Oats

Oats

M. L. Bowman

Iowa State College

L. C. Burnett

Iowa State College

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Recommended Citation

Bowman, M. L. and Burnett, L. C. (2017) "Oats,"Bulletin: Vol. 8 : No. 96 , Article 1. Available at:http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/bulletin/vol8/iss96/1

EXPERIMENT STATION

IOWA STATE COLLEGE

OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS

F

arm

crops

S

ection

oats

His Excellency, A. B. Cu m m i n s, Governor of Iowa. Ho n. J. F. Riggs, Superintendent o f Public Instruction.

TERM EXPIRES

First District— Hon. H. M. Letts, Columbus Junction...1910

Second District—Hon. Vin cen t Zm u n t, Iowa City...1910

Third District—Hon. E. A. Alexander, Clarion... 1908

Fourth District—Ho n. Ellison Orr, Waukon... ...1910

Fifth District—Hon. W. R. MoningEr, Galvin... 1912

Sixth District—Ho n. W. O. McElroy, Newton... 1914

Seventh District— Ho n. C- R. BrEnton, Dallas Center...1912

Eighth District—Hon. George S. Al l y n, Mt. Ayr... 1910

Ninth District—Ho n. Ja s. H. Wilson, Adair... 1914

Tenth District—Ho n. J. B. Hungereord, Carroll... 1912

Eleventh District—Hon. W. J. Dix o n, Sac City...1912

OFFICERS OF T H E BOARD

Hon. J. B. Hungereord, Carroll...Chairman

Proe. E. W. St a n to n, Ames... ...Secretary

Her m an Knapp, Ames...Treasurer STATION STAFF

A. B. Storms, M. A., D. D., President. C. F. Curtiss, B. S. A., M. S. A., Director.

W. J. Ken n ed y, B* 3. A., Animal Husbandry and Vice-Director. S. A. Beach, M. S. A., Horticulturist.

L. H. Pa m mEL, B. Agr., M. Sc., Ph. D., Botanist. H . E. Su m m e r s, B. o., Entomologist

G. L. McKa y, Dairying.

J. H. McNeil, V. M. D., Veterinarian. W . H. Stevenson, A . B., B. S'. A ., Soils. L. G. Michael, -B. S., Chemistry.

M. L. Bo w m a n, B. S. A., Farm Crops.

J. B. Davidson, B. Sc. in M. E., Agricultural Engineering. A. T. Er w in, B. S. A., M. S. A., Associate Horticulturist. Ch a s. A. Scott, B. S. A., Forester.

I. O. Sc h a u b, B. S., Assistant in Soils.

E. E. Little, B. S. A., M. S. A., Assistant in Horticulture.

F. W. Bo u sk a, B. S. A., Assistant in Dairying and Dairy Bacteriologist. E. T. Robbins, B. S. A., Assistant in Animal Husbandry.

L. C. Burnett, M. S. A., Assistant in Farm Crops. Jo h n Bower, B. S. A., Assistant in Dairying.

M. L. Kin g, B. M. E., Experimentalist in Agricultural Engineering. J. A. McLa i n, B. S. A., Assistant in Animal Husbandry.

H. G. Va n Pelt, B. S. A., Dairy Stock.

H. C. Pierce, B. S. A., Assistant in Animal Husbandry in charge of Poultry J. H. Criswell, B. Sc., Assistant in Farm Crops.

B. A. Madson, B. S. A., Assistant in Chemistry. R. L. Webster, Assistant in Entomology.

S. S. Fa y, B. S., Assistant in Soils.

Charlotte M . King, Assistant in Botany. Harriette Kellogg, A. M., Assistant in Botany.

F. E. Colburn, Photographer.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . ... . . ...

1

... ...

4

Iow a’s Oat Crop, 1903-1907• • • • ...

5

T he Variety T est. ... ? . . . ^

5

H ow the test was conducted... ... ..

6

Average yield of oats for five, four and three years

at Ames . . ... .. ...

7

Five years average 1898-1902 inclusive... 8

Yearly Tests, 1899-1902.

... . . . ... . . 9-12

Five years average, 1903-1907 inclusive... ..

13

Y early tests, 1903-1907... . . . 1 4 - 1 7

Preparing the Seed. . . . . . ...

..

17

Fanning and grading. . ... ...18

Importing seed oats...

18

Smut— Advantages of Treatm ent...

18

Preparation of the Seed B e d ...

20

Methods of Seeding...

21

Rate of seeding... .22

Drilling vs. broadcasting...

.22

Conclusion ... ... .. • ...

2 3

O A T S

M. L. BOWMAN L. C. BURNETT

Introduction

T h e past season had a most unfavorable influence upon

the oat crop of the state.

The scarcity of suitable seed oats

is very forcibly brought to the attention when we consider

that there is not enough of the 1907 crop o f standard weight

(32 lbs. per bu.) to sow the fields that will go into oats this

spring.

T he oats are extremely light, being from 30 to 50 per

cent hull, and average from 16 to 25 pounds per bushel.

There are comparatively few exceptions where they weigh

more than the maximum given.

PERCENTAGE OP HÜEE IN OATS GROWN IN FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE SEASONS Variety Favorable 1906 Unfavorable 1907 W t. p e r B u sh el P e rc e n t H u ll Wt. p e r B u sh el P e rc e n t H u ll K herson... 36 28 2414 34 Joanette ... 35 28 22*4 35 Green Russian... 32 ^ 28 24 39 Early Champion... . 35 28 2334 40 White Russian... 36 31 18 39 Irish Victor... 33 32 19 41 National ... 3834 27 20 45 Myrick ... 31 35 Ì9 39 Wisconsin No. 4 ... 36 25 2034 49 Early Gotham... 33 32 17 43 Silvermine ... 34 31 . 20^ 45 Minnesota No. 6 ... 35 28 16 50 Siberian ... ! . . . 32 36 20 43 Dun ... 31 36 19 45 Tartar King... 36 35 1934 49

T he question confronting a very large number of Iowa

farmers is, “ W hat am I to do for seed oats this spring?”

It is to be noted that Iowa devotes on an average

4,144,463 acres annually to oats having an average yield of

29.c bushels per acre, a total of 123,422,880 bushels worth

5 *i o w a’s o a t cr o p, 1903-1907 <U bß a m u <D Oi *0

H

(V)

is g

OhPQ o c 4) o o3_d> $ U O* 3 Ö ' -+-> O m Av . p er _{£-1 cS}•+-> K 0m 1903 3,822,822 25.9 99,012,660 $ .30 $29,703,798 1904 4,018,980 29.4 118,435,570 .26 30,793,284 1905 4,177,545 33.8 146,439,240 .25 36,609,810 1906 4,166,800 34.0 , 142,036,530 ; .27 38,349,878 1907 4,536,170 24.5 111,190,400 .39 43,364,256 Av. 4,144,463 29.5 123,422,880 .294 $35,764,205

T he past season has been a very exceptional one.

It

has influenced to a marked degree all varieties of oats.

Those which have proven the best in yield during a period

of years with favorable conditions, though affected by the

unfavorable conditions of the past season, have stood the

test, proving to be varieties off high yielding value.

The oat crop is one of those most neglected.

The mat­

ter of special varieties, preparing the seed, treatment for

smut, and proper preparation off the seed bed is generally

overlooked.

This kind of management has resulted in a

low income per acre until it has become common to hear the

expression that “ Oats are not a paying crop but are necessary

for a rotation.”

It is the purpose off this bulletin to assist farmers in

selecting their seed oats, treating the seed, and preparing the

seed bed.

Proper attention to these matters will add millions

of bushels annually to the income of the state.

THE VARIETY TEST

During the past ten years 70 varieties o f oats have been

grown at the Iowa Experiment Station.

These have been

raised on plats of equal size and off as nearly equal fertility

as the Station fields will perm it; so that the unprofitable kinds

could be weeded out and a higher average maintained.

This

average deals with both yield and quality and the varieties

dropped have been discarded for low yield, poor quality or

varieties ripening in from 95 to 100 days have done fully as

well, and in some seasons have even exceeded them.

The

comparative yield of these two groups is largely a matter of

season 'and depends upon the weather conditions at the time

of flowering and filling.

In years like 1906, with its splendid

growing season, the best medium varieties out-yield the earl­

ier ones.

In seasons with very hot, wet weather during the

flowering period, the earlier oat may «be out o f danger before

these evil conditions arise.

In order to be safe it is recommended that the farmer

raise a field o f each, an early and a medium variety.

There

is also the advantage o f distributing the labor at harvest time

and o f not being obliged to cut part of the crop after it is

dead ripe and shattering badly.

H o w

t h e T e s t w a s Co n d u c t e d.—

T he original test

was started with 13 varieties in 1898.

During the five years

1898 to 1902 inclusive, this number was increased to 36.

O f these, 23 give sufficient data to warrant the drawing of

some conclusions.

T h e results of these years work will be

found in the tables on pages 8 to 13.*

O f these varieties

only six have continued through the last five years (1903-

these varieties only six have continued through the last five

1907), and of these six only one, Silvermine, can be said to

have held a place as a leading oat of the state.

These are

seen in the following table:

average; for five years. 1898-1902

Variety D a te R ip e Y ie ld p e r A cre W t. p e r B u . Early Champion... 7-12 51.6 31^ Siberian ... 7-2 49.7 29 Green Mountain... 7-24 49.6 30 Joanette ... 7-25 49.0 29^2 Silvermine ... 7-24 46.8 29^ White Russian... 7-26 40.0 _{iS ®}

ff

During the last five years (1903-1907) 44 varieties

have been grown.

Some of these have only been raised one

year and do not have sufficient data for conclusions, but there

are 25 with more than a two year record.

These are

7

ranged in tabular form on pages 15 to 18, and their average

on page 14.

O f the six original varieties still grown at the Station,

the Silvermine now has a place at the top o f the list in the

average of the last three years yields.

T he second place has

been taken by the Kherson, a Turkestan (60 day) oat, first

raised at Ames in 1903.

In the average for four years and

for five years the Kherson has outranked the Silvermine in

yield.

T h e 'two may be considered o f equal value from the

standpoint of yield.

Silvermine ripens in from 95 to 100

days; the Kherson in from 90 to 95 days.

T h e relative merits of the oats we have been growing

for the last three years is well set forth in the following chart

showing the average yield for the last five, four and three

years respectively:

AVERAGE YIELD OE OATS EOR EIVE, FOUR AND THREE YEARS AT AMES

5 years. 1903-1907 4 years. 1904-1907 3 years. 1905-1907

*3 <L>

CO

*3

Ek&i.

3 3

Variety M Variety M Variety ’T3 PQ

*3 -4—» "3

£ 1 s _M $

Kherson ... 54.9 30^4 Kherson . . . . 62.4 304 Silvermine . . . 62.5 29*4

Silvermine .. . 47.1 284 Silvermine .. 55.8 284 Kherson ... 62.1 304

Wis. No. 4 ... 52.1 29 Wis. No. 4 ... 57.1 314

W. Russian.. 50.9 294 W. Russian... 53.3 284

Minn. No. 26. 50.9 27 National ... 52.6 304

National ___ 49.8 30% Minn. No. 26. 51.7 274

Joanette... 45.1 29 Joanette... 49.829 Joanette... 51.3 294

W. Alaska___ 42.8w / i W. Alaska__ 49.7 314 Irish V ictor... 51.2 274

Minn. No. 6.. 48.628% Minn. No. 6 ... 50.8 284

Irish V ictor.. 47.5 27 _{W. Alaska___ 50.5 324}

60 Day... 48.3 30

Early Champ.. 42.3 304 Early Champ. 43.830% Siberian ... 47.1 2734

Siberian ... 41.7 244 Siberian . . . . 42.524#4 _{Early Champ.. 46.7 314}

Russ. (Bruner) 46.7 27'

Tartar King. 37.726 Tartar King.. 44.1 284

Danish ... 42.0 26 White Tartar. 41.8 27 Canadian ---- 37.4 304

Sparrowbill... 31.2 23 |Dun ... 26.2 26

Station for three years, 1905-1907, inclusive, has been 47.7

bushels.

This includes 20 varieties ranging from 62.5 to

26.2 bushels per acre.

From these figures it may be seen that, after considering

all other factors that influence yield, the general use of a

superior yariety of oats would add from eight to ten bushels

to every acre grown.

VARIETY TEST OE OATS.

five years average— 1898-1902 inclusive.

Variety Maturity Yield Yr s. T e st e d E a rl ie st D a te R ip e L a te st D a te R ip e Av e ra g e D a te R ip e N o . D a y s Yr s. T e st e d B u . p e r A cre Wt. p er B u sh el 1. Early Champion... 4 7- 6-00 7-21-02 7-12 92 5 51.6₃₁₄ 2. Early Dawson... 4 7-11-01 7-25-02 7-17 96 5 47.2 30^ 3. Black Russian... 4 7-11-01 7-28-02 7-18 99 5 46.3 29

4. Dep’t Imp. No. 534... 3 7-14-00 7-29-02 7-19 97 4 56.128H

5. Texas Red Rustproof... 4 7- 5-01 7-28-02 7-19 99 5 47.8284

6. Dep’t Imp. No. 541... 3 7-14-01 7-29-02 7-20 102 4 55.92934

7. Dep’t Imp. No. 533... 3 7-14-01 7-29-02 7-20 101 4 54.1₂₇₄

8. Dep’t Imp. No. 545... 2 7-12-00 7-30-02 7-21 106 3 62.1 25

9. New Salt Lake... 4 7-19-00 7-29-02 7-23 104 4 50.8274

10. Siberian ... .4 7-19-00 7-29-02 7-23 103 5 49.729

11. Imp. Clydesdale... 4 7-17-00 7-30-02 7-23 104 5 48.83U4

12. White Belgian... 4 7-17-00 7-28-02 7-23 103 4 48.2 28 13. Lincoln ... 4 7-18 00 7-29-02 7-23 103 5 46.7 29 14. Illinois ... 4 7-18-00 7-29-02 7-24 104 4 52.8 29^ 15. Nebraska Goldmine.... 4 7-18-00 7-30-02 7-24 107 4 51.6 28 16. Green Mountain... 4 7-20.00 7-30-02 7-24 104 4 49.6 30 17. Silvermine ... 4 7-17-00 7-29-02 7-24 104 5 46.8 29^ 18. White Swede... ... 4 7-19-00 7-29-02 7-24 104 4 46.3₂₇₄ 19. Joanette ... 4 7-19-00 7-31-02 7-25 105 5 49.0294 20. White Russian... 4 7-23-01 7-31-02 7-26 107 5 40.02734

21. New Zealand Rustproof 3 7-23-01 7-30-99 7-26 101 3 37.5284

22. New Zealand... 3 7-21-00 7-31-02 7-27 110 4 42.625 4

9

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1899. Variety Maturity Yield D a te S ow n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s B u . p e r Acre W t. p e r B u . 1. Early Champion... 4-15 7-12 88 62.5 29%, 2. Early Dawson... 4-15 7-19 95 59.1 28 3. Black Russian... 4-15 7-20 96 61.3 25

4. Dep’t Imp. No. 534... 4-24 73.0 26

5. Texas Red Rustproof. . . ' . . . 4-15 7-25 101 64.5 25

6. Dep’t Imp. No. 541... 4-22 84.0 25j/£

7. Dep’t Imp. No. 533... 4-22 54.8 24

8. Dep’t Imp. No. 545... 4-22 62.2 24

9. New Salt Lake... 4-15 7-24 100 54.5 22

10. Siberian ... 4-15 7-23 99 58.1 25 11. Imp. Clydesdale... 4-15 7-24 100 54.3 28 12. White Belgian... 4-15 7-25 101 60.0 25 13. Lincoln ... ... 4-15 7-23 99 47.6 24 14. Illinois ... 4-15 7-25 101 45.5 25^ 15. Nebraska Goldmine... 4-15 7-25 101 58.0 26 16. Green Mountain... 4-15 7-25 101 52.5 26 17. Silvermine ... 4-15 7-27 103 68.0 25 18. White Swede... 4-15 7-25 101 48.3 25 19. Joanette ... 4-15 7-25 101 54.5 % m 20. White Russian... 4-15 7-27 103 36.3 22

21. New Zealand Rustproof... 4-15 7-30 106 30.0 ,23

22. New Zealand... 4-15 7-29 105 48.3 26

23. Probesteier ... 4-15 7-29 105 42.6 24

Dep’t Imp. No. 546... 4-22 71.8 25

Dep’t Imp. No. 527... 4-22 67.5 25^

Dep’t Imp. No. 538... 4-22 57.2 30^

Dep’t Imp. No. 612... 4-24 56.4 26^

Dep’t Imp. No. 536... 4-22 51.6 22%

Dep’t Imp. No. 617... 4-24 35.5 22%

Dep’t Imp. No. 613... 4-22 35.4 26

Black Tartarian... 4-15 7-26 102 26.9 22

Russian Dep’t Imp. No. 2800. 4-18 24.0 29

Russian Dep’t Imp. No. 2963. 4-18 21.2 21

y-VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1900. Variety Maturity Yield D a te S o w n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s B u . p e r A cre Wt. p e r B u . i Early Champion... 4-14 7- 6 83 47.8 3154 2. Early Dawson... 4-14 7-12 87 . 53.8 29 3. Black Russian ... 4-14 7-15 92 40.0 27.

4. Dep’t Imp. No. 534... 4-14 . 7-14 89 48.8 2954

5. Texas Red Rustproof... 4-14 7-16 93 47.5 2454

6. Dep’t Imp. No. 541... 4-14 7-18 95 50.3 2954

7. Dep’t Imp. No. 533... 4-14 7-16 93 54.1 28 54

8. Dep’t Imp. No. 545... 4-14 7-12 87 72.5 25

9. New Salt Lake... 4-14 7-19 96 63.1 2554

10. Siberian ... ... 4-14 7-19 96 57.7 27H 11. Imp. Clydesdale... ... 4-14 7-17 94 48.4 2854 12. White Belgian... ... 4-14 7-17 94 47.2 24ï4 13. Lincoln ... 4-14 7-18 95 55.3 29 14. Illinois ... 4-14 7-18 95 55.6 29 15. Nebraska Goldmine... 4-14 7-18 95 58.4 2354 16. Green Mountain... 4-14 7-20 97 62.5 3154 17. Silvermine...j... 4-14 7-17 94 49.4 2654 18. White Swede... 4-14 7-19 96 61.9 24 19. Joanette ... 4-14 7-19 96 44.4 2 7H

20. White Russian... 4-14 7-25 102 42.2 2 7y4

21. New Zealand Rustproof___ 4-14 7-24 101 26.9

2

6 y

22. New Zealand... 4-14 7-21 98 40.0 25 54

23. Probesteier ... 4-14 7-25 102 27.8 25

Dep’t Imp. No. 538... .. 4-14 7-13 88 53.4 ₂₃₅₄

Dep’t Imp. No. 617... 4-14 7-20 97 52.5 27

Dep’t Imp. No. 546... 4-14 7-15 92 50.0 26^4

Dep’t Imp. No. 536... 4-14 7-13 88 49.7 ₂₆₅₄

Dep’t Imp. No. 527... 4-14 7-18 95 47.8 ₂₇₅₄

Dep’t Imp. No. 612... 4-14 7-17 94 46.9 2854

Dep’t Imp. No. 613... 4-14 7-18 95 36.9 29

Russian Dep’t Imp. No. 2963. 4-14 7-13 88 36.9 2654

I I

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1901. Variety Maturity Yield D a te S o w n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s B u . p e r A cre Md U <D ;fj¡ ■M w M 1. Early Champion... 4-18 7- 9 82 45.6 3554 2. Early Dawson... 4-18 7-11 84 49.2 4154 3. Black Russian... 4-18 7-11 84 59.7 36/2

4. Dep’t Imp. No. 534... 4-18 7-14 87 54.5 31

5. Texas Red Rustproof... 4-18 7-23 78 53.5 3754

6. Dep’t Imp. No. *541... 4-18 7-14 87 49:5 35 54

7. Dep’t Imp. No. 533... 4-18 7-14 87 44.0 3054

9. New Salt Lake... 4-18 7-22 95 45.9 3854

10. Siberian ... 4-18 7-22 95 42.4 3854 11. Imp. Clydesdale... 4-18 7-23 96 30.0 4254 12. White Belgian... 4-18 7-22 95 48.5 39 13. Lincoln ... 4-18 7-22 95 54.7 3854 14. Illinois ... 4-18 7-23 96 55.9 37-54 15. Nebraska Goldmine... 4-18 7-23 96 51.8 38^4 16. Green Mountain... 4-18 7-23 96 44.5- 40 17. Silvermine ... 4-18 7-22 95 58.4 3854 18. White Sw ede... 4-18 7-22 95 43.9 39 19. Joanette ... 4-18 7-24 97 50.0 3754 20. White Russian... 4-18 7-23 96 50.3 3754

21. New Zealand Rustproof... 4-18 7-23 96 55.5 37^4

Pioneer ... ... 4-18 7-21 94 49.8 3854

Imported ... 4-18 7-20 93 41.4 35¿4

Garton’s Tartar King... 4-18 7-20 93 32.9 40

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1902. 1.

2

. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10

.

11

.

12

. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19:

20

. 22. Variety Early Champion... Early Dawson... Black Russian... Dep’t Imp. No. 534... Texas Red Rustproof... Dep’t Imp. No. 541... Dep’t Imp. No. 533... ... Dep’t Imp. No. 545... New Salt Fake... Siberian ... Imp. Clydesdale... White Belgian... Lincoln ... Illinois ... Nebraska Goldmine... Green Mountain... Silvermine ... White Swede... Joanette ... ... White Russian... New Zealand ... Sweden Dep’t Imp. No. 5471. Goldfinder ... Pioneer ... Garton’s Tartar King...

Maturity Yield D a te S o w n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s B u . p e r A cre W t. p e r B u . 3-27 7-21 116 60.0 30 3-27 7-25 120 21.5 25-3-27 7-28 123 52.9 28 3-27 7-29 124 48.2

2

s y 2 3-27 7-28 123 49.7 2 7 y 3-27 7-29 124 40.0 29 3-27 7-29 124 64.1 2 7 y 3-27 7-30 125 51.5 26 3-27 7-29 124 40.3 23^ 3-27 7-29 124 34.1 25 3-27 7-30 Ì25 51.5 2 7 y 3-27 7-28 123 37.0 24 3-27 7-29 124 48.2 25 3-27 7-29 124 54.1 25 3-27 7-30 125 - 38.3 24 3-27 7-30 125 38.8 23 3-27 7-29 124 37.3 28 3-27 7-29 124 31.2 21^2 3-27 7-31 126 50.9 2 7 y 3-27 7-31 126 40.0 23y2 3-27 7-31 126 43.2 25y2 3-27 7-28 123 49.1 27 3-27 7-31 126 27.3 23 3-27 7-26 121 26.7 20 3-27 7-26 121 21.5 21^

l 3

VARIETY TEST OF OATS.

FIVE years AVERAGE—1903-1907 inclusive.

Variety Maturity Yield ¡Y rs , T e st e d E a rl ie st D a te R ip e L a te st D a te R ip e A ve ra ge D a te R ip e N o . D a y s Y rs . T e st e d B u . p e r Acre Wt . p e r B u . 1. Sixty D ay... . 3 7- 8-06 7-18-07 7-14 93 3 48.3 30

2. White Alaska... 5 7- 8-06 7-23-03 7-15 93 5 42.8W &

3. Early Champion... 5 7- 8-06 7-19-07 7-15 92 _{5 42.3 304} 4. Kherson ... 5 7- 8-06 7-21-03 7-16 94 5 54.9 304 5. Green Mountain... 3 7-13-04 7-23-03 7-17 95 3 43.8 3134 6. Wisconsin No. 4 ... 4 7-16-04 7-25-07 7-21 101 4 52.1 29 7. Minnesota No. 6 . . '. . . 4 7-17-04 7-25-07 7-21 101 4 48.6 284 8. Tartar King... 5 7-18-06 7-24-07 7-21 100 4 37.7 26 9. Canadian ... 3 7-18-06 7-25-07 7-21 100 3 37.4 304 10. Myrick ... 2 7-18-06 7-26-07 7-22 99 2 55.2 25 11. Early Gotham... 2 7,20-06 7-24-07 7-22 100 2 51.8 25 12. Minnesota No. 26... 4 7-18-06 7-25-07 7-22 101 4 50.9 27 13. Silvermine ... 5 7-18-06 7-25-05 7-22 100 _{5 47.1 284} 14. Green Russian... 2 7-20-06 7-26-07 7-23 98 2 50.7 284 15. National ... 4 7-20-04 7-25-07 7-23 101 4 49.8 304 16. Irish Victor... 4 7-18-06 7-29-05 7-23 103 4 47.5 27 17. Russian (Bruner)... 3 7-18-06 7-26-07 7-23 102 3 46.7 27 18. Danish... 3 7-22-06 7-25-07 7-24 103 3 42.0 26 19. Siberian ... 5 7-20-06 7-29-05 7-24 101 5 41.7 2434 20. Joanette ... 5 7-22-06 7-29-05 7-25 103 5 45.1 29 21. White Bonanza... 3 7-19-04 7-29-05 7-25 104 _{3 42.5 254} 22. Dun ... 3 7-23-07 7-29-05 7-26 104 .3 26.2 26 23. Sparrowbill ... 3 7-22-06 7-31-05 7-27 105 3 31.2 23 24. White Tartar ... 3 7-25-06 7-31-05 7-29 107 3 41.8 27 25. White Russian... 4 7-25-06 8- 2-04 7-30 109 4 50.9 294

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1903.

Variety

Maturity Resistance Yield

D a te S o w n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s % S m u t % R u st % B li g h t % Lod ged B u . p e r A cre W t. p e r B u . 2. White Alaska... 4-18 7-23 96 7 15.0 3. Early Champion.. 4-18 7-18 91 60 36.2 4. Kherson ... 4-18 7-21 94 18 25.0 5. Green Mountain.. 4-18 7-23 96 20 31.2 8. Tartar King... 4-18 7-24 97 35 13. Silvermine ... 4-18 7-24 97 18 i s 19. Siberian ... 4-18 7-25 98 8 38.7 20. Joanette ... 4-18 7-25 98 8 26.0 •Early Dawson___ 4-18 7-20 93 80 35.0 Pioneer ... 4-18 7-23 96 45 31.1 Lincoln ... 4-18 7-25 98 18 30.0 Goldfinder ... 4-18 7-25 98 12 Danbury ... 4-18 7-23 96 35

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1904.

Variety

Maturity Resistance Yield

D a te S o w n i ‘ ■' D a te R ip e N o . D a y s _4-> 3

s

in % R u st % B li g h t % Lodged B u . p e r A cre Wt . p e r B u . 2. White Alaska.. 4-12 7-13 92 0.9 80 70 47.5 29

3. Early 'Champ’n 4-13 7-13 91 0.1 70 30 35.0 2 7y2

4. Kherson ... 4-12 7-15 94 0. 50 0 57.5 32' 5. Green Mount’n 4-13 7-13 91 0.2 70 2 36.6 28 6. Wis. No. 4 ... . 4-12 7-16 95 0. 65 40 37.2 23 7. Minn. No. 6 ... 4-13 7-17 95 0. 50 30 41.9 28 8. Tartar K ing.. 4-13 7-20 98 0.2 80 75 18.4 18 12. Minn. No. 26.. 4-13 7-21 99 0. 65 35 48.4 25 13. Silvermine .. . 4-13 7-21 99 0.2 65 . 40 36.6 26 15. National ... 4-13 7-20 98 0.1 65 20 41.2 30 16. Irish V ictor... 4-13 7-21 99 0. 40 5 35.3 24 19. Siberian ... 4-13 7-22 100 0. 40 5 28.7 16 20. Joanette ... 4-13 7-23 101 0. 50 15 45.6 28 21. White Bonanza 4-13 7-19 97 0. 75 2 46.9 27 25. White Russian 4-13 . 8-2 111 1.5 40 40 44.1 31 Rustless ... 4-13 7-23 101 0. 20 4 62.5 31 Lincoln ... 4-23 7-22 90 0. 70 3 29.7 25

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1905

Variety

Maturity Resistance Yield

D a te S o w n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s % S m u t % R u st % B li g h t % Lod ged B u . p e r A cre W t. p e r B u .

1. Sixty Day... 4-12 7-17 97 2.2 light 0. 0 41.0 32

2. White Alaska... 4-8 7-15 98 25.2 med. 0. 0 63.3 35y2

3. Early Champion... .. 4-8 7-15 93 10.2 light 2.5 25 56.2 35

4. Kherson ... 4-8 7-17 100 0.9 light 10.0 50 85.03 o y 2

5. Green Mountain... 4-8 7-15 98 12.6 light 0. 0 63.7 35 y 2

6. Wisconsin No. 4 ... 4-8 7-25 108 .0.2 light 5.0 75 66.8 37

i l Minnesota No. 6... 4-8 7-25 108 0.7 light 8.0 100 61.0 34

8. Tartar King... : . 4-8 7-21 104 2.6 0 0. 0 53.1 31

9. Canadian... . 4-12 7-21 100 1.3 0 0. 0 26.5 33

12. Minnesota No. 26... 4-8 7-25 108 0. bad 16.0 50 57.9 31

13. Silvermine ... 4-8 7-25 108 0.4 light 7.2 75 76.0 33

15. National ... 4-8 7-25 108 2.7 light 9.5 75 73.7 33V2

16. Irish Victor... 4-8 7-29 112 3.0 light 10.0 75 56.1 3 i y 2

17. Russian (Bruner)... 4-12 7-25 104 . 0.2 0 0. 0 48.1 32

18. Danish ... 4-12 7.25 104 1.3 light 0. 0 37.7 28y 2

19. Siberian ... 4-8 7-29 112 2.5 0 .0 0 154.0 31

20. Joanette ... 4-8 7-29 112 0. light 5.0 75 58.63 o y 2

21. White Bonanza... 4-8 7-29 112 0.7 light 0. 0 63.4 32

22. Dun ... 4-12 7-29 108 0.2 0 0. 0 24.0 28

23. Sparrowbill ... 4-12 7-31 110 0.2 0 0. 0 20.6 30

24. White Tartar... 4-12 7-31 110 0. light 0. 0 34.63 o y 2

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1906

Variety

Maturity Resistance Yield

D a te S o w n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s — '

----f

---»

----% S m u t % R u st % B li g h t % Lod ged 1 B u . p e r Acre £3 PQ u <D Q* 4-Ï 1 1. Sixty Day... 4-12 7-8 87 7.0 5 64.8 33 2. White Alaska.. 4.12 7-8 87 52.3 35

3. Early Champion 4-12 7-8 87 _{18.0 light 54.7 35}

4. Kherson ... 4-11 7-8 88 7.0 1 61.6 36 6. Wisconsin No 4 4-11 7-18 98 light 18 f l 4 36 7. Minnesota No 6 4-11 7-18 98 67.4 35 8. Tartar K ing... 4-11 7-18 98 3.0 2 54.6 36 9. Canadian ... 4-12 7-18 97 5.0 1 68.6 35 10. M yrick ... 4-12 7-18 97 0. light 84.2 31 11. Early Gotham.. 4-12 7-20 99 3.0 0 78.7 33 12. Minn. No. 26.. 4-11 7-18 97 71.6 31 13. Silvermine . . . . 4-12 7-18 97 3.0 5 80.0 34 14. Green Russian. 4-16 7-20 95 65.3 32^

IS. National ... 4-16 7-22 97 1.0 light 58.2 3Sÿ2

16. Irish V ictor.... 4-12 7-18 97 _{69.6 33} 17. Rus. (Bruner). 4-11 7-18 98 _{63.6 3 i y} 18. Danish ... 4-12 7-22 101 7.0 64.3 34 19. Siberian ... 4-16 7-20 95 1.0 10 58.1 32 20. Joanette... 4-12 7-22. 101 0. light 59.6 35 22. Dun ... 4-12 7-25 104 35.6 31 23. Sparrowbill .. . 4-12 7-22 101 6.0 10 54.2 29 24. White Tartar.. 4-12 7-25 104 _{65.0 32} 25. White Russian. 4-12 7-25 104 10.0 15 69.0 36

i 7

VARIETY TEST OF OATS. 1907

Maturity Resistance Yield

Variety D a te S o w n D a te R ip e N o . D a y s °/ o S m u t % R u st °/ o B li g h t % Lodged B u . p e r Acre Wt. p e r B u . i Sixty Day... 4-15 7-18 94 0. 0 23 39.2 25 2. White Alaska... 4-15 7-18 94 0. 39 15 35.9 26 3. Early Champion 4-15 7-19 95 0. 26 25 29.3 234 4. Kherson ... 4-15 7-19 95 1.0 78 33 45.6 244 6. Wisconsin No. 4 4-13 7-25 103 0. 93 36 32.0 204 7. Minnesota No. 6 4-13 7-25 103 0. 89 14 24.0 16 8. Tartar King---- 4-13 7-24 102 1.5 48 20 24.7 1 9 4 9. Canadian ... 4-13 7-25 103 0. 69 10 17.1 23 10. Myrick ... 4-15 7-26 102 0. 79 8 26.2 19 11. Early Gotham.. 4-13 7-24 102 1.2 78 14 25.0 17 12. Minn. No. 26.. 4-15 7-25 101 0. 93 9 25.6 20 y 13. Silvermine . . . . 4-15 7-24 100 0. 71 15 31.5 2 o y 2 14. Green Russian.. 4-15 7-26 102 0. 1 1 36.2 24 15. National... 4-13 7-25 103 0. 81 15 26.0 20 16. Irish Victor... 4-13 7-25 103 0. . 73 12 28.0 19 17. Rus. (Bruner) .. 4-13 7-26 104 3.7 64 17 28.4 18 18. Danish... 4-13 7-25 103 0. 87 10 24.0 1 5 4 19. Siberian ... 1 4-15 7-25 101 0. 74 7 29.2 20 20. Joanette ... 4-13 7-26 104 0. 76 9 35.6 2 2 y 21. White Bonanza. 4-11 7-27 107 0. 71 13 17.1 18 22. Dun ... 4-13 7-23 101 0. 64 12 19.0 19 23. Sparrowbill . . . . 4-13 7-27 105 1.5 20 31 18.7 ₁₃ 24. White Tartar.. 4-13 7-30 108 0. 24 8 25.8 184 25. White Russian.. 4-13 7-30 108 0. 52 7 27.1 18

New Sixty Day 4-11 7-18 98 4.0 2 5 50.1 25

Kan. Sixty Day 4-11 7-18 98 1.0 2 4 47.3 24

Red Texas... 4-11 7-21 101 , 0. 81 44 35.8 30 Amer. Banner.. 4-11 7-31 111 0. 51 9 27.1 2o y 2 Johnson ... 4-10 7-24 105 8.5 57 15 21.5 22y2 Dom. Clydesdale 4-13 7-27 105 0. 83 18 20.6 1634 Probesteier ..'.. 4-13 7-25 103 0. 83 12 19.3 19 Portland ... 4-13 7-23 101 0. 72 31 18.7 174 Black Beauty.. 4-11 7-29 109 1.8 93 24 18.7 154 Imp. Clydesdale 4-13 7-25 103 0. 89 18 17.0 174 Lincoln ... 4-11 7-23 103 0. 80 19 16.2 18 G. G. Side Oats 4-10 7-29 110 0. 76 60 15.8 154 Welcome ... 4-10 7-22 103 4.9 74 57 15,3 17

seed have been sufficiently fanned and cleaned.

Seldom

are they run through the machine more than once.

Once is

not enough to make the proper separations.

A third and

fourth time through is often necessary.

It may be conserva­

tively said that from 25 to 40 per cent o f the oats generally

used for seed should have been eliminated.

T ake a hand

full of oats and examine them carefully.

A large percentage

will be found to be small or of just medium size, and many

extremely light because they are largely composed of hull.

By thoroughly fanning and grading, the light oats will be

fanned out.

T h e larger, heavier grains should be retained

for seed, and the small and medium sized ones ¡may be fed.

Oats for seed purposes should never weigh less than 28

pounds per. bushel.

This may be considered low for the best

results.

Undoubtedly a large amount o f seed oats will be used

this season that has been grown outside the state.

In such

case, care should be taken that they are properly cleaned

and free from objectionable weed seeds.

Seed secured from

the north may, under ordinary conditions, be expected to

give satisfaction (especially so this season).

Oats from the

irrigated regions have not 'been tested sufficiently by this

Station to permit their being recommended for use in this

district.

SMUT---- ADVANTAGES OF TREATMENT

T h e occurrence o f smut in the oat crop o f the state is a

serious problem and its effect is greatly underestimated. Com­

paratively few farmers give this disease any attention what­

ever, and it is apparent that every smutted head is an absolute

loss.

In the years 1904-1906-1907 circulars were sent out to

the members of the Iowa Corn Growers’ Association and the

Short Course students o f the college, asking that they cal­

culate the percentages of smut in the crops of the ensuing

season.

T he following replies were received:

In 1904 131 farmers 13 treated for smut

In 1906 84 farmers 7 treated for smut

In 1907 147 farmers 33 treated for smut

These counts represent:

1904 321 fields of which 30 were treated for smut

1906 89 fields of which 8 were treated for smut

19

T he treatment of oats for smut with formalin is a

simple process and its effect as it is used by different farmers

may be seen in the following tables :

Name Post Office Variety

T re a te d % S m u t Not tr ea te d % S m u t 1907

Gamble, T. H. Humboldt Big 4 0. 0.

Miller, E. A. Kalona Progress 0.6 0.3

la. Exp. Sta. Ames Wisconsin No. 4 0. 0.5

Ia. Exp. Sta. Ames Silvermine 0. 1.4

Ia. Exp. Sta. Ames Kherson 0. 1.8

George, B. T. Janesville Early Champion 0. 1.8

Miller, W. J. Ankeny 1.3 2.1

Eberle, J. H. Manilla 0. 2.2

Hodson, J. L. Agency Early Champion 0.3 2.5

Behrens, O. C. Volga 0.5 4.1

Neff, C. H. Liscomb Kherson 0.4 4.2

Bennington, G. W. Volga 20th Century 0.4 6.1

Bates, H. A. Algona Early Champion 0. 6.3

Hofier, J. T. Nora Springs Early Champion 0.4 8.8

Mead, A. E. Manchester White 1.3 9.0

1906

Saunders, T. F. Rudd Early Champion 0.5 17.9

1905

Ia. Exp. Sta. Ames Joanette 0. 0.

Ia. Exp. Sta. Ames White Russian 0.6 2.4

1904

Bailey, J. H. Diagonal Early Champion 0. 0.8

Ward, Walter E. Kiron 2.7 5.4

tained in 1907 in 40 fields, 20 o f which were treated and 20

not treated.

Treated II Not Treated

F ie ld N o J Variety % S m u t F ie ld N o . % Variety % S m u t J

1 White Russian 2.7 21 Green Russian 11.7

2 Kherson 2.7 22 4th July 11.6

3 Silvermine 1.3 23 Early Champion 9.7

4 Golden 0.9 24 Early Champion 8.8

5 Silvermine 0.8 25 4th July 8.1

6 Minnesota No. 26 0.7 26 Swedish Select 7.9

7 Early Champion 0.6 27 June 7.*5

8 Yellow, 0.6 28 Green Russian 7.5

9 Swedish Select 0.5 29 7.2

10 Early Champion 0.5 30 Early Champion 7.2

11 Silvermine 0.4 31 7.1

12 Early Champion 0.5 32 White German 6.9

13 0.4 33 Early Champion 6.7

14 Silvermine 0. 34 6.2

IS White Gem 0. 35 Early Champion 6.1

16 Early Champion 0. 36 5.9

17 Early Champion 0. 37 Early Champion 5.9

18 Lincoln 0. 38 4th July 5.9

19 Early Champion 0. 39 Early Champion 5.8

20 Silvermine 0. 40 Early Champion 5.4

- Average 0.6 Average 7.9

The average of the 80 fields given above shows that the

treated fields have an average of 0.5 per cent smut while ’

those that were not treated have more than ten times that

amount (5.9 per cent) or an actual loss of 5.4 per cent of

the crop.

This means a loss o f 1.6 bushels per acre when it

would have cost but 8 cents per acre for treatment.

When

this is figured up to a 40-acre field we find the farmer has

sold 64 bushels of oats for about $3.00.

The formalin treatment for smut in oats is inexpensive.

It is given in detail in Bulletin 89, la. Exp. Sjtation, which

may be had on application.

PREPARATION OF TH E SEED BED

This is

a

much neglected operation, in fact, the practice

very generally carried on is not to first prepare the seed bed

before the oats are put in, but rather to sow the grain, then

disc and harrow that the seed may be covered.

21

This will be shown by the following table which has

been compiled from answers received by the Department of

Soils to a circular letter sent out to the farmers of Iowa in

1905, inquiring as to the preparation of the seed bed.

Four

hundred and fifty-two replies were received.

3.4 percent 3.5 percent 21.4 percent 71.7 percent

Put oats on other than stalk ground Raked and burned corn stalks Broke stalks .

Neither broke, harrowed nor burned stalks 13.3 percent Disced ground before sowing the oats 16.7 percent Disced both before and after sowing 70. percent Disced after sowing oats

9.2 percent 11. percent 97.5 percent

Harrowed both before and after sowing Harrowed ground before sowing

Harrowed after sowing

3.7 percent Harrowed small grain after it was up 0. percent No one reported rolling small grain

It will be observed that practically all sow oats on stalk

ground and that 71 per cent sow on unprepared stalk ground.

Almost all harrow in the oats after seeding, while 70 per cent

disc the ground after sowing.

The burning o f the stalks may be considered a wasteful

practice.

Our soils in general are in need o f humus-making

material.

A good sharp' disc will cut the stalks up very well.

However, it will have to be admitted that the seed bed can be

put in a much more satisfactory condition for receiving the

seed, insuring a more even stand, when the stalks have been

broken down, raked and burned.

M any stalks interfere with

an even covering of the seed, especially in cases where the

stalks have not been pastured and are heavy.

I f the disc be sharp much of this trouble can be eliminat­

ed.

T o prepare a suitable seed bed for oats, corn stalk

ground should be disced at least twice, lapping the disc half,

and in addition to this it will pay to double harrow.

Some

seasons may require more discing.

Seldom can the seed bed

be prepared with less.

T h e disc drill will be found especially

suited for putting in oats on stalk ground.

the seed bed for oats be properly prepared before the oats

are put in.

RATE OF SEEDING.

T he amount of seed which should be sown on an acre

will vary somewhat with the land and method of seeding.

In all the experiments carried on at this Station with refer­

ence to rate of seeding, a disc-drill has been used.

It will

be seen by the following table that three bushels per acre

has, in every instance but one, given us a heavier yield than

has a less amount.

The table shows the results for three

years work with an early and a medium variety.

SIX EXPERIMENTS SHOWING THE EEEECT OE “ RATE OE SEEDING” UPON YIEED OE OATS

Rate Per Acre

1899 1906 1907 E a rl y C h a m p io n Wisc on sin N o . 4 K h e rs o n Sil vermine K h e rs o n Sil vermine 4 pecks... 35.1 50.9 61.2 54.7 40.9 22.5 6 pecks... 41.4 65.0 69.3 61.9 48.7 24.6 8 pecks... 41.6 66.8 66.9 62.5 50.9 27.8 10 p e ck s... 41.0 68.7 74.3 65.0 45.6 28.4 12 pecks... 38.7 70.3 74.3 77.5 53.1 35.6 DRILLING VS. BROADCASTING.

When the oats are sown broadcast instead o f drilled, a

heavier seeding is desirable as much of the seed remains un­

covered or at best is only very shallowly buried and thus fails

to sprout until several days late.

This produces a field that

looks spotted all through the season.

The use of the drill is a much neglected point in the oat

culture o f the state.

It has been held that drilling is not a

very important factor with the oat crop, but it is evident that

the drill not only saves seed but also increases the yield.

In seasons like 1907 with its cold, dry spring it is surpris­

ing to note the small number of acres required to off-set the

cost of a drill.

Our data shows an increase of over nine

bushels per acre in favor of drilling.

Figuring this at 33 1-3

cents per bushel we find that less than 35 acres would have

23

be expected in years more favorable to oat production, still

an even stand is always desirable. A large amount of broad­

cast seed never comes up.

T h e following table shows the results for the season of

1907 with our two best varieties on plats side by side :

TABEE SHOWING THE LOSS OCCASIONED BY BROAD CAST SEEDING OE OATS

1907 Variety R a te o f S e e d in g p e r A cre

Disc Drill Broadcast

B u . p e r A cre W t. p e r B u . 1 P xi B u . p e r A cre W t. p e r B u . Kherson . . . . Silvermine .. 2 & 2'A 54.3 35.6 25 22 46.4 24.2 22 21 Average .. | 44.9 23^ 35.3 2VA V

In addition to the above advantages secured by drilling

over sowing broadcast, the drill has a decided 'advantage

when oats are used for a nurse crop.

Grass seeder attach­

ments may be purchased along with the drill,

i

By drilling

north and south the rays of the sun can more easily reach the

young clover and timothy plants than when the grain has

been sown broadcast.

This is very helpful in producing

plants that are stronger and more vigorous.

CONCLUSION

Iowa raises on an average of 29.5 bushels of oats per

acre.

The highest yield in five years has been 34 bushels.

T he result of the work at this Station shows that the yield

of oats in Iowa can be substantially increased.

By the use

of better varieties, a better quality o f seed, treatment for

smut, better preparation of the seed bed and drilling, this

average should be raised to more than 40 bushels per acre.

Oats would not then be merely “ A crop necessary for rota­

tion.”

Bulletin No.

84

Pa g e No. Amelanchier ... 13-21-28 Amelanchier alnifolia ... 7-27-28 Arthur, Dr... 6-11-25-26-27 Baker, P rof... 5 Bessy, Dr... •... ... 11-16 Bordeaux Mixture ... 33 Butler ... ... • • • ... . ... .. • • • • • --- • • • 31 Byssus ... 6 Carver, G. W ... 7-16-21

Cedar Apple galls ... •... Cooke ... Cornu ... Cramer ... Crataegus punctata Crataegus rivularis Cupressineae ... Curtis ... DeBary De Candolle Dietel ... Duby ... ... Earle ...I ... ...11 Ellis ... |...|... ... ... Emerson, P rof... ... European writers ... ... ... ... Everhart ... Farlow, Dr. W. G ... ... 7-9-13-19-24-25-Franke ... ... * ... . Freeman, E. M --- j . . . , . . . . Fries ... ... ... Galloway, B. T . . . ... ... ... 26-Gillette, Prof... ... Gymnosporangium ... ... Clavariaeforme ... ... Economic consideration ... ... General characters ... ... Genetic con n ection s... Inoculating experiments, results o f ... Microscopical characters ... Gymnosporangium c la v ip e s... Economic consideration ... General characters ... Micriscopical ch aracters... Gymnosporangium globosum ,... ... 10 Distribution of ... ... Economic consideration ... General characters o f ... Genetic co n n e ctio n ... Host ... ... . . . Microscopical characters o f ... 24 6 G 13-19 13 5 25 6-9 5-3 9 31 -25-30 12-24 33 6 25 -26-31 5 11-30 31 -31-33 28 5-6-7 9-31 32 31 32 33 31 . 24 27 . 25 . 25 11-13 11 16 12 1.3 14 12

, Pa g e No. Gymnosporangium macropus ... 5-7-8-16-19-21-24

General ch aracters... 18

Genetic con n ection ... ... 19

Inoculation experiments ... 23 Microscopical characters ... 18 Gymnosporangium nidus—Avis T h r a x te r... '... 28 Distribution of ... 30 General characters ... 29 Genetic connection ... 30 Microscopical characters ... 29 Halsted, Dr... 7-10-16-19-22 Hedwig ... 5 Halway, Prof. B. W. D ...25-30-31 Holzier, Prof... : ... 32 Hull, W. B ... ...: ... 26

Infection, results of inoculation... 24

Inoculation experiments, results o f ... 23

Jaquin ... 31 Jones, Prof. L. R ... 33 Juniperus Virginiana ... ... n King, Charlotte M ... 8-13-19-20-21-32 Kienitz-Gerlaff Kornicke ... Kuntze, Dr. .. Laney, P. B . . . Link ... 9 9 6 6 16 Linnaeus ... 6 Lyon, H. L ... 30 Magnus ... 6 Maynard, S. T ... 26 Micheli ... 6 Michener ... 25 Nelson, Aven ... 1126-27 Nomenclature employed by Arthur for Am. species... 9

Oersted ... 6-9-31 Paddock, W ... V. 14-28 Pammel, Prof. L. H ... .’.’.3-7-10-22-32 Patterson, Mrs... 3 Pearson, Col... 33 Peck • • • • ... jg ¡É|gi 10-24-25 . . . 32 6 -21-31 25- 30 6-9 9 19-21 10 13-25 Plowright ... Pucdnia glabosum . ... ... ’ Pyrus Iowensis ... . . ...1719 Ravenel ... ... ... Rees ... ... ... . . . . Richards . . , ... Rusts ... ... Sargent ... ... Seymore, A. B .../ ' ' ! ...AVa

treatment, method o f ... 33

Waite ... 32

Walker, L. R ... 30-31-32 Woods, Dr. Albert F., Chief o f Division... 3

Bulletin No. 85 Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate and Soap... 48

for plums... ...J| 41 Apple, General spraying fo r ... 40

Arsenate of Lead, spray formula... ... 50

for cherries ... 41

for plums ... 41

Arsenite o f Soda, spray form ula... 50

Arsenites ... ... ... ... 49

Paris Green ... ... . 49

Arsenite of Soda ... . 50

for cherries ... . . . ... 41

Blackberry, General spraying fo r ... . . . . 43

Bordeaux Mixture— for Apple diseases ... 40

for Cherry diseases ... 41

for Cucumber diseases ... 44

for Currant diseases ... 42

for Gooseberry diseases ... 42

for Grape diseases ... 42

for Melon diseases ... 44

for Peach diseases ... 42

for Plum diseases ... 41

for Potato diseases ... 43

for Squash diseases ... 44

for Strawberry diseases ... ‘ ... 43

Formula for ... 45

Test, Ferrocyanide of Potassium ... 47

Cabbage, General spraying fo r ... 44

Cherries, General spraying fo r ... 41

Copper Carbonate, Ammoniacal and Soap... 48

Cucumbers, General spraying fo r ... ... .' ' ! 44

Currants, General spraying fo r ... 42

Dewberry, General spraying fo r ... ... . . . . ! ! 43

Eau Celeste, Soap (modified) formula... 48

Ferrocyanide of Potassium T e st... .... 47

Fungicides ... 45

Gooseberry, General spraying fo r ... ... ... I 42 Grape, General spraying fo r ... ’ 42

Insects, biting ... 49 Insects, sucking ... 52 Insecticides ... .... . . i . . . . 49 Kerosene Emulsion ... 44-52 L i m e ... . 46 Lime-Sulphur Wash ... ... ’ ' ... 53 for scale insects ... . ... ... ^

Pa g e No.

Melons, General spraying fo r ... . 44

Paris Green ..., 49

for Apple diseases ... 40

for Cabbage diseases ... ... . . . 44

for Currant diseases ... 42

for Gooseberry diseases ... 42

for all kinds of plan ts... 44

Peaches, General spraying fo r ... ... 42

Pears, General spraying fo r ... 42

Plants, All kinds of, General spraying fo r ... 44

Plums, General spraying fo r ... 41

Potassium Sulfid (Liver of S u lfu r)... 49

Potato, General spraying fo r ... 43

Pyrethrum (or insect p ow der)... 52

Raspberry, General spraying fo r ... 43

Resin Lime Mixture . ... 51

Soap Mixtures for insects... 44-52 Soda Bordeaux ... 48

Spray Mixtures, Preparation o f ... . . ... ... 45

Squashes, General spraying fo r ... 44

Stock Solution o f Copper Sulfate... 47

Strawberry, General spraying fo r ... 43

Tobacco Infusion ... 44-52 Whale Oil S o a p '...44-52 Bulletin No. 86 Apparatus for testing... Card forms for data in regard to seed investigation., Germination ... Guaranteed in European seeds... 'T'able of standards o f ... Impurities . .„... Inspection ... .-... ... 17 . .7-8-9-10-11-12 . .3-8-9-11-17-34 Investigations at Experiment Stations— General ... Early work ... Illinois ... Iowa ... Kansas ... Kentucky ... Maine ... . Methods of investigation... Scope o f work ... R e s u lts ... m a Michigan ... 7 Nevada ... 0

In Iowa ... In Kentucky . . . ---In M a in e ... . Misbranding of, forbidden . . . . Purity, Standards o f . . . ---Repord forms for seed tests.. Samples, Source o f . ---. . . . Sreening o f ineffectual ... Schleswig-Holstein, Standards in Specific gravity of e , Timothy . . . , . , . . . . , . . . Trade abuses . . . , . Weights of ... ... .... Variability o f ... Vitality of ... In spring ... ... In fall ... Standards of ... Weed seeds as impurities—

Agropyron repens ... Ámaraiíth, G r e e n ... . Amarantus retroflexus . . . . . Bachelor’s outton ... Barnyard grass ... Brome grass, h a iry ...

Buckhorn (see Ribgrass) Bur plover ... Buttercup ... Centaurea solstitialis ... Chess ... Charlock Cichorium Intybus . . . . C in q u e fo il... . Cnicus, altisstmus ... . arvensis ... lanceolatus ... Corn cockle ... . Crab grass, Smooth...

S p rou tin g ... Cranesbill - ...'... Cuscuta a r v e n s is... Darnel ... ... Daucus C a ro ta... Dock ... ... Sour ... Dodder... A lfa l fa ... Chilean ... Clover ... Evening Catchfly ... Foxtail, G r e e n ... . Yellow ... Hawkweed ... Horse Nettle ... . .... 9-67 ... 8-67 ___ Vv:..v.M. . . . 9 .. ... .. .11-12 . . , . i ...; . . . 16 ... 64 . . . 36 ... 6 .... 3-4-6-11-14-15-54 ... 9 ... 10 ... 66 ...3-7-8-14-18-34-66 ... ... 66 . . v... . 66 ... . 11 ... 66 ... 4 ...f 65 .... ... 4 ... 4 ... . 6-11 ... 15 ... 4 ... 49 ... 15 ... . i ... 15 . . . 4 . . . ...f 65 ... 15 . . . ___f 65 ... . . . 62 f 65 ...f 65 ... 3, 15 __________ . . . 4 ... 4 ... 4 ...f 65 ... s, 15 ... . /= 65 . . . _____ * 1 . 1 , 34 ...{ 15 4.4, 9, 29, 34, 12, 63

...

15

,

53

... .

6,

9 ...3, 6

,

9

...

3 . . . ...4i 15, 34 ... 34 ___ ______ v . . . 4

...

15

6 Knapweed ... Lamb’s quarter ... ... Lepidium apetalum ... Medicago denticulata ... lupulina ... Melilotus a l b a... .. officinalis ... M u s ta rd ... ... Oats, W ild ... Oxoeye Daisy ... P epper-G rass... Pigeon-grass ... Pigweed ... Plantago aristata ... lanceolata ... Rugelii ... Plantain ... V ... ... Bracted ... , Quack Grass ... ... R a g w e e d ... . R ibgrass.... ... ... Setaria glauca ... . Viridis ... Sheep’s Fescue ... ... Smartweed ... S o r r e l... Sheep ... .. Field ... Sweet Clover ... Thistle, C a n a d a ... B u l l ... Tickle-grass ... ... Tumble-weed ... . . . Vetch ... ... Wild Carrot ... ... Witch-grass ... Weed Seed, Cost o f ...

W eeds cause financial loss to farmers

Pa g e No. . . . . 3 4 . . f 65 . . 8-49 8-14-49 .. 8-49 .. 49 ... 15 ... 15 ... . ... 4 ... 4, 15 ... 4 ... 4 ... . .. . f 65 ...f 65 ...f 65 ... 4, 61 .. .4, 15, 29, 49 • .15, 34, 61, .64 ...4, 15 4, 29, 34, 49, 53 ...f 65 ...f 65 . . . 15 ... 4 ... 9, 15 ... 4 • • • ... 34 15 3, 4, 9, 15, 29, 34, 53, 61 ... 34 ... 6 ... 4 ... 4, 15 p i l i ... 9 ...4, 15 •••••... 64 ...61, 64

Bulletin No. 87

Acme Stock Food, Experience w ith... ...: 7

American Stock Food, Experience with. • ... 70

Buckman, H. O... . ... í ¿ Condimental Stock Foods, components o f ... ... 10

Cost of Manufacturing Condimental Stock Foods and T o n ic s .. £0

Drîfü;0 Foods and Tonics, proximate...23-24-25-26-27-28

Drugs used in Condimental Foods and Tonics 1 r

Ellis, Isaac, Letter t o ... |... ^ Globe Stock Food, Experience with ... Í

Iowa Stock Food Company... ... Pratt’s Stock Food Company... •... Standard Stock Food -C o... Thornhill’s Anti-Shrink Compound ... Michael, Louis G — ... ... Formula for Rural Condition Powder... Plumb, Director C. S., of Indiana... ... Patent of Fac-similé Stock Food Certificate... . . . Pratt’s Food ... Salt, (common) in Stock Food Tonics... ... Stock Foods, Composition not uniform ... Stock Food Company of America... Stuhr, Dr. Walter A ... ....... • — *

Table by ... ... Thornhill’s Anti-Shrink Compound... ... Wiley, Chief H. W., Letter from concerning Stock Tonics

G ... 5 ... 3-8 ... 20 ... 7 ... 10 ... 11 ... 22 ... 22 . . . 8 ... 15 16-17-18-19 ... i 9 ... 9

Bulletin No. 88

Alfalfa ... ... . Blue-grass ... Buchanan, R. E ... Chili, Poor quality o f seeds from ... King, Charlotte M ... Pammel, L. H . ... Red Clover . ... ... Seeds— Adulteration of ... Agrostis s to lo n ife r a... Alfalfa Adulteration o f ... Description of ... Germination tests o f ... Impurities of ... Tables of in Io w a ... in Nevada ... In Ohio ... Vitality ... Alopecurus pratensis ... Arrhenatherum . . . ... Avena ftavescens ... Barley ... ... Blue grass, Canadian... Deterioration of seeds Germination, table o f. Kentucky , ... Vitality, table o f ... B u ck w h e a t____ __________________ Clover, Alsike ... Bokhara ... ... Chilean . . . . ... Crimson ... Espareette ... '¿apart ... Mamipoth ... .39-40-48-49-50-52-54-69 ...6-9-11-12-13-15 ... 3 ... 9 ... 3 ... ... 3 3-9-11-12-14-15-17-34-53 ... 3-5-G-9 . . . v i ... 14 '... 49 ... . 49 ... ....39-40-48-69 ... 49 ...50-51-52 ... 53 ... 50 ...53-54-69 . . . ____ _____ 14 14 I ... 14 : ...11-12 ... ...11-12 ... 13 12 ... 6-9-12-13-15 . . . . 13 ... 11 . . . .7-8-11-12-14-15 ... 8-12 ... . 9 ...8-11-12 . . . _____ 8 .... ... •... . 7-8 12

8 ' Pa g e No. Red ... 3-4-5-6-7-8-9-11-12-14-15-17-34-53 Adulteration o f ... 18 Description of ... 18 Germination tests of ... 35-37-38-40-68 Grade chart ... . . 33 Impurities o f ...19-20-21-2^26-27-28-29-31-32-33 Market price of ... ... 35 Vitality o f ... ... .. .7.7.7.*,’ ‘ s ‘.i • • ’ 36 StOHG ... ... ... -j^ White, Adulteration o f ... 41 Description o f ... . , ” .!! !!!!• ! ! 40 Germination tests o f ... . . . . . . . 68 Impurities of ...* .. ... 41 Corn, Field ... ... Sweet ... ... ...i r t i Kaffir ...M M ‘ ... if Dactylis g lo m era ta... ... ... Fescus, M e a d o w ___ * ... . . . . ’... 611 i ? Festuca pratensis ... ...1 1 ... Flax ... .. .V.V.Y.V.'.V... . ‘ Hungarian grass ... . . . 1 1 1 ! ! ... ... " " 7!, Lolium Italicum ... r*? perenne ... . . . ... ••••• 14 Medicago s a t iv a ... {4

Millet, Common, Hog and Pearl... Oats ... ... ... ... Rape ... .11-12 Phleum pratense . . . f|f§ Red Top ... 14 Rye ... ... • • • 12 Sorghum ... ...•••... 11 Timothy ... ...j't'J jZ •> *-• II Description o f ... ... - -9-11-14-15-54 Impurities i n ... ... " V... .. ... Germination tests o f ... Vitality ... ” * ■■■■; ■"---; ™ Trifolium, Jiybridum... I p arvense ... . . . ... 44 pratense . . . ... ... |4; repens . . . 14-17 Wheat . . . . 14 ... ... 11-12-15

Bulletin No. 89

Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate and Soap... 13

Apple, General spraying f o r . . ... f° r pIums ... 6

Arsenate^ o f Lead, spray form u la!! ! ! ...* " ‘ ... ... . 4

for ch e r rie s... 15

for plums ... • • • • ... 5

Arsenate of Soda, spray formula. . ! ... " ’ ' ... _6 Barley Smuts ... ...t...* ..., •.. 14

for Grape diseases ... for Melon diseases ... ... . for Peach diseases ... ... ... for Pear diseases ... „ ... for Plum diseases ... ... for Potato diseases ... for Squash diseases ... for Strawberry diseases ... Formula, 1 to 10... ... Stock Solutions ... Test, Ferrocyanide o f Potassium... Cabbage, General spraying fo r ... Cauliflower, General spraying fo r ... Cherries, General spraying fo r ... Cucumbers, General spraying fo r ... Currant, General spraying fo r ... Cutworms, Poisoned Bait fo r ... Dewberry, General spraying fo r ... Eau Celeste, Soap (modified) f o r mu l a . . . .

for p lu m s ... ... Ferrocyanide of Potassium T e s t ... Formalin, for Oat Smut... Fungicides ...

Gooseberry, General spraying fo r ... Grape, General spraying fo r ... Hellebore ...; ... ... Insecticides ... ... .... ... Kerosene Emulsion ... ... L i m e ... . . ... . . » ; .

Lime-sulfur Wash, Spray formula . . . . for scale insects ... Liver of Sulfur or Potassium Sulfid... Loose Smut in W h e a t ... Melons, General spraying fo r ... Oat Smut ... . Paris Green ...

for Apple diseases ... for Cabbage diseases ... for Cauliflower diseases ... for Currant diseases ... for Gooseberry diseases . . . . for all kinds of plants ... Peach, general spraying fo r ... ... Pear, general spraying fo r ... ... Plants, All kinds of, General spraying for Plum, General spraying f o r . . . ___

Poisoned Bait for Cutworms ... Potassium Sulfid or Liver o f Sulfur... Potato, General spraying fo r ... ... Pyrethrum (or insect p ow der)... Raspberry, General spraying fo r ... Resin-Lime Mixture ... ... Smut Barley ... Loose, in Wheat ... ...’... Oat ... ... ... Stinking . ... ... ... ... . . ! . . Wheat ... ... . . . * 7 7 8 6 6 . .. 6 8 8

. . .

7 .. . 10 .. . 11 . . . 12 9 9 5 . . . 8 7 . . . . 18 . . . 8 . . . 12 6 .. . 12 ... 20 9 7 17 13 9-16 16 18 4 13 23 8 19 14 4 .9 9 7 7 9 6 6 9 6 18 13 8 17 8 16 24 23 19 23 23

10

Pag e No.

S o a p ____ ____________ * ______________ _________________________ . . . 17

Soda Bordeaux ... ... . ... ... 12

Spray Mixtures, Preparation o f ... ... ... ... . 9

Squashes, General Spraying fo r ... s Stinking Smut ... ... . ... . . ___ . . . 23

Strawberry, General spraying fo r ... 7

Tobacco Dust ... ... ... „ ... 17

Tobacco and Soap... ... . 17

W heat Smut ... ... ... ... 23

PART II. Barley Smut * ... ... ... 24

Bowman, M. L . . . . ... ... 19

Cautions when treating oats with form alin... ... 22

sowing wheat ... 23-24 Cobb, Dr... ... .. 19

Cost of formalin ... ... ... . ... ... .. 22

Difference in kinds of smut affecting w h eat... ... ... 23

oats ... .19-20 Iowa Geological Survey Bulletin No. 1 . ... 19

Kinds of smut affecting oa ts... 19

wheat . . . 11... ... 1____ 23 barley ...*... . . ... . . . . : ... 24

Manner o f treating oats for smut... 20

wheat for s m u t ... 23

barley for smut ...■...-... ... . . . 24

Oat smut ... ...•... 19

Spreading of oat smut ... . . ... ... ’ ' 19

Time oat smut a p p e a r s ... ... . . . 19

Time required for treating oats for sm u t... 21

Wheat smut ... ... ...’ ’ ’ ’| ’ 23

Bulletin No. 90

Abies balsamea ... ... Abies concolor... ... American Larch ... ... Arborvitae ... ... Area of planted timber in state... Austrian Pine ... Bald Cypress ... ... Balsam Fir . . . , . . . v ‘ ....'. . / . "

Black Hills Spruce... Black Spruce ... ... Bull Pine ...’...’ ].

Cedar, Red ...

Colorado Blue Spruce...* Conditions affecting tree growth . . . . Causes for treelessness of plains... Cultivation ... Douglas Spruce ... Dwarf Mountain P in e ...* ” 37 37 24 39

6

18 39 37 29 29 16 40 28 10 6 10 21 24

Ginko bilboa ... ... 42

Hem lock . . . 1... .. — .. 35

Jack P i n e ... . . . ... . . . ... ... . 16

Juniper, Red (Red C edar)... ... . 40

Juniperus virginiana ... ... .... ... . 40 Juniperus communis ... ... . *■ ... 42 Larch, American ... ... . 24 European . ... ... ... . ... 26 Larix americana ... ... 24 laricina ... 24 europea ... 26 Limber Pine ... ... . . . 18 Norway P i n e ... ... ... ..., ... . 14 Spruce ... . ... .... . . . .... ... . . . 33 Picea alba ... . ... ... 29-33 canadensis ... ... ..., ... . . ... ... 29-33 excelsa ... 33 mariana ... ... 7... . 29 n i g r a .... . ... ... 29 parrayana ... 28 pungens ... 28 Pine, A u s tria n ... 18 Bull ... 16 Dwarf M ou n tain ...*... 24 J a c k ... ... 1*

Limber or Western W h ite ... 18

Red or Norway ... ... ... 14 Rock ... ... ... ... ... 16 Scotch ... 22 White ... 42 Pinus a u stria ca ... ... ... ... 18 banksiana ... ...,... ... ... . . . 16 divaricata . . . ’ ... 16 flexilis ... 18 pumilio ... ... .7 __________ ___ ___ 24 ponderosa ... 16 ponderosa scopulorum ... 16-18 resinosa ... 14 strobus ... ... .:... 12 sylvestris ... 22 Platte Cedar ... 40

Prairies, Causes for trelessness o f ... 6

Pruning ... 11 Pseudotsuga taxifolia ... 31 Red Cedar ... ... ... ... ... 40 Red Pine ... 7... ". 14 Rock Pine ... 16-18 Scotch Pine , . . : ... ... ... 22 Spruce, Black ... ... ... .. 29 Black Hills ... 29 Blue ... 28 Douglas ... ... ’. . . ... 31 Norway ... 33 White ... 33 Silver ... 28 Tamarack ... ... 24 Taxodium distichum ... 39 Thuya occidentalis ... 39

12

Pa g e No.

Tillable land too valuable for extensive tree planting o n . . . 6

Timber, Area planted in I o w a ... ... ... 6

Transplanting ... ... ... ... 8

Treelessness o f Plains, cause fo r ... 6

Tsuga canadensis ... 35

Waste Areas, Utilization of ... 6

White Cedar ... ... . . . . 39

Fir ... 37

Pine ... 12

S p r u c e ...•... 33

Bulletin No. 91

Clay, Robinson & Co., marketers of h ogs... ... 8

Comparing Corn and Supplementary Feeds... ... 5

Feeding ... ... ... ;... 6 Feeds, Composition o f ... ... 5 Hogs ... 5 Management ... . . . . ... 6 Plan ... 5 Weights o f Hogs ... 7

Corn, Iowa’s Annual Crop ... 3

Cain, Cost o f ... ... 11

Experiments in Feeding Hogs Corn and Supplementary Feeds, First 5 Second 14 Third.. 23 Financial S ta te m e n t... ... . _... ... ... 11 Hogs, Number in I o w a ... •... ... 3 Kennedy, W. J... ... ... ... 3 Marketing ... ... ... . ... ... ...mL___ §| 8 Profits, Comparing Corn and Supplementary Feeds... ... 12-T3 Reduction in Cost from Judicious Feeding of S w in e... 3

Robbins, E. T ... ... ... 3

Slaughter ... ... 9

shipping ... ! . . ! ! . ! ! ! ! 9

Swine Experiment, Value of Supplementary F eed... 5-14-23 Swift & Co., Buyers of H ogs... ...-... 9

Weights of Hogs ... ... 7

Bulletin No. 92

Ayer, Dr. Don C ...¡ ____________ ___ 7 Bouska, F. W ... ... ...|... ...; ... . 6-3 Conditions Affecting Pigs in Tuberculosis Experiment... 8

Cotton ... ... ¡ ... -._________________ 17 Conclusions ... 23-16-7 Day, C. M ... . 7

Diagnosis ... ... ... ... 18

Dorset ... . . . . „... . . . ! : . . ! ! ! . ! ! ! 7

Dairy Products, Danger o f Infection from ... ... 22

Inspection, Results of.- * . ... ... 13

Kennedy, W. J ... V ... 3

Law Regarding Pasteurization of Skim M ilk ... 3

Lesions, Location . . ... ... ... 18

Lewis ... 17

Michael, Louis G . ... ... ... ... ... ... 6

Mohler ... ...r . ... ... 17

Object o f Tuberculosis Experiment ... ... ... 4

Pigs, Gains in Tuberculosis T est... 9-10 Pigs, Condition Affecting in Tuberculosis Experiment... 8

Post Mortem Inspection... 12

Examination ... 14-15 Prevention of T u b ercu losis... : ... 24

Robbins, E. T ... 3

Tuberculosis, Sources o f ... 3-19 Prevalence of ... 21

Probable Freedom (of hogs) from ... 5

Effect on Feeding Qualities... 10

Transmissibility, Other Experiments o n ... 17

Schroeder ... 17

Shipley, Dr. A. T ... ... ... 7

Sinclair, The T. M. (Packing H ou se)... 7

Swift’s Packing House ... 7

Shelter for Pigs ... 7

W eights o f Pigs ... 9-10 Russell, Professor ... ... ... ... 7

Yards, Tuberculosis E xp erim en t... 7

Bulletin No.

₉₃

Air Required for Com bustion... ... 20

A ct Permitting Withdrawal o f A lcohol... 3

Alcohol, Composition o f ... 6 Ethyl ... ... . _... f f § 3 Heat Value ... ... ... , ... 5 Inflammability o f ...*______ _______ ______ _____ _______ 22 Lamp Tests — ... ... ... 13 Proof ... 3 Safety o f ... ... ... 3

British Thermal Unit, Definition o f ... 4

Combustion, Air Required f o r . . ... 20

Calorimeter, Pan S ta n d a rd ... 4

Tests _...___ . . . I ... ... ... . 4

-Candle Power Hours per Gallon o f Fuel... ... . 16

Composition o f F u e l s ... 6

Constituents in One Gallon of Fuel... 7

Davidson, J. B ... . . . ... . 3

Engine Tests ... ... 17

Table o f ... 19

Extinguishing the Flame ... 22

Flash Point of G asolin e... ... 22

Alcohol . . r... ... 22 Fuels, Consumption o f ... 6 by Lamps ... 6 Gasoline, Composition o f ... ... ... 6 Heat V a lu e ... ... ... 5 Lamp Tests ... ... ... 3 Safety of ... ... ... 21

Pa c k No.

H e a t V a lu e s, H igh er and L o w e r ... 5

T a ble o f ... 5

Produced by the U nion o f W a te r and Sodium Peroxid e 4 Inflam m ability o f A lco h ol ... ... ..

22

K ero sen e L am p U se d in T e s t ... 13

T e s t ... . . . . ... ... 13

K in g , M . L . . . ... ... ... 3

L am p T e s t s ... 3

T a ble o f ... ... . . . • 13

Pan Standard C alorim eter ... ... ... 4

P roof o f A lco h ol ... ... ... 3

S a fety of A lco h ol and G a so lin e... ... 21

Su m m ary o f B ulletin ... 23

T e sts, L a m p . . — ... 13

Bulletin No. 94 Soil Sampler, N e w ... ' . ... ... 4

Description ... 8

Method o f O p era tin g ... 13

Specifications ... 10 Collar ... . . . : ... •• 12 Cutting Cylinder ... 11 Teeth ... ...

f

... ...11-12 F in is h ... ... ... ... 10 Grips ... . . . ... ... 12 Guide Rod ... "... . 11 Inner Cylinder... 10 Cap ... 10 K e y ... 12 Stand ... 12 Spikes ... I 12 Turning H a n d le ... 11 Clamp ... 10 Wire Cylinder^ ... ... 12 Soil Samples— Treatment in Laboratory... 20

Coating with Paraffin... ... ... 20

P erm eability... 20

Percolation ... ... ... ... 23

Rate o f Flow of Air ... ... 23

Test of ... 26 Volume W e ig h t ... 20 Variations— Weight ... 29 Flow o f A i r ... 29 Flow of Water ... 30 Soil Sampling—