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Revisiting the Case for Explicit Syntactic Information in Language Models

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Figure

Figure 1: Example of a syntactically distanth . w position ina sentence: the exposed headwords preceding for are−2= asked and h
Figure 2: Reduction in perplexity with increasing trainingdata size on the entire test set N+M, on its syntacticallylocal subset M, and the syntactically distant subset N.The figure shows relative perplexity instead of absoluteperplexity — 100% being the perplexity for the smallesttraining set size — so that (a) 3-gram and (b) 4-gram LMsmay be directly compared.
Table 1: Perplexity of 3-gram and 4-gram LMs on syntac-tically localM () and syntactically distantN () positionsin the test set for different training data sizes, showing thesustained higher perplexity in distant v/s local positions.
Figure 4: The hierarchal scheme of fine-to-coarse con-texts used for Jelinek-Mercer smoothing in the SLM.
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