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ENERGY LOSS AND EFFICIENCY OF POWER TRANSMISSION BELTS

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ABSTRACT

A comprehensive selection of belt type and construction from industrial and agricultural applications is extensively tested and compared for idling loss and power transmis-sion efficiency. Data is documented for Vee, joined-V, V-ribbed, and synchronous belt types and for cogged, plain, and laminated V-belt constructions. The level of energy savings achieved by the replacement of plain-base wrapped V-belts with cogged V-belts is emphasized. Belt efficiency, slip, and temperature dependence on the basic drive parameters of torque, sheave diameter, belt tension, and contact angle is reported.

INTRODUCTION

Power transmission efficiency and parasitic idling losses in belt machine elements have been considered for over 50 years. Most references cite efficiencies between 90 and 98 percent for various belts with 95 percent being a typical value [1-11]. Experimental data, however, for the current spectrum of belt types, constructions, and application con-ditions is not generally available. In order for the design engineer to assess system energy loss, detailed effects of belt construction and drive parameters become necessary. Consequently, the purpose of this investigation is to exper-imentally survey belt efficiency in the major industrial and agricultural applications.

Energy comparisons are documented for all the principal belt categories consisting of Vee, joined-V, V-ribbed, and synchronous types. Particular emphasis is given to the energy savings aspect of the cogged construction.

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM

Idling loss and belt efficiency are determined by separate experimental approaches. Due to the wide difference between small parasitic losses and large application power levels, a more sensitive direct measurement of idling loss is employed, while transmission efficiency is computed from simultaneous input and output power measurements. Idling losses are monitored with a 10 watt least-count pre-cision digital Wattmeter wired to either a 1 horsepower, 3500 RPM or a .5 horsepower, 1660 RPM AC motor. The motor in turn is connected to a .75 inch idling jack shaft by means of the test belt. Motor losses while running with-out a belt are measured and subtracted from the Wattage consumed by the motor, belt and jack shaft system. Bear-ing losses are found to be less than the 10Watt least count, and are included as part of the belt idling loss.

Power transmission efficiency at rated and representative application power levels for the larger belts is measured with the dynamometer system in Fig. 1. The system is digitally instrumented with trunnion mounted 10,000 pound-inch pyrometers, and a tension load cell. The lower power levels of the smaller belts require a more sensitive measuring system which entails a lower capacity prime mover and absorber with a 500 pound-inch torque cell.

EFFICIENCY COMPARISONS

Industrial and agricultural belt types and constructions are depicted in Fig. 2. Within each category Vee, V-ribbed, and synchronous cross sectional dimensions are represen-tative of primary Applications. Belt constructions include cogged, plain heavy duty, laminated, and central neutral axis. Sizes range from .380 to 2.25 inches in width, .25 to .75 in thickness and 45 to 120 in length with cord diame-ters from .037 to .100 inches.

1

www.carlislebelts.com info@carlislebelts.com

Reprinted by Permission from: Third World Energy Engineering Congress The Association of Energy Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia

ENERGY LOSS AND EFFICIENCY OF POWER

TRANSMISSION BELTS

Advanced Engineering Research Belt Technical Center Springfield, Missouri

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IDLING LOSS

Idling power losses for industrial cross sections are listed in Table 1 as averages of generally two tests having repeatability within the 10 Watt least count. Loss dependence on tension, diameter, speed, and width is displayed in Fig. 3.

The tension effect results from frictional sliding as a belt enters and exits a pulley; whereas, the diameter depend-ence is a consequdepend-ence of bending hysteresis as a belt flexes from straight span to curved pulley paths. Since pulley speed controls the rate of frictional and hysteretic energy dissipation, it is essentially proportional to power loss. The influence of belt width is due to both increased frictional and bending losses resulting from multiple industrial belts, larger industrial V-belt cross sections, and wider V-ribbed and synchronous belts. Bending hysteresis is the principal factor determining power loss comparisons between cross sections. Conse-quently, due to increased flexibility over plain base belts industrial V-belt cogged constructions require the least energy and run at lower temperatures under no load. Reduced cogged hysteresis is reflected by the lower temperature, although enhanced heat transfer from tooth turbulence and greater convective area is an additional factor. For similar reasons, especially reduced thick-ness, V-ribbed and synchronous belts are characterized by progressively less idling loss and cooler tempera-ture.

Two industrial belts exhibit twice the loss of a single operating at the same tension per belt. A joined V-belt has about the same loss as two single belts in a cogged construction, but the wrapped joined-V shows signifi-cantly more loss than two single wrapped belts.

POWER TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY

Industrial accessory: Energy loss during power trans-mission at industrial rating application levels is listed in Table 2. Effect of drive torque, diameter, tension, and pulley contact is shown in Fig. 4 for industrial cogged and wrapped B-section belts. Number of tests for each condition range from 4 to 100 with each result averaged over the final three minutes of a half hour period, during which 320 torque measurements are obtained. Repeata-bility is indicated by a standard deviation of one per cent within the same B-section belt and two per cent between B-section belts of identical constructions.

Tabulated transmission losses of industrial A and B-sec-tion belts from Table 2 along with industrial Vee and V-ribbed belts are approximately 75 percent accounted for

efficiency advantage shown in Fig. 4, and is the reason the advantage is maximum at smaller diameters. The cogged belts demonstrated lower slip level further augments its efficiency and temperature performance. Industrial Vee and V-ribbed belts, sizes and constructions are compared for varying diameters with V-ribbed and cogged advan-tages being greatest at smaller diameters. The accessory belts temperature performance is presented as a function of slip and torque levels.

Agricultural variable speed: Efficiency, slip, and temper-ature characterize the performance of large agricultural belts employed in the demanding propulsion and grain separation applications of high capacity combines. Test-ing levels ranged to 150 horsepower correspondTest-ing to peak field conditions.

As shown in Fig. 6, both cogged and wrapped belts exhib-it efficiencies above 90 per cent, although cogged belts generally display higher efficiency, lower slip, and cooler temperatures. Cogged efficiencies are above 94 per cent throughout the application power range.

CONCLUSIONS

Median efficiency of the surveyed industrial and agricul-tural belt types and constructions is 96 per cent. Within rated and application power levels, efficiency ranges from 90 to 99 per cent depending on belt type, construction, and application parameters. Both median and range agree with historical data.

The major portion of belt energy loss during power trans-mission is attributed to parasitic bending hysteresis and sliding friction. The cogged construction which mini-mizes the hysteretic component of parasitic loss yields the greatest efficiency in each industrial test. The condition of classical B-section cogged belts operating on 3.4 inch diameters at rated power levels demonstrated the largest energy savings, ranging from 3 to 6 per cent.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors respectfully acknowledge the contribution of Mr. C.A. Stiles for the data collection and reduction.

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REFERENCES

1. Palmer, R.S.J., and Bear, J.H.F., “Mechanical Efficien-cy of a Variable Speed, Fixed-Center V-Belt Drive,” Jour-nal of Engineering for Industry, Trans. ASME

2. “In Designing a Belt Drive, Consider Bearing and Belt Losses,” Product Engineering

3. Wallin, A.W., “Efficiency of Synchronous Belts and V-Belts,” Proceedings of National Conference on Power Transmission,Vol. 5, Illinois Institute of Technology 4. Breig, W.F., and Oliver, L.R., “Efficiency, Torque Capa-bility, and Tensioning of Synchronous Belts,” Proceedings of National Conference on Power Transmission, Vol. 5, Illinois Institute of Technology

5. Williams, W.A., Mechanical Power Transmission Man-ual,Conover Mast Publications, New York

6. Pronin, B.A., and Shmelev, A.N., “Losses in a Wide-Belt Variable Speed Drive,” Russian Engineering Journal,

Vol. L, No. 9

7. Pronin, B.A., and Lapshina, N.V., “Multi V-Belt Drives,” Russian Engineering Journal,Vol. LI, No. 1 . 8. Norman, C.A., “High Speed Belt Drives,” Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 83, Ohio State Universi-ty Studies Engineering Series, Vol. III, No. 2

9. Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th ed., T. Baumeister, Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 10. “Mechanical Efficiency of Power Transmission Belt Drives,” Power Transmission Belt Technical Bulletin, IP-3-13, Rubber Manufacturers Association,

Washington, D.C. Silicon Controlled Rectifier Excitation & Digital Display 150 HP DC Generator 150 HP DC Motor Reaction Torque Sensor Reaction Torque Sensor Trunnion

Mount TrunnionMount

Load Cell Pneumatic Belt Tensioner Radiation Pyrometers Universial Digital Counter Magnetic Picups

Regenerative Industrial Drive System

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Fig. 2 Belt Types and Constuction

INDUSTRIAL BELTS

Cogged Belt

Wrapped Belt

Joined Belt

Cogged Belt

Plain Heavy Duty

3-Ply Laminated

Centeral Neutral Axis

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Ta

ble

1

Idling

Power

Loss

4 .75 Nominal Diameter (In.) 2.75 Nominal Diameter (In.) 3500 RPM 3500 RPM 1660 RPM 50 Total Tension 100 Total Tension 150 Total Tension 100 Total Tension 100 Total Tension Belt Cross Section (LBS) (LBS) (LBS) (LBS) (LBS) DR and DN Te mp Above Te mp Above Temp Above DR and DN Te mp Above Te mp Above Pitch Dia Power Loss Ambient Power Loss Ambient Power Loss Ambient Pitch Dia Power Loss Ambient Power Loss Ambient (In) W atts HP (ºF) W atts HP (ºF) W atts HP (ºF) (In) W atts HP (ºF) W atts HP (ºF) INDUSTRIAL Classical-V A 4.6 164 .22 28 176 .24 30 223 .30 36 3.0 214 .29 38 110 .15 33 A Cog 93 .12 17 133 .18 18 166 .22 27 132 .18 25 76 .10 24 2A --243 .33 43 315 .42 48 305 .41 44 151 .20 42 2A Cog --177 .24 21 207 .28 24 192 .26 24 86 .12 20 B 5.0 216 .29 34 250 .34 46 298 .40 46 3.4 262 .35 54 149 .20 44 B Cog 120 .16 18 168 .23 19 214 .29 32 183 .25 28 94 .13 25 2B --365 .49 44 487 .65 59 373 .50 60 195 .26 50 2B Cog --223 .30 25 273 .37 31 237 .32 31 125 .17 27 B Wrapped Joined-V , 2-Rib --490 .66 53 552 .74 63 521 .70 59 277 .37 46 B Cog Joined-V , 2-Rib --245 .33 24 269 .36 26 241 .32 29 131 .18 21 Synchronous L038 4.775 32 .04 5 4 9 .07 7 8 1 .11 12 2.387 48 .06 16 29 .04 13 L075 41 .05 6 5 3 .07 8 7 0 .09 10 53 .07 14 28 .04 10 H050 5.093 61 .08 8 6 7 .09 10 92 .12 10 2.546 68 .09 19 36 .05 13 H075 76 .10 11 98 .13 12 105 .14 14 90 .12 22 44 .06 15 H100 84 .11 11 113 .15 14 138 .18 16 112 .15 28 47 .06 15

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300 250 200 150 100 50 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 50 100 150 2 3 4 5 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 34 = Temperature (˚F) Above Ambient 46 46 18 31 32 19 3500 RPM

4.75 Nominal Pitch Dia (In)

3500 RPM 100 Total Tension (Lb) 54 46 28 19

TOTAL TENSION (LB) PITCH DIAMETER (IN)

IDLING PO WER LOSS (W A TTS) IDLING PO WER LOSS (W A TTS)

2.75 Nominal Pitch Dia (In) 100 Total Tension (Lb)

2.75 Nominal Pitch Dia (In) 100 Total Tension (Lb) 600 500 400 300 200 100 44 54 25 28 59 60 54 28 59 29 B Cog (5.0, 3.4 in. Dia.)

B Wrapped

B Cog Joined-V, 2-Rib B Wrapped Joined-V, 2 Rib

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Table

2

Industrial

Belt

Efficiency

at

Rated

Power

Te mp Above Percent Horsepower Percent Ambient DR and DN Rated Total Belt Cross Section Efficiency Loss Slip (ºF) Pitch Dia Torque Tension Nominal No. of Wrap Cog Wrap Cog Wrap Cog Wrap Cog (In) (Lb-Ft) (Lbs) RPM Tests Classical-V A 91.4 93.4 .17 .13 1.26 1.03 33 21 3.0 5.5 P^ 66 1750 32 A 90.6 93.2 .25 .17 1.31 .98 39 22 7.1 C 8 5 1 6 2A 90.7 93.3 .38 .27 1.34 1. 48 28 11.0 P 132 16 A 97.3 97.7 0.16 0.14 0.67 0.4 15 9 6.2 16.7 P 9 7 8 A 96.9 97.5 .23 .18 .77 .56 22 12 21.2 C 123 8 B 90.8 95.6 .12 .11 1.34 .79 23 14 3.4 3.9 S 4 2 1750 38 B 90.1 95.1 .19 .09 1.54 1.06 29 18 5.4 P 5 7 100 B 92.1 95.3 .32 .19 2.31 1.40 45 27 11.4 C 121 14 2B 89.7 95.7 .30 .12 1.48 .71 29 19 7.8 S 8 4 1 2 B Joined-V* 86.2 94.4 .40 .15 1.48 .78 39 18 7.8 S 8 4 6 B 94.7 96.3 .24 .17 1.28 1.07 26 18 5.0 13.2 S 9 3 1750 13 B 95.7 96.8 .23 .18 1.45 1.17 28 21 15.7 P 113 36 B 95.9 96.5 .31 .28 1.79 1.40 39 32 21.6 C 156 13 B 96.9 97.5 .23 .18 .85 .64 24 20 6.6 21.1 S 115 1750 10 B 96.9 97.5 .26 .21 .96 .71 29 23 25.0 P 136 10 B 96.9 97.6 .33 .25 1.14 .83 33 28 30.9 C 169 10 C 97.4 99.6 .41 .08 2.04 1.38 42 22 8.0 68.3 C 308 1160 16 2C 97.4 99.3 .58 .16 1.48 1.06 37 20 100.5 P 452 8 5C 97.4 98.9 1.49 .63 1.45 1.01 54 27 251.2 P 1130 16 5C 96.9 98.8 2.37 .99 1.91 1.13 78 38 341.7 C 1538 8 C Joined-V** 97.5 98.5 1.42 .85 1.13 1.17 58 38 251.2 P 1130 8 D 96.9 97.4 .80 .70 .89 .53 37 27 12.0 113.6 P 341 1160 8 4D 96.8 97.5 3.35 2.55 .83 .55 62 45 454.4 P 1364 8 Sync hr onous L075 97.0 .05 .00 5 3.342 5.0 50 1750 24 L038 98.2 .04 .00 8 4.775 7.2 50 8 L075 98.1 .05 .00 6 7.2 50 16 L075 97.3 .07 .00 9 7.2 80 15 XH400 99.4 .42 .00 25 8.356 272.2 1040 1750 8 ^ S , P , and C denote standard, premium, and cog ratings; 1972 Da yco PT Handbook. * 2-r ib wr apped, 2-r ib cog. ** 5-r ib wr apped, 4-r ib cog.

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T ORQ UE (LB-IN) PITCH DIAMETER (IN) T O T AL TENSION (LB) CONT A CT ANGLE (DEG) 5/1 T e nsion Ratio W rapped W rapped W rapped Cog Cog Cog

5.0 Pitch Diameter (IN) 188

T

o

rque

(LB-IN)

5.0 Pitch Diameter (IN) 188

T o rque (LB-IN) 1 1 3 T o tal T e nsion (LB) 180 Contact Angle (Deg) 1 1 3 T o tal T e nsion (LB) 75 T e nsion Dif ference (LB) 56 = T e mperature (˚F) Above Ambient 68 45 29 23 18 14 51 27 26 28 39 50 18 21 32 40 24 29 33 44 20 23 28 37 38 21 19 21 29 29 25 26 27 30 28 21 18 19 21 23 22 35 30 28 24 24 21 3 2 1 0 100 200 300 400 500 3.4 5.0 6.6 50 100 150 200 100 140 180

Fig.

4

Comparison

of

cog

g

ed

and

wrapped

B-section

efficienc

y

,

slip,

and

temperature

at

tor

que

,

d

iameter

,

tension,

and

contact

angle

v

a

riations

about

1750

RPM,

5

In.

rated

po

wer

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HL COG HL WRAPPED (Wrinkled Base) 1750 RPM

1000 Total Tension (LB) 9.8 Pitch Diameter (IN)

1600 RPM

1000 Total Tension (LB) 10.8 Pitch Diameter (IN)

HM COG HM WRAPPED Temperature (˚F) Above Ambient = 174 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 TRACTION COEFFICIENT = (T1-T2) / (T1+T2) PERCENT SLIP PERCENT EFFICIENCY HORSEPO WER LOSS 20 = Nominal Driver Horsepower 1500 RPM 1000 Total Tension (LB) 1200 1400 1600 HN COG HL HM - SECTION HN 186 182 149 122 95 72 59 51 76 82 97 125 136 149 4 3 2 1 0 100 65 20 65 100 60 67 82 107 132 172 182 189 79 80 99 138 172

186 11.5 = Pitch Diameter (IN)

HN Wrapped (Wrinkled Base) 13.0 140 130 75 20 130 150 150 140 85 20

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Figure

Fig 1. Instrumented Belt Test Dynameter
Fig. 2 Belt Types and Constuction
Table 1  Idling Power Loss 4.75 Nominal Diameter (In.)2.75 Nominal Diameter (In.) 3500 RPM3500 RPM1660 RPM 50 Total Tension100 Total Tension150 Total Tension100 Total Tension100 Total Tension Belt Cross Section(LBS)(LBS)(LBS)(LBS)(LBS) DR and DNTemp AboveT
Table 2  Industrial Belt Efficiency at Rated Power Temp Above PercentHorsepowerPercentAmbientDR and DNRatedTotal Belt Cross SectionEfficiencyLossSlip(ºF)Pitch DiaTorqueTensionNominalNo

References

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