracting Parties of the Energy Community

Final Report

24.02.2012

Client Composed by

Energy Community Secretariat Lubomir Tchervilov, Nataliya

Grytsenko, Nikola Kaloyanov

Number of pages / annexes Approved by

248 incl. 2 annexes Trond Dahlsveen

List of Contents

List of Tables ... 6 List of Pictures/Illustrations ... 8 List of abbreviations ... 9 1 Introduction ... 1 2 Executive Summary ... 3

2.1 Building stock inventory and Reference buildings ... 3

2.2 Economic energy savings potential ... 4

2.3 Database of climatic data ... 6

2.4 Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings ... 6

2.5 Recommendations to set the minimum EP requirements, including best calculation methods and software ... 7

2.6 EU standards and secondary legislation ... 8

2.7 Roadmap for EPBD implementation ... 10

2.8 Training Workshop ... 11

3 Building stock inventory ... 12

3.1 Existing situation ... 12

3.1.1 Albania ... 12

3.1.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina ... 15

3.1.3 Croatia ... 17

3.1.4 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ... 19

3.1.5 Moldova ... 21

3.1.6 Montenegro ... 26

3.1.7 Serbia ... 27

3.1.8 Ukraine ... 30

3.1.9 UNMIK ... 37

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3.2 Methodology for development of building stock inventory ... 42

3.2.1 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ... 43

3.2.2 Experience with building categorization in the EU ... 43

3.2.3 Recommended approach/methodology for building stock inventory ... 47

3.3 Methodology for defining reference buildings ... 52

3.3.1 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and European Standards ... 52

3.3.2 Regulation on cost-optimal calculations ... 52

3.3.3 Concerted Action of the EU on the EPBD ... 53

3.3.4 “Important” building categories ... 55

3.3.5 Recommended approach/methodology for defining reference buildings ... 56

4 Economic energy saving potential ... 62

4.1 Methodology ... 62

4.2 Albania ... 68

4.2.1 Cost effective energy saving potential ... 69

4.2.2 2011 – 2020 investments need and savings target ... 71

4.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina ... 72

4.4 Croatia ... 75

4.5 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ... 78

4.6 Moldova ... 81

4.7 Montenegro ... 83

4.8 Serbia ... 85

4.9 Ukraine ... 88

4.10 UNMIK ... 91

5 Database of climate data ... 95

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5.1.1 European Standards for climatic data ... 95

5.1.3 METEONORM ... 96

5.2 Methodology for establishing database for climatic data ... 97

5.3 Tool for database for climatic data ... 99

5.4 Database operation and management ... 100

6 Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings ... 102

6.1 EPB calculations according EPBD, ENs and ISOs - Overview ... 102

6.1.1 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ... 102

6.1.2 Definitions, energy need ... 103

6.1.3 Definitions, energy use/delivered energy ... 103

6.1.4 ISO 13790 and supporting standards ... 103

6.1.5 Calculation direction ... 104

6.1.6 Services/Energy budget items ... 104

6.1.7 Calculation methodology ... 105

6.1.8 Zoning of buildings ... 105

6.1.9 Interaction between building and systems ... 105

6.2 EPB calculations in Bulgaria ... 106

6.3 EPB calculation in Germany ... 112

6.4 EPB calculation in Norway ... 115

6.5 Suitable methodology for the beneficiaries ... 122

6.5.1 Introduction ... 122

6.5.2 Services (energy budget items) ... 122

6.5.3 Calculation method ... 123

6.5.4 Quasi-steady-state methods ... 124

6.5.5 Zoning of buildings ... 124

6.5.6 Thermal coupling between zones ... 125

6.5.7 Conditioned area ... 125

6.5.8 Interaction between building and systems ... 126

6.5.9 Length of heating and cooling season ... 127

6.5.10 Assessment boundaries ... 127

6.5.11 Energy use for lighting ... 128

6.5.12 Energy need ... 129

6.5.13 Energy use/delivered energy ... 144

7 Recommendations to set the minimum EP requirements, including best calculation methods and software ... 153

7.1 Minimum energy performance requirements ... 153

7.1.1 Minimum energy performance requirements – EPBD and EN 15217 ... 153

7.1.3 Other considerations ... 161

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7.1.5 Measures/steps to set minimum energy performance requirements ... 167

7.2 Calculation methods and software ... 171

8 EU standards and secondary legislation ... 177

8.1 Minimum EU standards ... 177

8.2 Revision of European Standards ... 187

8.3 Secondary and tertiary legislation ... 188

8.3.1 Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings ... 190

8.3.2 Methodology on cost-effective evaluation of EE improvements ... 192

8.3.3 Regulation with minimum energy performance requirements ... 193

8.3.4 Regulations for energy certification of buildings ... 194

8.3.5 Regulation on regular inspection of heating systems ... 195

8.3.6 Regulation on regular inspection of air-conditioning systems ... 196

8.3.7 Procedures for training, certification and registration of persons and entities. 197 8.3.8 Independent control system for certificates and inspection reports ... 198

9 Roadmap for EPBD Implementation ... 199

9.1 Flowchart and Roadmap ... 199

9.2 Definitions and methodology ... 203

9.2.1 Definitions ... 203

9.2.2 Calculation methodology ... 204

9.3 Energy performance requirements ... 205

9.4 Energy performance certificate ... 206

9.5 Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems ... 207

9.6 Information and penalties ... 208

9.6.1 Information ... 208

9.6.2 Penalties ... 208

Bibliography ... 209

Annex 1 – Tool for Climatic Data ... 211

Worksheet: Zone Manual Results ... 211

Worksheet: Zone Auto Average RepDay Result ... 213

Worksheet: Zone Auto Real RepDay Result ... 214

Worksheet: Reference year 8760 h INPUT ... 215

Worksheet: Reference year CALCULATIONS ... 216

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List of Tables

Table 3.1-1 Albania, information in the building stock ... 13

Table 3.1-2 Bosnia and Herzegovina, categorization of building types ... 15

Table 3.1-3 FYR of Macedonia, ExCITE categorization of public buildings ... 20

Table 3.1-4 Moldova, categorization of buildings ... 23

Table 3.1-5 Serbia, categorization of buildings ... 28

Table 3.1-6 Ukraine, categorization of residential buildings ... 31

Table 3.1-7 Ukraine, categorization of non-residential buildings ... 32

Table 3.1-8 Ukraine, categorization of public buildings ... 33

Table 3.1-9 UNMIK, categorization of buildings ... 37

Table 3.2-1 Comparison of building categories ... 44

Table 3.2-2 Building categorization for Energy Certification ... 45

Table 3.2-3 Recommended categorization of residential buildings ... 47

Table 3.2-4 Recommended categorization of non-residential buildings ... 48

Table 3.2-5 Recommended information per building ... 50

Table 3.3-1 Distribution between building categories in EU 27 + Norway and Switzerland .. 55

Table 3.3-2 Distribution between building categories in Albania and UNMIK ... 55

Table 3.3-3 Example of average U-values ... 57

Table 3.3-4 Building (Zone) geometry ... 58

Table 3.3-5 Building (Zone) properties ... 58

Table 3.3-6 Internal gains and operation periods ... 59

Table 3.3-7 Holidays ... 59

Table 3.3-8 Heating mode ... 59

Table 3.3-9 Heating system ... 60

Table 3.3-10 Mechanical ventilation system (heating mode) ... 60

Table 3.3-11 Domestic hot water systems ... 60

Table 3.3-12 Cooling mode ... 60

Table 3.3-13 Room cooling system ... 61

Table 3.3-14 Mechanical ventilation system (cooling mode) ... 61

Table 4.1-1 Example total and per m2_{savings and investments potential ... 66}

Table 4.1-2 Example aggregated investments and savings target ... 67

Table 4.1-3 Example accumulated savings ... 67

Table 4.2-1 Albania, tariffs ... 68

Table 4.2-2 Albania, cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 69

Table 4.2-3 Albania, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 69

Table 4.2-4 Albania, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare ... 69

Table 4.2-5 Albania, cost effective energy savings potential hotels ... 70

Table 4.2-6 Albania, cost effective energy savings potential education ... 70

Table 4.2-7 Albania, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 70

Table 4.2-8 Albania, aggregated investment and savings target ... 71

Table 4.3-1 Bosnia and Herzegovina, tariffs ... 72

Table 4.3-2 Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential family houses72 Table 4.3-3 Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 73

Table 4.3-4 Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare .... 73

Table 4.3-5 Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential education ... 73

Table 4.3-6 Bosnia and Herzegovina, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 74

Table 4.3-7 Bosnia and Herzegovina, aggregated investment and savings target ... 74

Table 4.4-1 Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 75

Table 4.4-2 Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 76

Table 4.4-3 Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare ... 76

Table 4.4-4 Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential education ... 76

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Table 4.4-6 Croatia, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 77

Table 4.4-7 Croatia, aggregated investment and savings target ... 77

Table 4.5-1 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, tariffs ... 78

Table 4.5-2 FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 78

Table 4.5-3 FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings 79 Table 4.5-4 FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential healthcare ... 79

Table 4.5-5 FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential education ... 79

Table 4.5-6 FYR of Macedonia cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 80

Table 4.5-7 FYR of Macedonia aggregated investment and savings target ... 80

Table 4.6-1 Moldova, tariffs ... 81

Table 4.6-2 Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 81

Table 4.6-3 Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 81

Table 4.6-4 Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare ... 82

Table 4.6-5 Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential education ... 82

Table 4.6-6 Moldova, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 82

Table 4.6-7 Moldova, aggregated investment and savings target ... 83

Table 4.7-1 Montenegro, cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 84

Table 4.7-2 Montenegro, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 84

Table 4.7-3 Montenegro, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 84

Table 4.7-4 Montenegro, aggregated investment and savings target ... 85

Table 4.8-1 Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 86

Table 4.8-2 Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 86

Table 4.8-3 Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare ... 86

Table 4.8-4 Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential education ... 87

Table 4.8-5 Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential hotels ... 87

Table 4.8-6 Serbia, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 87

Table 4.8-7 Serbia, aggregated investment and savings target ... 88

Table 4.9-1 Ukraine, tariffs ... 88

Table 4.9-2 Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 89

Table 4.9-3 Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 89

Table 4.9-4 Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare ... 89

Table 4.9-5 Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential education ... 90

Table 4.9-6 Ukraine, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 90

Table 4.9-7 Ukraine, aggregated investment and savings target ... 90

Table 4.10-1 UNMIK, tariffs ... 91

Table 4.10-2 UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential family houses ... 91

Table 4.10-3 UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential apartment buildings ... 92

Table 4.10-4 UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential healthcare ... 92

Table 4.10-5 UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential hotels ... 92

Table 4.10-6 UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential education ... 93

Table 4.10-7 UNMIK, cost effective energy savings potential other buildings ... 93

Table 4.10-8 UNMIK, aggregated investment and savings target ... 93

Table 5.1-1 Reporting on climatic data (Regulation on cost-optimal calculations) ... 96

Table 6.2-1 Bulgarian values for the coefficient еp ... 111

Table 6.2-2 Bulgarian values for the coefficient fi ... 111

Table 6.4-1 Norwegian building types and calculation methodologies ... 116

Table 6.4-2 Norwegian set-point temperatures ... 117

Table 6.4-3 Norwegian requirements for H’’ ... 118

Table 6.4-4 Norwegian division into energy budget items ... 119

Table 6.4-5 Overview of Norwegian parameters with standard input values ... 120

Table 6.4-6 Overview of Norwegian parameters with standard input values ... 121

Table 6.5-1 Recommended distribution of energy use into services (energy budget items) 123 Table 7.1-1 Example parameters for impact modification ... 156

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Table 7.1-3 Norwegian additional, specific requirements ... 164

Table 7.1-4 Norwegian minimum requirements to transmission ... 164

Table 7.1-5 Norwegian minimum requirements to leakage ... 164

Table 7.1-6 Norwegian minimum requirements to ventilation rates ... 166

Table 7.1-7 Norwegian minimum requirements to heat exchanger efficiency ... 166

Table 7.1-8 Norwegian minimum requirements to specific fan power ... 166

Table 7.2-1 National calculation methodologies and software in some European countries172 Table 8.1-1 European standards supporting implementation of EPBD ... 178

Table 8.1-2 European standards – overview and minimum needed to be adopted ... 182

Table 8.3-1 Outline of methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings ... 190

Table 8.3-2 Outline of methodology on cost-effective evaluation of EE improvements ... 192

Table 8.3-3 Outline of regulations with minimum energy performance requirements ... 193

Table 8.3-4 Outline of regulations for energy certification of buildings ... 194

Table 8.3-5 Outline of regulation on regular inspection of heating systems ... 195

Table 8.3-6 Outline of regulation on regular inspection of air-conditioning systems ... 196

Table 8.3-7 Outline of procedures for training, certification and registration of persons and entities ... 197

Table 8.3-8 Outline of regulation for independent control system ... 198

Table 9-1 Outline of regulation on regular inspection of heating systems ... 203

Table 9.2-1 Main steps/activities definitions ... 203

Table 9.2-2 Main steps/activities calculation methodology ... 204

Table 9.3-1 Main steps/activities energy performance requirements ... 205

Table 9.4-1 Main steps/activities energy performance certificate ... 206

Table 9.5-1 Main steps/activities inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems ... 207

Table 9.6-1 Main steps/activities information ... 208

Table 9.6-2 Main steps/activities penalties ... 208

List of Pictures/Illustrations

Figure 2-1 Overview of the main topics covered in this Study. ... 3

Figure 3.2-1 Distribution of residential and non-residential building stock ... 46

Figure 5.2-1 Various use of the climatic data ... 99

Figure 6.4-1 Norwegian procedure for energy calculations ... 115

Figure 6.5-1 Subsystem energy flow ... 145

Figure 6.5-2 Heating and cooling sub-system efficiencies ... 151

Figure 7.1-1 Variations in degree days in Norway ... 163

Figure 8.1-1 Calculations and supporting EN ... 177

Figure 8.3-1 Secondary and tertiary legislation related to EPBD implementation ... 188

Figure 9.1-1 Overall “process flowchart” for implementation of EPBD ... 199

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List of abbreviations

BPIE - Building Performance Institute Europe

BTI - Bureau of Technical Information in Ukraine (BTI) COP - Coefficient of performance (COP)

CEN - European Committee for Standardization

CP - Contracting Parties

CPC - Central Product Classification (CPC)

DATAMINE - Collecting DATA from Energy Certification to Monitor Performance Indicators for New and Existing buildings

DD - Degree days (heating and cooling)

DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization)

DHW - Domestic Hot Water

EA Report - Energy Audit Report

EC - European Commission

ECS - Energy Community Secretariat ECT - Energy Community Treaty (ECT)

EE - Energy Efficiency

EN - European Norms

ENSI - Energy Saving International AS

EPBD - Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings EBRD - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EP - Energy Performance

EPCG - Montenegrin electricity company (Elektroprivreda Crne Gore)

ERC - Energy Regulatory Commission

EU - European Union

EUROSTAT - Statistical office of the European Union FEC or TFC - Final energy consumption

HEP - Croatian electricity company (Hrvatska Elektroprivreda)

HVAC - Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning IEA - International Energy Agency

IEE - Intelligent Energy - Europe (IEE)

IPA - Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance ISO - International Organization for Standardization LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

MS - EU Member State

NEEAP - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan

NEEAPB - National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for Buildings

NPV - Net Present Value

ODYSSEE - Energy Efficiency Indicators in Europe

OG - Official Gazzette

UNDP - United Nations Development Programme

USAID - United States Agency for International Development

VAT - Value Added Taxes

VAV - Variable Air Volume (mechanical ventilation systems) WMO - World Metrological Organisation

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1

1 Introduction

The global objective of the Study is:

To support governments in their efforts to meet their commitments under the Energy Community Treaty (ECT) by assisting them to increase the efficient use of energy in buildings and improve their energy performances, as well as for implementation of their NEEAPs with respect to buildings sector. The specific objectives are:

1. To provide governments with an accurate method to make an inventory of their buildings stocks, to define reference buildings in each category, and also with a rough assessment of the potential for energy savings as well as the investments needed to harvest the potential; 2. To develop a methodology for national data base for climate parameters;

3. To develop a methodology to calculate the energy performance of buildings according to the Articles 3-5 of the EPBD and taking into consideration among others factors such as climatic conditions and cost-effectiveness;

4. To identify the minimum set of EU standards and secondary legislation that needs to be adopted by the Contracting Parties for the scope of the EPBD;

5. To assist the beneficiaries in the preparation of secondary legislation in compliance with the EPBD.

Energy Community Contracting Parties (beneficiaries): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Ukraine and UNMIK.

According to the Terms of Reference for this Study, the Consultant should perform the following activities:

Buildings stock inventory, reference buildings

1. Analyse the current situation with the building stock inventory in each beneficiary; including the methods and indicators used, the relevant national regulation applicable (building codes, standards, etc.), the bodies involved in the inventory development; based on the findings, propose a methodology to make the buildings stock inventory; this should cover residential and non-residential buildings and be in line with the Annex I of EPBD.

2. Propose a methodology to define reference buildings that are characterised by and representative of their functionality and geographic location, including indoor and outdoor climate conditions. The reference buildings shall cover residential and non-residential buildings, both new and existing ones (including requirements of the Annex III of the EPBD).

Economic energy savings potential

3. Roughly estimate the economic potential for energy savings in each of the above mentioned categories, based on reference buildings and the most cost effective energy saving measures for the respective category, for each beneficiary.

4. Estimate the investments needed and energy savings achieved for the measures proposed in each category and for each beneficiary for the period 2011-2020.

Data base of climate parameters

5. Prepare a methodology to collect the climate parameters as needed for the calculation of the energy performance of buildings.

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2 6. Design the data base in a simple and user friendly form that could be used by all beneficiaries. Recommend what are the most suitable national/regional bodies and procedures to collect the information and maintain the database.

Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings

7. Analyse minimum two EU Member States’ methodologies and recommend a common methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings for the beneficiaries, in accordance with the common general framework set out in Annex I of the Directive 2010/31/EU; this methodology will be used as a model by the beneficiaries in the implementation of the Directive.

EU standards and secondary legislation

8. Identify the set of EU standards that are needed for the implementation of the Directive and prepare a list of these with direct reference to the Articles of the Directive and dynamic of implementation. In addition, make an outline of the required secondary legislation to be adopted by the Contracting Parties (e.g. regulations, rulebooks, guidelines, etc.).

Recommendations to set the minimum EP requirements, including best calculation methods and software

9. Give recommendations on what measures/steps are necessary to set the minimum energy performance requirements for buildings or building units in accordance with the requirements of the EPBD, including recommendations for best calculation methods and software used by the EU Member States.

EPBD Implementation Roadmap for Energy Community and training workshop

10. Development of a common Roadmap/process flowchart for the implementation of the EPBD, describing the logical steps in order to implement the EPBD by the end of 2012, recommending also the most appropriate responsible institution for each action.

11. Prepare the materials for one day training workshop to disseminate the results of the Study and deliver the training.

The Study (Final Report) include the following main chapters:

• Building stock inventory

• Economic energy savings potential

• Database of climatic data

• Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings

• Recommendations

• EU standards and secondary legislation

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3

2 Executive

Summary

The following overview has been prepared to illustrate how the various topics covered in this Study are related to each other:

Figure 2-1 Overview of the main topics covered in this Study.

Climatic data EP Calculation Methodology Min. EP Requirements

Building Stock Inventory

EP Certification Inspections, Heating & AC Control System/ Registry Savings Potential Reference Buildings Supporting European and National Standards Energy

Auditing Training and Certification of Experts

The main recommendations provided in the Study are summarized below.

2.1 Building stock inventory and Reference buildings

Task: Propose a methodology to make a buildings stock inventory in line with the Annex I of EPBD

and a methodology to define reference buildings, including requirements of the Annex III of the EPBD. For the purpose as defined by this Study, the recommendation for categorization and sub-categorization of buildings in the building stock inventory is based on Annex I of the EPBD and EUROSTAT.

Consequently, the following categorization and sub-categorization is recommended for residential and non-residential buildings:

Main category Subcategory

Residential buildings

1. Family houses One dwelling

Two dwelling buildings 2. Apartment buildings Low (up to 5 floors)

High-rise 3. Residences for communities

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4

Main category Subcategory

Non-residential buildings 4. Offices

5. Educational buildings Kindergartens

Schools

Universities/High schools 6. Health care facilities Hospitals

Other institutional care buildings

7. Hotels and restaurants Hotels

Other short-stay accommodation buildings 8. Sport facilities

9. Wholesale and retail trade service buildings 10. Other types of energy consuming buildings

It is recommended to use the same categorization of buildings in the scheme for energy certification as in the building stock inventory.

Recommended information to be provided for each building into the Building Stock Inventory is specified in table 3.2-5.

The main steps/activities needed to establish and operate/manage a Building Stock Inventory is proposed at the end of chapter 3.2.3.

Since sufficient information to prepare required reference buildings is lacking at present in the Contracting parties, the development of reference buildings should be done in two steps:

1. Develop first version of reference buildings based on existing information and expert evaluations;

2. Adjust the reference buildings based on information collected in the new building stock inventory (and information from energy certification).

The information needed for each reference building to allow for energy calculations according to the methodology recommended in this Study is presented in tables 3.3-4 to 3.3-14.

2.2 Economic energy savings potential

Task: Based on reference buildings, roughly estimate the economic energy saving potential, based on available data:

• For each building category: per m2 energy and economic savings, investments, prioritisation

of the cost effective measured included;

• For each building category: aggregated investments needed and energy savings achieved for

the measures proposed for the period 2011-2020.

There was far from enough available data in the contracting parties to do the rough estimation of the energy savings potential from implementing profitable, technical energy efficiency measures properly. Therefore, very rough estimations have been prepared based on a combination of the limited data available and the ENSI experience from the region.

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5 In chapter 4, first the overall methodology used is described, and then the rough estimates are presented for each beneficiary in two types of tables as shown below.

Education Savings Investment

Rank Measures kWh/m2 a €/m2 a €/m2

1 Energy efficient lighting _12,5 _1,2 _7,2

2 Replacement of coal boiler 3 Replacement of oil boiler 4 Insulation of roof

5 Hydraulic balancing + thermostatic valves 6 Insulation of external walls

Building stock area 6 279 000 m2 _MWh/a _€ _€

Total savings 20 % 78 300 7 800 000 45 466 000

The example numbers in the table above is the average savings potential and investment needed for the whole building category Education (6 279 000 m2). The total, average savings potential is 20%. In these rough estimations, all profitable measures ( = positive NPV) were included; some of them with payback period up to 15 years (due to their long economic lifetime). As a result of this, the average payback period for the package of measures is quite long. From an overall economic policy point of view, this could be acceptable. From a company financial point of view, only measures with shorter payback, or better return on investment could be included. This in turn will reduce the savings potential.

Aggregated investments and savings has been estimated based on the assumption that the target is to achieve 1% energy savings per year in the building sector, accumulated to 9% by 2020:

Building category Savings Investment

MWh/a €/a € Family houses _{345 500} _{31 623 400} _{169 530 700} Apartment buildings _{165 700} _{14 910 300} _{135 220 500} Healthcare _{17 800} _{1 503 400} _{12 536 300} Education _{35 900} _{3 575 300} _{20 843 000} Hotel _{122 700} _{10 335 000} _{73 770 200}

Other (offices, trade, etc.) _{37 900} _{3 265 200} _{21 804 900}

Total _{725 500} _{65 212 600} _{433 705 600}

Considering the scenario with implementing the most profitable projects a first priority as well as combining renovation and energy efficiency projects, it might be possible to achieve the 9% savings target with investments 20-30% lower compared to what is presented in tables based on the average potential.

The accumulated savings will of course be much higher than the aggregated savings. For the above example, the 433,7 mill euro investments has generated accumulated savings of 325,8 mill euro at the end of year 2020 (further explanations are given in chapter 4.1). Having in mind the long economic lifetime of several of the included measures (as presented in chapter 4.1), significant savings will be achieved after 2020.

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6

2.3 Database of climatic data

Task: Preparation of a data base (methodology and tool) for the required climate parameters used in the calculation of minimum energy performance of buildings.

Propose suitable national/regional bodies and procedures to collect and maintain the database. For the purpose of various energy performance calculations as covered by this Study, it is necessary to prepare the following climatic data for each climatic zone:

1. Design values:

o winter and summer external air design temperature; o winter and summer external air design moisture.

2. Data for heating and cooling calculations:

o average monthly external dry bulb temperature;

o monthly amplitude of the external dry bulb temperature;

o global monthly solar irradiation in four directions plus horizontal (W/m2); o beginning and end of the heating and of the cooling season (indicative); o duration of heating and of cooling seasons (indicative).

3. Data for humidification and dehumidification calculations:

o a representative day of each month of the year; hourly data for external air dry bulb

temperature and air relative humidity;

A Climate Database tool based on Microsoft Excel workbook has been prepared as a part of this Study (see Annex 1).

Regarding establishment, operation and management of the Database of Climatic Data, this could be divided into three main tasks:

1. Measurements/registration 2. Establishment of the database 3. Operation and management

Recommendations for each of the tasks are provided in chapter 5.

2.4 Methodology for calculating the energy performance of

buildings

Tasks: Analyse methodologies for calculating the energy performance of buildings in minimum two

EU Member States, and propose the most suitable methodology for the beneficiaries.

The methodologies for calculating the energy performance of buildings in Bulgaria, Germany and Norway have been analysed, and the main findings are presented in chapter 6.

Regarding the most suitable methodology for the beneficiaries, the following overall approach is recommended:

Monthly quasi-steady-state calculation method for heating and cooling with as many simplifications as possible and as allowed by ISO 13790 and with a large number of

predefined, national input values.

For pre-cooling of ventilation air (incl. dehumidification), it is recommended to do the calculations based on hourly data for a representative day each month.

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7 It is recommended to follow the criteria given in ISO 13790 to decide whether a building should be divided into zones or not. It is recommended not to consider thermal coupling between zones.

Regarding interaction between the building and technical systems, the simplified approach is recommended (not holistic).

Internal overall dimensions are recommended to be used for calculations.

Regarding calculation of energy use, it is recommended to use tabulated sub-system efficiencies provided at national level (for emission, distribution and storage/generation efficiencies).

Regarding distribution of energy use into services, the following structure is recommended: Main budget item Sub-category

1. Heating 1a. Room heating

1b. Pre-heating of ventilation air 1c. Auxiliary, heating system 2. Ventilation 2.a Fans

2.b Humidification 3. Domestic Hot Water 3.a Heating DHW

3.b Auxiliary, DHW system 4. Lighting

5. Other services

6. Cooling 6a. Room cooling

6b. Pre-cooling of ventilation air 6c. Auxiliary, cooling system 7.Outdoor

More detailed recommendations are provided in chapter 6.

2.5 Recommendations

to set the minimum EP requirements, including

best calculation methods and software

Task: Give recommendations on what measures/steps are necessary to set the minimum energy

performance requirements for buildings or building units in accordance with the requirements of the EPBD, including recommendations for best calculation methods and software used by the EU Member States.

Regarding development of minimum energy performance requirements, it is recommended to follow the requirements of the EPBD and the final draft Regulation on comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements dated 16.01.2012. Then the following measures/steps will be needed:

• Defining approach for specifying the energy performance requirements

• Establishment of reference buildings

• Identification of energy efficiency measures, measures based on renewable energy sources and/or packages and variants of such measures for each reference building

• Calculation of the primary energy demand resulting from the application of such measures and packages of measures to a reference building

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8

• Undertaking a sensitivity analysis for cost input data including energy prices

• Derivation of a cost-optimal level of energy performance for each reference building

• Update the building regulations accordingly

It is recommended that the Contracting parties develop their own national calculation methodology according to the recommendations provided in chapter 6 of this Study. It could be efficient if a number of the Contracting Parties are defining the same methodology (just with different, national input values).

It is also recommended that the Contracting parties are developing their own software according to their national calculation methodology. It would also be efficient if those Contracting Parties that decides to develop a common calculation methodology also cooperate on developing common software. This might be supported by donor funds, if such applications are formulated.

If an existing calculation methodology in one EU Member State should be recommended, it seems that the methodology developed in the Netherlands might be the most suitable.

The consequence of selected one existing software in a EU Member State will probably be that it is necessary to update the national calculation methodology accordingly, even though some national adjustments of the software could be possible.

2.6 EU standards and secondary legislation

Tasks: Listing of minimum EU standards that are required to be adopted by the beneficiaries in order

to proper implement the EPBD.

Outline of the secondary legislation that is required to be adopted by the beneficiaries in order to proper implement the EPBD.

Chapter 8 includes an overview of the European standards that are available for supporting implementation of EPBD in the following format (reference provided for each article of the EPBD): Articles

of EPBD

Name Related European Standard (EN)

1 Subject Matter. NA

2 Definitions. NA

3 Adoption of a methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings.

Apply a methodology in accordance with the general framework set out in Annex I “Common general framework for the calculation of energy performance of buildings”

- ISO 13790 - Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling (taking account of losses and gains)

- EN 15603 - Energy performance of buildings - Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings (energy use for space heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting, inclusive system losses and auxiliary energy, and definition of energy ratings)

- EN 15217 - Methods for expressing energy performance and for energy certification of buildings (incl. ways of expressing requirements for regulations)

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9 This chapter also provides an overview of the European Standards that needs to be adopted by the beneficiaries in order to proper implement the EPBD.

The secondary and tertiary legislation related to EPBD can be presented as in the figure below (could be named regulation, ordinance, decree, provisions, standards, rulebook, guidelines, etc. as appropriate according national legislative procedures).

Methodology for Calculating the Energy Performance of Buildings Methodology for Cost-effective Evaluations Regular Inspection of Heating Systems Regular Inspection of Air-conditioning Systems Energy Performance Certification of Buildings Minimum Energy Performance Requirements

Training, Certification and Registration of Persons and Enteties Performing

Energy Certification

Training, Certification and Registration of Persons and Enteties Performing Inspections

Independent Control System and Registry for Certificates, Inspection Reports and Experts

An outline of the content of each of these 9 “boxes” is provided in chapter 8 in the following format (this is an extract from the Regulation on Regular inspection of heating systems):

Outline Related EN Standards Related EPBD Articles - Scope - Normative references

- Terms and definitions

- Requirements for application of regular inspection of heating systems and inspection intervals

- Inspection classes

- Procedures for regular inspection of boilers, incl. preparation, data collection, visual inspections, maintenance check, functionality check, boiler controls, meters, boiler performance and advice for performance improvements

- Procedure for one off inspection of heating systems, incl. preparation, data collection, visual inspections, functionality check, maintenance check, controls, sensors and indicators, energy consumption, check of emission, distribution and generation systems, domestic hot water systems and advice for performance improvements

- ………

EN 15378 14,

16, 17

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10

2.7 Roadmap for EPBD implementation

Task: Develop a common Roadmap/process flowchart for the implementation of the EPBD, describing

the logical steps in order to implement the EPBD by the end of 2012, recommending also the most appropriate responsible institution for each action.

Contracting Parties of the Energy Community have developed (some are developing) Roadmaps for implementation of energy efficiency directives, in accordance with the following structure provided by the developed Roadmap Template:

ROAD MAP STRUCTURE

I. DIRECTIVE 2006/32/EC ON ENERGY END USE EFFICIENCY

AND ENERGY SERVICES

II. DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU ON THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF

BUILDINGS

III. DIRECTIVE 2010/30/EU ON LABELING OF ENERGY-RELATED

PRODUCTS

Energy savings targets

Promotion of energy end use efficiency and energy

services Definitions and methodology Energy performance requirements Energy performance certificate

Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems

Information and penalties

Scope and Definitions

Establishing the framework

Implementing Directives/Delegated Acts

Regarding the EPBD, the Contracting parties have agreed to follow the five main directions above: 1. Definitions and methodology

2. Energy performance requirements 3. Energy performance certificate

4. Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems 5. Information and penalties

In chapter 9, the main steps needed in order to implement the EPBD are described for each of these five directions in the following format (this is an extract from related to national calculation methodology):

Main steps Responsible institution Reference

in Study Requirement to develop a national calculation

methodology according to general framework as set out in the EPBD included into appropriate national law, and necessary resources and funds for its development allocated or secured

Ministry

Development of national calculation methodology with national annexes (default input values) - National Standard

Ministry / National Focal Point

(+ relevant research and standardisation institutions)

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11 The overall “process flowchart” can be illustrated as follows, with the timeline starting to the left and going to the right:

30.09.2012

Time

3. National EE Focal Point(s) (planning, management , reporting, etc.)

1 . U pda te /n ew Na ti on al La w (s ) 5.3 Methodology on Cost-effective Evaluations 2. O ve ra ll Na ti ona l Appr oa c h f o r co m p li an ce w it h E P BD

4. Building Stock Inventory

5.4 Regulation on Energy Performance Certification

7. Certification Tool 5.5 Regulations on Inspections;

Heating and Air-conditioning

8. National Control System/ Registry (Certificates,

Inspection Reports, Experts…) 9. Training, information and awareness raising

5.6 Procedures for training, certification and registration.

Climatic data 5.1 Energy Performance Calculation Methodology 5.2 Minimum Energy Performance Requirements 6. Calculation Software

2.8 Training Workshop

The findings, recommendations and proposals of the Study were presented at a one-day Training Workshop in Vienna Wednesday 22nd of February 2012.

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12

3 Building stock inventory

Task: review the existing categorisation of buildings in the beneficiaries, the methods and indicators

used, the relevant regulatory frame applicable (building codes, standards, etc.) and the bodies with relevant responsibilities for the implementation of the EPBD.

Provide information per beneficiary (available from official statistics, and as provided from questionnaires, contact persons, visits to beneficiaries, etc.) on:

• Existing categorization of buildings;

• Methods and indicators used;

• Relevant (for this study) regulatory framework (building codes, standards, etc.);

• Bodies with relevant responsibilities for implementation of the EPBD.

3.1 Existing

situation

3.1.1 Albania

3.1.1.1 Existing categorization of buildings

There exists no specific state level inventory of public or other buildings except the statistical data from Albanian Institute of Statistics (http://www.instat.gov.al/). The main division here is between residential and non-residential buildings.

The current population of 3.195 million (in 736 000 households) inhabits about 520 000 residential buildings containing 805 000 dwellings or about 63 million m2_{of total floor area residential buildings.}

Unoccupied households were estimated by the local consultants to 9 % or 5.5 million m2_{. The amount}

of non-residential stock reported by the local consultants is about 56 000 buildings or about 16 million m2_.

These estimations are based on generalised statistical data and needs further particularisation. No specific methods and indicators used for building stock inventory for the purpose of energy performance exist on state level. Additional efforts for disaggregation the data and assess building stock data that we could use for calculating the energy savings potential (chapter 4.2) were performed by the local consultants.

Ten municipalities are using the USAID Asset Database containing a kind of building stock inventory as assets; and 11 municipalities are using the ENSI Database for collecting building and energy data from their facilities. However, there exist no specific methods and indicators for building stock inventory for the purpose of energy performance on state level.

Official statistics about energy consumption is divided in residential sector and commercial sector (which includes more than just buildings).

Only limited information of relevance for a building stock inventory is provided in the national Cadastre.

Residential buildings

According to the Albanian Institute of Statistics there are about 60 million m2_{residential buildings,}

which are defined by the following categories: single dwelling

multiple dwelling

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13 This residential building stock is also presented by age of construction:

before 1945 1945-1960 1961-1980 1981-1990 1991-1995 1996-2001

In addition, the official statistics provide information about residential building stock on the following parameters:

Table 3.1-1 Albania, information in the building stock

Building characteristics: Plastered with roof Plastered with terrace Not plastered with roof Not plastered with terrace Main construction materials: Pre-fabricated

Bricks, stones Wood

Other

Number of floors: 1 floor

2 floors 3-5 floors 6-10 floors 11 and more floors

Official statistics also provide information about share of different heat source in the residential sector: Central heating

Individual heating

Conditioner, electric radiator, wood stove etc.

Non-residential buildings

Regarding non-residential buildings, the Albanian Institute of Statistics provides the following categorisation (in m2 and number of buildings):

Hotels

Wholesale and retail trade build Industrial buildings

Other buildings

However, it should be noted that this information is presented for the buildings registered after 1998 only. Non-residential buildings constructed before this period is not presented in the official statistics. 3.1.1.2 Methods and indicators used

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14 Transmission volume loss coefficient is transmission losses per heated volume and per 1°C between indoor and outdoor temperature1_{. (W/m}3_K)

Transmission volume loss coefficient Gvt is defined by formula:

where:

Qtr heat transmission flow (W)

V heated building volume expressed in m3

Δt equal to (tb – tj), where (tb) is indoor air temperature and (ti) is outdoor air temperature

According to the Regulations, this coefficient must not exceed normative values Gvtn, which are recommended for 3 different climatic zones, and dwelling characteristics (relation S/V), where S is the dwelling surface from which the heat is transmitted and V is the heated volume:

Gvt≤ Gvtn

This indicator is an old approach used in 80-th and does not correspond to the EN standards and methodologies for expressing energy performance indicators.

3.1.1.3 Regulatory framework

As primary legislation related to energy efficiency in the building sector, the following Laws are valid in Albania:

Law No. 9072, dated 22.5.2003, “Power sector”; Law No. 9379, dated 28.04.2005 “Energy efficiency”;

Council of Ministers Decision no.584, dated 2.11.2000 “On energy saving and conservation in buildings”

Law No. 8937, dated 12.09.2002 “On heat saving in buildings”;

The Draft Energy Efficiency Law and Draft Renewable Energy Law have been prepared, but are still not approved by the National Parliament.

The existing Building Codes is in force since 2002 and are currently being revised applying the same methodology for assessment of energy performance as in 2002 (using transmission volume loss coefficient), but complying with the new package of the EE Law.

The basic regulation is "Norms, regulations, design and constructions conditions, for heat generation and energy saving in dwellings and public buildings” (2003).

In terms of U-values, the “Technical Norms of Heat Saving in Buildings” were approved 16.1.2003. It is however, expected that a revised version will soon be finalised.

Development of new technical regulations on the energy performance of buildings and compulsory inspections of heating, ventilation and AC systems are also planned. The overall deadline for developing supportive regulations is 30 September 2012.

1_{- According to "Norms, regulations, design and constructions conditions for heat generation and} energy saving in dwellings and public buildings” (2003)

t

V

Q

Gv

tr

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15 3.1.1.4 National bodies involved

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Energy and Albanian National Agency for Natural Resources are identified as main responsible regulative bodies for implementing EPBD in Albania.

As for the building stock inventory – the Albanian Institute of Statistics is the only institution responsible to collect some of the relevant information.

3.1.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina

The statistical agencies are using a common classification of constructions types (KVGO BiH) to store information about the building stock. The information stays with Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the State level, (http://www.bhas.ba/), with the Federal Office of Statistics for the Entity of the Federation of Bosnia Herzegovina (http://www.fzs.ba/index.html) and with the Institute of Statistics for the Entity of Republika Srpska (http://www.rzs.rs.ba/).

KVGO follows EUROSTAT – Classification of Types of Constructions CC 1997, which has been developed on the basis of the provisional Central Product Classification (CPC) published in 1991 by the United Nations. CPC distinguishes in 52 "Constructions" between the two main categories "Buildings" and "Civil engineering works", which in CC are also used as major groups.

The following categorisation is used:

Table 3.1-2 Bosnia and Herzegovina, categorization of building types 11 Residential buildings

111 One-dwelling buildings

1110 One-dwelling buildings

112 Two- and more dwelling buildings 1121 Two-dwelling buildings

1122 Three- and more dwelling buildings

113 Residences for communities

1130 Residences for communities 12 Non-residential buildings

121 Hotels and similar buildings

1211 Hotel buildings

1212 Other short-stay accommodation buildings

122 Office buildings

1220 Office buildings

123 Wholesale and retail trade buildings 1230 Wholesale and retail trade buildings 124 Traffic and communication buildings

1241 Communication buildings, stations, terminals and associated buildings

1242 Garage buildings

125 Industrial buildings and warehouses 1251 Industrial buildings

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16 126 Public entertainment, education, hospital or institutional care

buildings

1261 Public entertainment buildings 1262 Museums and libraries

1263 School, university and research buildings 1264 Hospital or institutional care buildings 1265 Sports halls

127 Other non-residential buildings 1271 Non-residential farm buildings

1272 Buildings used as places of worship and for religious activities 1273 Historic or protected monuments

1274 Other buildings not elsewhere classified

However, statistical information according to this categorisation is collected only since 2002, meaning related only to new buildings. Information about older buildings is not available in official statistics within such format.

There exist no state level specific methods and indicators used for building stock inventory for the purpose of energy performance in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Data about public buildings is also collected by different manipulates and ministries, but this information is not collected centrally.

The new Regulations on Energy Certification of buildings (OG FBiH 50/10) offer the following types of buildings for certification purposes:

constructions till 1940

constructions from 1940 to 1970 constructions after 1970

modern building

3.1.2.2 Methods and indicators used

According to the new Regulations on Energy Certification of buildings adopted in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the indicator kWh/m2·year is used. However, the specific values for different types of buildings are not developed yet.

The Federal Ministry of Physical Planning adopted in 2010 the Law on Spatial Planning (OG FBiH 4/10) which was the basis for adoption of a set of regulations and guidelines dealing with the buildings certification, inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems, etc.

Republika Srpska has defined Energy Efficiency in Buildings as a priority direction through the Law on Physical Planning and Construction (however, the secondary legislation supporting implementation of this Law is still to be developed, taking into consideration EU requirements). It shall transpose the provision in order to define responsibilities for adoption of a methodology of calculation of the energy performance of buildings.

Bosnia and Herzegovina are planning to adopt Energy Efficiency Law(s) during the first half of 2012, which will reflect a number of provisions related to Energy Efficiency end-use (according to the Energy Efficiency Roadmap 2011 for transposition of EU Directives on EE).

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17 Regarding transposition of EPBD provisions, a Set of Regulations on Energy Performance and Energy Conservation in Buildings is planned for development to reflect proper implementation of the Directive. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a Law on Construction does not exist, only adopted amendments to the Law on Spatial Planning and Land Use:

‐ Preparation of Ordinance on Energy Certification of Buildings, which was adopted (Official Gazette No. 50/10)

‐ Regulation on technical requirements for ventilation, partial ventilation and air-conditioning systems (OG FBiH 49/09)

‐ Regulation on technical requirements for heating and cooling systems (OG FBiH 49/09)

‐ Regulation on technical requirements for thermal protection of buildings and rational energy use (OG 49/09)

‐ Regulation on conditions for the legal entities that carry out energy audits and energy certification (OG 28/10)

‐ Guidelines for Energy Audits of Buildings (September 2010)

A training scheme for energy certification of buildings has also been adopted. Overall deadline for the missing regulations in the Set of Regulations on Energy Performance and Energy Conservation in Buildings is September 2012.

3.1.2.4 National bodies involved

Till now the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ministry of Physical Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology of Republika Srpska and the Federation Ministry of Physical Planning are main regulative bodies responsible for implementing EPBD.

3.1.3 Croatia

3.1.3.1 Existing categorization of building types

In Croatia there exists no state level specific inventory with building data except aggregated statistical data from Croatian Bureau of Statistics (http://www.dzs.hr/). Data are collected based on census and additional surveys and are based on EUROSTAT CC classification (similar to what was mentioned for Bosnia and Herzegovina).

However, the data collection according to this system started approximately a decade ago, therefore there is no similar information about the prevailing older building stock in the official statistics. The only available information about older building stock is related to the residential sector (dwellings).

In addition to the official statistics, Croatia also provides information for the ODYSSEE/ENERDATA database (also collecting information about energy consumption by buildings), which has the following categorisation:

Residential buildings Hotels & Restaurants Health

Education Administration

Wholesale & retail trade Private offices

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18 In addition, the Real Estate Cadastre (http://www.katastar.hr ) is a register in which data about location (statistical, postal), shape, area, type of use, number of buildings, ownership are officially registered on level cadastral parcel or spatial unit. The cadastre can be used for identifying number and location of buildings officially registered.

A nation-wide registry of public buildings is being developed under the joint initiative of the Ministry of Economy and UNDP - the Program “Bringing Own House in Order” (

http://www.energetska-efikasnost.undp.hr/). A web based registry and system (Energy Management Information System)

named ISGE (https://www.isge.hr/) exist for monitoring of energy consumption and energy efficiency, where static and dynamic information about 2 280 objects is maintained till now.

3.1.3.2 Methods and indicators used

Technical Regulation on Rational Energy Use and Heat Protection in Buildings sets the minimum requirements divided for thermal protection and design of HVAC for residential and non-residential buildings depending on the form factor.

In general, Croatian norms are following the approach of German EnEv 2004 with addition referring to EN 13790 2008 calculation algorithms.

The main indicators as minimum energy requirements used in this norm are:

Qh", [kWh/(m2a)] - specific energy need for heating per square meter of useful are of building

depending on the form factor - f0 (compactness ratio as in EN 15217) – this indicator is only for

residential buildings heated to 18 °C or higher. This indicator is also used for energy certification.

Qh', [kWh/(m3a)] - specific energy need for heating per volume depending of building depending on

the form factor - f0 (compactness ratio) – this indicator is only for non-residential buildings heated to

18 °C or higher. It is used for certification of non- residential buildings as percentage ratio versus allowed Qh'

HT'=HT/A, [W/(m2·K)] - specific heat transfer coefficient by transmission to the external environment

(heat loss coefficient) per area of the envelope of the heated part of the building. 3.1.3.3 Regulatory framework

In Croatia, the Act on Physical Planning and Construction (OG 76/07, 38/09, 55/11, 90/11 latest amendment (http://www.mzopu.hr/default.aspx?id=3715)) and Act on Energy End-use Efficiency (OG 152/08) are the main primary legislation in force.

In terms of Energy Efficiency in the Building sector, the following secondary legislation is in force: Technical Regulation on Rational Energy Use and Heat protection in buildings - “Tehnički

propis o racionalnoj uporabi energije i toplinskoj zaštiti u zgradama” (OG 110/08, 89/09 last amendment), which refers to most of the relevant European norms as well as maximum allowed thermal transmittance coefficients.

Ordinance on Certification of energy performance of buildings (OG 36/10)

Ordinance on the Requirements and Criteria for Energy Auditors and Energy Certifiers (OG 113/08, 89/09)

Ordinance on authorisations for performing energy audits (OG 05/11) Ordinance on energy audits (OG 05/11)

Methodology for energy audits of buildings

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19 Technical regulation on ventilation, partial air-conditioning and air-conditioning systems for

buildings (OG 03/07)

In addition, Croatia is currently developing the Ordinance on Unique Information System for Energy Efficiency.

3.1.3.4 National bodies involved

The Ministry of Economy, Labour, and Entrepreneurship is responsible for the national energy policy, action plans, primary legislation promotion, and implementation of EU energy legislation. The Ministry is responsible for overall monitoring of energy efficiency policy implementation and reporting, in close cooperation with the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction.

The Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction is responsible for improved energy performance of buildings through use of better building materials and has also an obligation to monitor buildings energy certification system.

Croatia also established the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund, which has obligation of monitoring and verifying achieved energy savings achieved by the Fund's users.

3.1.4 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

The State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia (http://www.stat.gov.mk/) is following EUROSTAT – Classification of Types of Constructions CC 1997. According to this system the categorisation of building types are the same as presented for Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, official statistic relatively recently started to follow this categorisation, therefore relevant information is available only for new buildings, while for the older buildings the official statistic provides information only for residential buildings.

Only limited information of relevance for a building stock inventory is provided in the national Cadastre.

Initial statistical data and information about public buildings (municipal owned) are collected within the project “Mitigating climate change through improving energy efficiency in building sector”

(www.eeportal.mk). A special questionnaire was sent to all municipalities to collect initial data for the

inventory of public buildings (with area above 1 000 m2) and it was reported that data for more than 600 objects were gathered.The collected data is to be imported into the ExCITE software – a tool that connects processes of entering data for buildings, street lighting, energy consumption and energy expenses on the one side and climatologically data needed for calculating energy performance on the other.

This application shall serve as a tool for fulfilling the municipal obligations stated in the article 132 of the Law on Energy. Legal ordinance is being prepared for usage of the application, according to which the municipalities will be obligated to regularly update the data in the system, and the Ministry of Economy and the Energy Agency will use the data for energy consumption statistics for future development of legislation and strategies in the sector of public buildings.

The software was deployed on 1 July 2011. All municipalities received their specific username and password.2

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20 The ExCITE software envisages the following categorisation of public buildings:

Table 3.1-3 FYR of Macedonia, ExCITE categorization of public buildings

Sector Subsector

Internal Affairs Police station

Self-governance

Health protection Medical house

Boarding house

Medical care State medical institution

Culture Cultural Hall

Library Cinema

Local self-governance Administration

Unit for self-governance State organisation Education Kindergarten Children nursery Adult education Primary school Secondary school Gym Dormitory

Higher education building

Juridical Court

Social protection Nursery home

Children Protection

Other Other

Zoo building 3.1.4.2 Methods and indicators used

For the time being there is no energy performance indicators established for different types of buildings in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Such indicators are to be included into the Rulebook on Energy Performance of Buildings.

The following primary legislation is in force, reflecting some of the requirements of the EPBD: New Energy Law, published in OG No.16 (February 10, 2011)

The Building Law

The new Energy Law establishes strong basis for developing secondary legislation and implies direct requirements in the field of energy efficiency in the building sector for both state and local level. The secondary legislation to be developed under the Energy Law will include:

Rulebook on energy performance of buildings Rulebook on energy audits