STATUS OF TRIBAL SUB-PLAN IN INDIA – A STUDY ON ITDA PROGRAMMES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
E. Ratnakar Research Scholar (Ph.D)
Department of Public Administration & HRM Kakatiya University, Warangal – 506 009, (T.S) India.
Cell: 9849753945
Abstract:
The study of Indian tribal society has assumed a greater attention among the scholars both in India and abroad. Transition of these societies all over the world carved an interesting area for the pursuit of social knowledge. This is particularly explicit in the third world societies where the development transition has acquired an uneven proportion in its direction. Given the context of uneven development, tribal societies in these countries present further backward underdeveloped characters, which are characterized as Fourth World Societies. In brief, the tribal studies in Post-Independence era have found a considerable place in the field of social science research, but the focus on certain fields of research like- clan, custom and primitiveness of the tribal society was more visible than any other area of the subject. The British Government has recognized the distinct pattern of the tribal life and has accorded a special status to them. Innumerable laws were enacted to protect the interests of the tribals. The tribes in many parts of the country were designated as Scheduled Tribes and this has been in accordance to the 1874 scheduled district Act that was promulgated by the British Indian government. Apart from the efforts of the persons like Ambedkar and CVF Haimendorf to uplift the scheduled tribes from their socio-economic degradation, the political exigencies of liberal democracy forced tile successive governments to create favorable conditions for dignified life for the scheduled tribes population broadly described as the policy of protective discriminations, it adopted the protective discriminative policy.
Introduction:
In the year 1972 the expert committee was setup by the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare Govt. of India under the Chairmanship of Prof. S.C. Dube for the overall development of Tribal people. It suggested the adoption of the Tribal sub-plan from 1974-79 and it is continuing since then. The term “Scheduled Tribes” first appeared in the constitution of India, Article 366(25) defines Scheduled Tribes as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities are the deemed under Article 342 prescribes the procedure to be followed in the matter of specification of Scheduled Tribes. Empowered by Clause (1) of article 342, the President may, with respect to any State or Union territories, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, notify tribes or tribal communities or parts of these as Scheduled Tribes. This confers on the tribe or part of it a Constitutional status invoking the safeguards provided for in the Constitution, to these communities in their respective States/U.T.s Clause (2) of the Article empowers the Parliament to pass a law to include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes, any tribe or tribal community or parts of these.
Thus, the first specification of Scheduled Tribes in relation to a particular State / Union Territory is by a notified order of the President, after consultation with the State Governments concerned. These orders can be modified subsequently only through and Act of Parliament. The above article also provides for listing of Scheduled Tribes State / Union Territory wise and not on an all India basis.
This criteria is not spelt out in the Constitution but has become well established. It takes into account the Definitions in the 1931 Census, the reports of the first Backward Classes Commission (Kalelkar) 1955, the Advisory Committee on Revision of SC/ST lists (Lokur Committee) 1965 and the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Bill, 1967 (Chanda Committee) 1969.
The criteria followed for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe are: a. Indications of Primitive traits,
b. Distinctive Culture, c. Geographical isolation,
d. Shyness of contact with the community at large, and e. Backwardness.
Names of the Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh:
1 Andh, Sadhu Andh 2 Bagata
3 Bhil 4 Chenchu
5 Gadabas, Bodo Gadaba, Gutob Gadaba, Kallayi Gadaba, Parangi Gadaba, Kathera Gadaba, Kapu Gadaba
6 Gond, Naikpod, Rajgond, Koitur 7 Gondu (in the Agency tracts) 8 Hill Raddis
14 Konda Kapus 15 Kondareddis
16 Kondhs, Kodi, Kodhu, Desaya Kondhs, Dongria Kondhs, Kuttiya Kondhs, Tikiria Kondhs, Yenity Kondhs, Kuvinga
17 Kotia, Bentho Oriya, Bartika, Dulia, Holva, Sanrona, Sidhopaiko
18 Koya, Doli Koya, Gutta Koya, Kammara Koya, Musara Koya, Oddi Koya, Pattidi Koya, Rajah, Rasha Koya, Lingadhari Koya (Ordinary), Kottu Koya, Bhine Koya, Rajkoya
19 Kulia
20 Malis (Excluding Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Medka, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal districts)
21 Manna Dhora
22 Mukha Dhora, Nooka Dhora 23 Nayaks (in the Agency tracts) 24 Pardhan
25 Porja, Parangiperja 26 Reddi Dhoras 27 Rona, Rena
28 Savaras, Kapu Savaras, Maliya Savaras, Khutto Savaras 29 Sugalis, Lambadis Banjara
30 Thoti (in Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khamma, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal district)
31 Valmiki (in the Scheduled areas of Vishakhapatnam, Srikakulam, Vijayanaragam, East Godavari and West Godavari districts)
32 Yenadis, Chella Yenadi, Kappala Yenadi, Manchi Yenadi, Reddi Yenadi 33 Yerukulas, Korachal, Dabba Yerukula, Kunchapuri Yerukula, Uppu Yerukula
Source: N.K. Vaid: Who Cares for Tribal Development, Amittal Publication, 2004, P. No. 87-88.
2. * The Scheduled Areas in the State of Andhra Pradesh were originally specified by the Scheduled Areas (Part A States) Order, 1950 (C.O. No. 9) dated 23.1.1950 and the Scheduled Areas (Part B States) Order, 1950 (C.O. No. 26) dated 7.12.1950 and have been modified vide the Madras Scheduled Areas (Cesser) Order 1951 (C.O. 50) and the Andhra Scheduled Areas (Cesser) Order, 1955 (C.O. 30).
Scheduled Areas:
The Fifth Schedule under Article 244 (1) of Constitution defines “Scheduled Areas” as such areas as the president may be Order declare to be Scheduled Areas after consultation with the Government of that state.
The following Orders are in operation at present in their original or amended form:
Sl. No. Name of Order Date of
Notification
Name of State(s) for which applicable
1
The Scheduled Area (Part A States Order, 1950 [C.O.9]
26-01-1950 Andhra Pradesh
2
The Scheduled Areas [Part B States] Order, 1975 [C.O.26]
07-12-1950 Andhra Pradesh
Source: Performance Budget – Department of Tribal Welfare – Hyderabad – 2004.
Purpose and Advantage of Scheduled Areas:
The advantage of Scheduled Area is that: The Governor of a State with has Scheduled Areas is empowered to make regulations in respect of the following:
i. Prohibit or restrict transfer of land from tribals;
ii. Regulate the business of money lending to the members of scheduled tribes in making any such regulation, the Governor may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament to or of the Legislature of the State, which is applicable to the area in question.
a. The Governor may be public notification direct that any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not apply to a scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State or shall apply to such area subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify.
b. The Governor of a State having Scheduled Areas therein, shall annually, or whenever so required by the President of India, make a report to the President regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas in that State and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the administration of the said area. c. Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) shall be established in States having Scheduled Areas. The TAC
may also be established in any State having Scheduled Tribes but not scheduled Areas on the direction of the President of India. The TAC consists of not more than twenty members or whom, as nearly as may be, three fourth are from the representatives of Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State. The role of TAC is to advice the State Government on matters pertaining to the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes in the state as may be referred to it by the Governor.
d. The Panchayats (Extension to scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, vide which the provision of Panchayats, contained in Part IX of the Constitution, were extended to Scheduled Areas, also contains special provisions for the benefit of Scheduled Tribes.
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission:
development of the Scheduled Tribes, and suggest an outline of a viable comprehensive tribal policy. Prior to the independence, the Government of British India has adopted a policy of isolation towards the tribes. This policy of leave them alone; and assimilation policy was followed the Government after independence since 1970’s. Sub-Plan policy, ITDA’s and (PTG) MADA’s institutions were created for implementation of tribal development programmes such as Agriculture, Education, Health Employment, Industries, Transport and other Developmental Activities etc.
A systematic Tribal development planning began in 1973. This had been an organized phase. Although considerable administrative initiation has been taken since 1952, organized endeavors were launched only after 1973 as this was the year of envisagement of tribal sub-plan by government of India. The primary necessities of the tribals such as (1) Food (2) Shelter (3) Clothing and (4) Drinking Water supply; protection of the rights over the resources (Forest Minerals, Rivers (Water) & Lands etc.). Improving the standard life of the tribal communities through framing the sub-plan so as to answer the main issues faced by the tribal communities had constituted the basic philosophical basic for integrated tribal development.
Administration of Tribal development programmes in India:
The experience gained by planners made them to realize that the previous approaches to Rural Development namely policy of isolation (laissez-faire) policy of assimilation (observation), middle path have some critical factors i.e. the cultural contest of the people for whom development plans were implemented. A number of factors of a Tribal Area like the environment of an area, its impact on the administration of the area, the tribal culture its economy, social customs and political system also influence the administrative set-up. Therefore, the administrative system i.e. set-up has to be changed keeping in view the ecology of the tribal areas, the complexities arising out of the tribal ecology are different from those of the other areas and hence call for a divergent approach. Further, the administrative development acknowledge of Tribal Social System, their customs and socio-economic conditions are greatly relevant.
Goals of Tribal Development:
The Tribal Development in India and its goals were best summarized in Nehru’s forward to Verrier elwin’s book on north east frontier Agency (N.E.F.A.) as follows. He described it as panchasheel i.e. Five fundamental principles as and International approach which has been widely accepted with appreciation by all the anthropologies, planners, administrators and social scientists. The Five Principles are as follows:
i. People should develop along the lines of their own genius and we should avoid imposing anything on them we should try to encourage in every way their own traditional arts and culture.
ii. Tribal rights to land and forests should be respected.
iii. We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the work of administration and develop some technical personnel from outside will no doubt, be needed, especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
v. We should judge results, not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.
The goals of Tribal development therefore should be economic, social and political uplift and progress of the tribal people. The following are the goals:
Economic goals Social goals Political goals Administrative aspects:
The Administrative system in tribal areas had under gone a considerable change in the last 50 years. During the First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) the Community Development Movement provided a new impetus to evaluation of Indian administrative system the administrative system which was broadly divided into the:
1. Pre-Independent period before 1947 2. Post Independent period 1947-1952 (I) 3. Post Independent period part (II) 1952-1974 4. Post Independent period 1974 onwards
State-wise Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP’s), Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) Pockets, clusters and Primitive Tribal Groups in Tribal sub-plan Areas
Sl.
No. State
Number of Pockets and Clusters
ITDPs / ITDAs MADA Clusters PTGs
1 Andhra Pradesh 9+1* 41 17 12
2 Assam 19
3 Bihar 14 41 7 9
4 Gujarat 9 1 5
5 Himachal Pradesh 5 2
6 Karnataka 5 2
7 Kerala 7 5
8 Madhya Pradesh 49 39 8 7
9 Maharashtra 16 37 21 3
10 Manipur 5 1
11 Orissa 21 46 13 13
12 Rajasthan 5 44 11 1
13 Sikkim 4
14 Tamil Nadu 9 6
15 Tripure 3 1
16 Uttar Pradesh 1 2
17 West Bengal 12 1 3
18 A & N Islands 1 5 1
19 Daman & Diu 1
Total 195+1 251 83 71
The important implications of TSP areas:
a. There is constant and frequent interaction between the tribal and non-tribal population.
b. Interaction can facilitate much more mutual understanding of the different cultures and living systems.
c. Tribals adopt many of the practices of the non-tribals including settled agriculture.
d. When the relatively more advanced groups interact with the tribals the opportunities of exploitation of the tribals increase.
e. It so happens that the benefits of many of the area based schemes, especially those relating to physical and social infrastructure, go to the non-tribals though they may be located in the TSP areas.
In exercise of the powers conferred by Clause (1) of Article 342 of the constitution of India, the President, after Consultation with the State Governments concerned, had promulgated so far 9 orders specifying the Scheduled Tribes in relation to the States and Union territories. Out of these, eight are in operation at present in their original or amended form. One Order, namely the constitution (Goa, Daman & Diu) Scheduled Tribes order 1968 has become defunt on account of the reorganization of Goa, Daman & Diu in 1987. under the Goa, Daman & Diu Reorganization act in 1987 (18 to 1987) the list of scheduled tribes of Goa has been transferred to [XIX] of the schedule to the constitution (Scheduled Tribes) order, 1950 and that of Daman & Diu, to part II of the scheduled to the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Union territories Order, 1951.
For the constitution of tribal sub-plan area certain population norms are to be followed.
i. The Tribal Areas where the total Tribal population is more than 80% in states like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mesoram and Nagaland the TSP concept is not applicable.
ii. Under TSP the coverage of Tribal Areas from Sixth Five Year Plan is extended to the pocket villages having a minimum of 10,000 of population 50,000 in order to ensoure sent percent coverage it is from the year 1986-87th TSP extended to dispursed areas. Under the approach cluster with a population of atleast 50% of tribals are considered. The strategy that is to be followed to ensure flow of funds for tribal sub-plan areas at least in equal proposition of Scheduled Tribe Population.
iii. The Tribal sub-plan programmes are implemented by the ITDA / ITDP.
iv. The various programmes and the Schemes sector wise are to be prepared taking into consideration the most urgent and needy schemes on top priority in consultation with the tribal people.
v. Preparation of plans and programmes and socio-economic developments in accordance with the needs skills and attitudes of the tribals should be given first preference.
Funding of the Programmes:
Finance is the life blood of tribal development activity. So far as the funding of tribal development programmes are concerned they are,
a. State Plan
b. Special Central Assistance
c. Sectoral Programmes of Central Ministers / Departments and d. Institutional Finance
Objectives of Tribal sub-plan and ITDA programmes in Andhra Pradesh
The fundamental objective of Tribal sub-plan is to bring the tribal people into the main stream of productive activities and distributive justice.
The main objectives of TSP approach are i. Socio-economic development
ii. Protection of Tribals from all sorts of injustice and exploitation and
iii. To see that the poorest of the poor tribal cross poverty line so that the gap between the tribals and non-tribals are bridged considerably2.
Constitutional Safe guards for Tribals:
The Indian constitution incorporated a number of article to safe guard. The socio-economic political interest of the tribals. The constitution says that the state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the society and in particular of the Scheduled Tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation (Article-40). In empowers the parliament to make such grants as it may deem essential to the state, which are in need or financial assistance (Article-275) to meet this card.
Constitutional Amendment:
Amendment Act & Year Amended Provision 8th Amendment Act
1960
Extension of reservation seats to ST in Lokhsabha & to state Legislator
23rd Amendment Act 1969
Extended to reservation of Seats for STs in the State Assembly for the period of 10 years
51st Amendment Act 1984
Provided reservation of seats in the Lokhsabha for the STs in Mehalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Misoram as well as the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya and Nagaland 57th Amendment Act
1987
Reservation of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland 62nd Amendment Act
1989
Extended the reservation of seats of STs
72nd Amendment Act 1992
Related to reservation of ST seats in Legislative Assembly of Thripura
77th Amendment Act 1995
Provided reservation in promotion to STs in Government Jobs
79th Amendment Act 1998
82nd Amendment Act 2000
It is concerned with relation of Qualifying Marks to STs in Examinations
85th Amendment Act 2001
Provided for consequential seniority in case of promotion to STs with retrospective from June 1995
93rd Amendment Act 2005
Empowered the state to make special provision for the social and economic backward tribes in educational institutions including private education either aided or unaided by the State
94th Amendment Act 2006
Freed from the obligation of having a tribal welfare minister and extended to same provision to Jharkand & Chatisgharh Source: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth, Director, under appendices, Constitutional
Amendments at a glance, 2008, P. No. 422 to 430.
The various Central and State Committees:
The Central and State Government appointed a number of committees and commissions for the development of Tribes in our country. They are as follows:
1 A.P. Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959. 2 Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission 1960. 3 A.P. Scheduled Areas Money Lenders Regulation, 1960. 4 A.P. Scheduled Tribes Debt Relief Regulation, 1960.
5 Advisory Committee on the Revision of the list of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes, 1965.
6 Study Team on Tribal Development Programme, 1966 on all Indiao7. 7 Study Team on Tribal Development Programme, 1966 Andhra Pradesh. 8 A.P. Scheduled Tribes Debt Relief Regulation, 1970.
9 National Committees on the Development of Tribal Area, 1978. 10 First Tribal Sub-Plan, 1956-61; 1974-75; 1979.
11 Committees on Forest and Tribes in India, 1980.
I.T.D.A districts wise total S.T. Population (2011 census) in Andhra Pradesh Sl. No. Name of the
District
Location of ITDA
Total Population
ST
Population
% of ST Total
1 Srikakulam Seethampeta 2703114 166118 6.15
2 Vijayanagaram Parvatipuram 2344474 235556 10.05
3 Vishakapatnam Poderu 4290589 618500 14.42
4 East Godavari R.C. Varam 5154296 213195 4.14
5 West Godavari K.R. Puram 3936966 109072 2.77
6 Khammam Bhadrachalam 2607066 656577 25.18
7 Warangal Eturnagaram 3512576 530656 15.11
8 Adilabad Utnoor 2741239 495794 18.09
9 Mahabubnagar Sudipenta 4053028 364269 8.99
10 Nellore Nellore 2963557 285997 9.65
Total 34306905 3675734
Source: Basic Static TCRRTI, Hyderabad, 2011, pp. 85-88.
Tribal sub-plan programmes and Administrative structure in Andhra Pradesh (state level)
As per the directions of Government of India the Government of Andhra Pradesh has been implementing the tribal sub-plan from the time of 5th Five year plan i.e. from 1975 onwards.
The main objectives are namely:
1. Socio-economic development of Scheduled Tribes
2. Protection against exploitation under the tribal sub-plan strategy all the departments in the state have been allocating a minimum of 6.6% of their plan budget for the development programmes. For the purpose of taking up appropriate programmes the tribals have been broad under the scheme of integrated tribal development agency (ITDA) modified area development approach, cluster, dispersed tribal groups (DTG) and primitive tribal groups (PTG) there are 10 ITDAs functioning in the state 41 MADA pockets 17 clusters and 12 PTGs. Rest of the tribal population not covered, under this project is covered under DTG projects.
Economic Development and Schemes under Tribal Area Sub Plan:
The economic development programs include staff cost of ITDAs, and Grants-in-Aid under State Plan as well as Special Central Assistance for developmental activities. The staff programs include certain office staff of ITDAs, (10) Agricultural demonstration units, Government Livestock Farms, Mat weaving centres, Sericulture units, HNTCs in the ITDAs and monitoring units in the ITDAs.
Conservation-cum-Development Plans(CCDP) of PTGs: Special projects approved by Government of India for development of PTGs are taken up under this with equal matching grants from State Government. During XI Five Year Plan, Conservation cum Development Plans (CCDPs) for all PTGs being implemented from 2007-08 onwards.
Schemes under Article 275 (i): Under Article 275 (i) of the constitution of India, Government of India releases Grants-in-Aid to State Plan for development of Scheduled Tribes or Scheduled Areas. These grants are being utilized to bridge critical gaps in infrastructure by taking up infrastructure development facilities, continuation of Residential Schools.
Recognition of Forest Rights Act, 2006: Government of India has enacted the STs and other traditional forest dwellers (RoFR) Act, 2006 and the rules for operationalising the act have come into effect from 1-1-2008. Under this law, the forest dwelling scheduled tribes would be granted legal rights for the lands in their possession up to the extent of 10 acres per family. Similarly, the tirbals would be vested with the rights of collecting minor forest produce, grazing their livestock, establishing their homes and hearthes in their natural habitat. Government is according highest priority to take immediate action to recognize, register and vest the rights of forest resources in favour of STs living in and around forest areas.
NABARD Programme: The objective of the scheme is to develop infrastructure facilities in tribal areas with assistance from NABARD by taking up BT roads, Mini Hydel Power Projects etc.
Tribal Sub-Plan in Telangana State:
After the formation of the new State of Telangana on the 2nd June, 2014, the State Government has attached top-most priority for the development of Scheduled Tribe population in the State, which accounts for 9.34 per cent of the total population (as per 2011 census), which is significantly higher compared to the percentage of 6.99 STs in the combined State of AP. Many innovative schemes have been planned by the Departments concerned for the all-round development of tribal population in the State. To improve the delivery mechanism of Government Welfare Schemes, it is proposed to convert Tribal Thandas into Gram Panchayats. As per the provisions of the Scheduled Castes Sub Plan and Tribal Sub Plan Act, 2013, while preparing the Annual Plan for 2014-2015, necessary care has been taken to ensure earmarking of required funds for Scheduled Tribes Sub Plan, The economic development programs include staff cost of ITDAs, and Grants-in-Aid under State Plan as well as Special Central Assistance for developmental activities. The staff programs include administrative management of certain office staff of ITDAs, Agricultural demonstration units, HNTCs in the ITDAs and monitoring units in the ITDAs. The developmental projects include:
Economic Support Schemes:
Financial Assistance to PSUs,:
There are (2) PSUs functioning under the control of Tribal Welfare Department. During 2015-16 Rs. 26.62 Cr. is proposed for financial assistance to PSUs under Non Plan. Their activities are explained briefly hereunder :
(a) GCC:
Girijan Co-operative Corporation (GCC) undertakes procurement of minor forest produce (MFP) and agriculture produce from tribals at remunerative prices,undertakes public distribution in remote tribal areas, provides seasonal agricultural credit to ST farmers. The GCC is having (381) Regular, (106) Contract & Outsourcing employees with a network of (1) regional office, (3) divisional offices & (2) New Divisions, (18) GPCMS and (4) New GPCMS (200) new DR depots. During 2013-14, the turnover of the Corporation was Rs.115.00 Cr. an during 2014-15 it was Rs.84.00 Cr. (upto January 2015). GCC is also focusing on establishing MFP value addition units a part from training to tribals, regeneration of NTFP, R&D initiatives and exporting. During 2015-16, Rs. 1.81 Cr. is allocated as financial assistance to GCC under Normal State Plan.
(b) TRICOR:
The Telangana Scheduled Tribes Cooperative Finance Corporation Limited, Hyderabad (TRICOR) with headquarters at Hyderabad, and its areas of operation extends over the entire State of Telangana. In the A.P Re –Organization Act, TRICOR is included in Schedule IX and the bifurcation of TRICOR as two entities for the two States is in progress.
(c) TRIPCO :
As lot of potential is available in the tribal areas, there is need to establish Hydel/Solar/Wind Power projects to explore the feasibility of harnessing the Hydel/Solar/Bio-mass/Wind energy. Hence, Telangana State Tribal Power Company Limited (TRIPCO) is being established.
(d) TRIMCO :
The company will be established to take up mining activities with active participation of tribal mining Co-operative Societies. There is availability of mines and minerals in Telangana State. Telangana State Tribal Mining Company Limited (TRIMCO) will make all efforts to identify new viable mineral deposits, file lease applications to mine through Tribal Mining cooperative Societies (TMCSs).Training will also be imparted to tribals in the art of gem cutting, polishing etc.,
ITDA for STs in Plain areas:
Government sanctioned an ITDA with headquarters at Hyderabad to cater to the developmental of needs of STs living in plain areas. As per A.P. Re-organisation Act, 2014 and G.O.Ms. No. 57, TW (SER.1.2) department dated 31-05-2014 of the combined state of A.P. orders were issued for the division of ITDA for development of STs in plain areas and formation of ITDA for development of STs in plain areas for Telangana State. A detailed project report was prepared through NABARD Consultancy Service (P) Ltd. (NABCONS), Hyderabad. NABCONS, in its report, recommended to take up programs such as road connectivity, drinking water supply, Horticulture, Indira Kranti Patham etc. for STs in plain areas. Based on the study and subsequent survey, requirements of ST habitations have been worked out. Various works such as Roads, Drinking Water, Education and Health buildings are being taken up. During 2015-16, Rs.2.24 Cr. is allocated for this purpose.
Under Article 275 (i) of the Constitution of India, Government of India releases Grantsin-Aid to State Plan for development of Scheduled Tribes or Scheduled Areas. These grants are being utilized to bridge critical gaps in infrastructure by taking up infrastructure development facilities and continuation of (7) Ekalavaya Model Residential Schools (EMRS).The infrastructure works include strengthening of the office complexes and staff quarters of (3) ITDAs and construction of GCC DR depots etc. During 2015-16, Rs. 37.09 Cr. is allocated to take up infrastructure facilities and continuation of EMRS.
SCA to Tribal Sub Plan:
The economic development programs include staff cost of ITDAs, and Grants-in-Aid under State Plan as well as Special Central Assistance for developmental activities. Thestaff programs include administrative management of certain office staff of ITDAs, Agricultural demonstration units, HNTCs in the ITDAs and monitoring units in the ITDAs. Under this financial assistance is given to ST families below poverty line for taking up economic support activities.
Conservation-cum-Development Plans (CCDP) of PvTGs:
Government of India has approved Conservation Cum Development Plan for the development of PvTGs for a period of (5) years starting from 2012-13. Under this, schemes such as habitation development through infrastructure works like multipurpose buildings, internal CC roads and drains, street lights, corpus funds for SHGs for livelihood interventions, drinking water, strengthening of nutritional service delivery by constructing buildings for DR deports and Anganwadi centers etc., have been taken up. During 2015-16, Rs.55.00 Cr. is allocated for the above purpose.
Umbrella Scheme for Education of ST students:
New scheme in the name of Umbrella scheme has been introduced from the year 2014-15 by Govt of India and all the earlier schemes of Centrally Sponsored Schemes of education have been brought under this. The BE allocated is Rs. 50.00 Cr. for the year 2015-16.
FAST – (MTF) under CASPS :
Objective of the scheme to provide financial assistance in the form of scholorships and stipends to STs pursuring higher education. The BE allocated is Rs. 20.00 Cr. for the year 2015-16.
Tribal Sub Plan of Other Departments (NSP) :
In order to bring socio economic indices of STs at par with general population, the Govt. of India has formulated the TSP strategy wherein proportionate percentage (w.r.t. ST population) of the financial allocations of the state plan budget are to be earmarked as Tribal Sub Plan funds. Accordingly, in Telangana the same approach has been adopted and as against 9.34% of ST population the allocations were made to a tune of 9.61% of total state plan budget as TSP budget. The TSP allocations were made across 36 line departments amounting to Rs. 5035.68 Cr. out of which Rs. 1735.57 Cr. under Normal State Plan of other departments has been allocated to Tribal Welfare Department to implement the schemes.
Development of Remote and Interior Tribal Habitations:
There are (2351) tribal habitations in the state located on hill-tops in remote interior areas. Most of the habitations require basic amenities. Special projects are being formulated to provide basic infrastructure to these to these habitations.10
The guidelines and glaring futures of sub-plan strategies are introduced, with principles enshrined in the constitution of India for social economical and political empowerment of ST’s. The members of the I.T.D.A. established in all tribal population states in India, and implementing values central sector schemes and centrally sponsored schemes intended for the development of the ST’s under tribal area sub-plan in all states and in Andhra Pradesh.
References:
1. K. Chokkaiah : Administration of I.F.A.D. Programmes in Tribal Area – A Case Study. Ph.D. Thesis, Kakatiya University, 2007. P. No. 125.
2. N.K. Void : Who Cares for Tribal Development, A Mittal Publication, 2004, P. No. 26-27.
3. B. Narender : Tribal Development Administration in Andhra Pradesh – A Case Study of Khammam District. Ph. D. Thesis, OU, June-1999, P. No. 81-84.
4. Govt. of India : The National Tribal Policy – A Policy for the Scheduled Tribes of India, Ministry of Tribal Affaires, July, 2006, P. No. 3.
5. K. Chokkaiah : Administration of I.F.A.D. Programmes in Tribal Area – A Case Study. Ph.D. Thesis, Kakatiya University, 2007, P. No. 125-126.
6. K. Chokkaiah : Administration of I.F.A.D. Programmes in Tribal Area – A Case Study. Ph.D. Thesis, Kakatiya University, 2007, P. No. 132-138.
7. Salla Ramesh Babu : The Girijan Co-operative Corporation and Tribal Development in Khammam District, Special reference Bhadrachalam Division, Ph.D. Thesis Kakatiya University, June, 2007, P. No. 15.
8. L.P. Vidyarthi & B.K. Rai : The Tribal Culture of India, Concept Publishing Co., New Delhi, January 24, 1985, P. No. 425-426.
