1. Self (teacher)
2. As compared to the crystalline form of substances powdered from has more surface area and the adsorption is directly related to the surface area.
3. CO behaves as catalytic poison and must be removed.
4. Ester hydrolysis
The acid produced in the reaction acts as the catalyst (autocatalyst) for the reaction. Thus, the rate of reaction increase after sometime.
5. It is a process in which absorbed substances are removed.
6. Due to desorption, the products of the reaction get detached from the catalyst surface, thereby making the surface available again for more reaction.
7. Chemisorptions has higher enthalpy.
8. Because of the availability of its greater surface area per unit mass of the absorbent leading to greater adsorption.
9. (i) Physisorption (ii) Chemisorption
10. because it is more easily liquefiable as compared to and has a greater molecular size too.
11. Firstly, it increase and later it decrease with increase in temperature.
12. Clean surface facilitates the adsorption of adsorbate on the adsorbent.
13. It adsorbs poisonous gases present in coal mines.
14. Eosin dye get adsorbed on the surface of white precipitate of silver halide, making it coloured.
15. Contract process and Ostwald process.
16.
17. Zeolite-ZSM-5
18. It is the area available for adsorbed per gram of the absorbent.
19. The common surface between the two phase where the adsorbed molecules concentration is called as a interface.
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24. Liquid-Liquid colloidal system is called emulsion.
25. Migration of colloidal particles towards the oppositely charged electrode is called electrophoresis.
26. On placing a homogeneous solution placed in dark is observed in the direction of light, it appears clear and, if it is observed from a direction at right angles to the direction of light beam, it seems perfectly dark.
Colloidal solutions viewed in the same way may also appear reasonably clear or translucent by the transmitted light but they show a mild to strong opalescence, when viewed at right angles to the passage of light, i.e., the path of the beam is illuminated by bluish light. This effect was first observed by Faraday termed as Tyndall effect.
27. The process of stering of colloidal particles is called cogulation or precipitation of the solution.
28. Diameter of colloidal particles vary between .
29. The specific temperature at which micelles formation takes place is called Kraft temperature.
30. The particular concentration above which true solution behaves as colloidal solution is called as critical micelles concentration or the concentration at which micelles formation takes place is called CMC.
31. NaCl may be used as peptizing agent.
32. Colloidal particles being solution is small as compared to true solution. Hence, the value of colligative property is small.
33. The potential difference between the fixed layer and the diffused layer of opposite charges of colloidal system is called zeta potential.
34. The combination of the two layers of opposite charges around the colloidal particles is called Helmholtz electrical double layer.
35. The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles per litre required to cause precipitation of a sol is called coagulation value.
36. Tyndall effect was used to set up a microscope.
37. Dust particles along with water suspended in air, scatter blue light which reached our eyes and sky look blue to us.
38. Self (teacher) 39. Self (teacher) 40. Self (teacher) 41. Self (teacher) 42. Self (teacher) 43. Self (teacher) 44. Self (teacher) 45. Self (teacher)
Alcohol Water Acid
Ester
OH R RCOOH O
H
RCOOR'+ 2 ® + '
3, NH
N2
) ( 2 )
( ) (
2SO2 g +O2 g ¾NO¾ ®(¾g) SO3 g
m e
i
nm). .,106, 10 9 1000
1
( - - - -
46. Self (teacher) 47. Self (teacher)
48. It is temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied.
Higher is the critical temperature of a gas, greater is its ease of liquefication and greater is the extent of adsoption.
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53. Due to the following features
(i) Chemical inertness Both chemically inert electrodes.
(ii) Adsorption capacity Platinum and palladium both have good adsorptive capacity for hydrogen.
54. Factors influencing adsorption of the gas on a solid are (i) The nature of the gas
(ii) surface area of adsorbent (iii) Pressure
(iv) Temperature
(v) Activation of adsorbent
55. When a gas is adsorbed in the surface on the solid, its entropy decreases, i.e., is negative.
Now, and for the process to be
spontaneous, free energy change, must be negative.
As is negative, can be negative only if has sufficiently high negative value. Hence, adsorption is always exothermic.
56. (i) Oxidation of
(ii) Heber’s process (iii) Oxidation of ammonia
(iv) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils
Vegetable oil vegetable ghee (s)
57. Activity : The strength of chemisorptions is responsible for the activity of the catalyst upto a large extent.
For hydrogenation reaction, the catalytic activity increases from group 5 to group 11 metals, where group 7-9 elements show maximum activity.
Selectivity : It is the ability of catalyst to direct a reaction to give a particular product. e.g.,
58. The catalytic reaction that depends upon the size of the reactant and product molecules and the shape of catalyst (i.e, its porous structure), is known as shape selective catalysis.
59. Features of catalysis by zeolites are as follows.
(i) These are shape-selective catalysis having honey-comb like structures.
(ii) They are micro porous aluminosilicates with framework and general formula
.
(iii) They are useful in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and isomerisation.
(iv) ZSM - 5 is a zeolite used in petroleum industry Gasoline (Petrol)
60. The catalytic reaction that depends upon the size of the reactant and product molecules and the shape of catalyst (i.e, its porous structure), is known as shape selective catalysis.
e.g., ZSM - 5, that converts alcohol directly into gasoline by dehydrating them to give a mixture of hydrocarbons.
61. (i) In making of gas masks (a device which consists of activated charcoal or mixture of absorbents) and in the creation of high vacuum. Gas masks are used for breathing in coal mines to adsorb poisonous gases.
(ii) Silica and aluminium gels are used to remove moisture and humidity.
(iii) In the separation of inert gases, due to difference in degree of adsorption.
(iv) A number of drugs kill germs by getting adsorbed on them.
DS S T H G=D - D D
DG
TDS DG DH
SO2
) ( 2 )
(
2SO2 g ¾Pt¾ ®¾(s) SO3 g
) ( 2 )
( 3 )
( 2 () 3
2 g H g NH g
N + ¾Fe¾ ®¾s
) ( 6 ) ( 4 )
( 5 ) (
4NH3 g + O2 g ¾Pt¾ ®¾(s) NO g + H2Ol
¾
¾ ®
¾ + 2( ) ( ) )
(l H g NI s
) l ( O H 2 )
g ( O ) g ( H
2 2 + 2 ¾¾®Pt 2
) g ( OH CH )
g ( H 2 ) g (
CO + 2 ¾Cu¾/¾ZnO¾-Cr¾2¾O3® 3
Si O Al- -
O zH SiO AlO
Mx/n[( 2)x( 2)y]. 2
n dehydratio
Alcohols¾ZSM¾ ®¾¾-5
62. Catalysis can be divided into two groups
(i) Homogenuse catalysis The phenomena in which reactants and catalyst are in same phase.
e.g.,
(ii) Heterogeneous catalysis the process in which reactants and catalysis are in different phases.
e.g.,
Vegetable oils
63. (i) High specificity Chemisorption is highly specific and it will only occur when adsorbent and adsorbate molecules can chemically react with each other, e.g., oxygen is adsorbed on metals by oxide formation.
(ii) Surface area Chemisorptions increase with increase in the surface area of the adsorbent.
64. Self (teacher) 65. Self (teacher) 66. Self (teacher)
67. The aggregate of colloidal particles which have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts are called micelles.
These are formed above a particular temperature, called Kraft temperature and above certain concentration called CMC.
These molecules are arranged readily with the hydrocarbon or non-polar towards the centre and the polar part towards the periphery, e.g., soap solution in water is an example of micelle system.
68. Micelles when small ions of an electrolyte molecule form the aggregates behave like colloidal particle, these aggregated particles are known as micelles, e.g., soap and detergent.
Colloidal particles colloidal particles have an enormous surface area per unit mass as a result of their small size.
Its size ranges between 1-100 mm.
69. When dispersed phase and dispersion medium, both are liquid , it is called as emulsion.
Application cosmetics in liquid form.
70. (i) On placing a homogeneous solution placed in dark is observed in the direction of light, it appears clear and, if it is observed from a direction at right angles to the direction of light beam, it seems perfectly dark.
Colloidal solutions viewed in the same way may also appear reasonably clear or translucent by the transmitted light but they show a mild to strong opalescence, when viewed at right angles to the passage of light, i.e., the path of the beam is illuminated by bluish light. This effect was first observed by Faraday termed as Tyndall effect.
(ii) The process of settling of colloidal particles is called coagulation or precipitation of the soil.
71. According to Hardy Schulze law greater the valency of flocculating ions greater in its power to cause precipitation this law takes into consider only the charge not the size of an ion. Since, the size of an ion has more polarizing power hence this law can be modified as greater the polarizing power of flocculating power added the greater is its power to cause precipitation.
72. Colloids is not a substance but a state of substance is a true statement because some substance which are crystalloids under certain conditions but colloidal under the other e.g., NaCl is a crystalloid in aqueous medium.
But when mixed with benzne, it behave as collid.
It is the size of the particles that matter; i.e., the state in which the substance exists. If size lies in range of 1 mm-1000 nm, it is in the colloidal state. So, above statement is true.
73. When electric potential is applied across two platinum electrodes dipped in colloidal solution, the colloidal particles move towards one of the electrodes. The movement of colloidal particles under electric field is called electrophoresis.
74. River water is a colloidal solution of clay, Sea water contains a number of electrolytes. When river water meets sea water, the electrolytes. When river water meets sea water. The electrolytes present in sea water coagulate the colloidal solution of clay resulting in the deposition with the formation of deltas.
75. Purification of colloidal solution by diffusion is called dialysis. For dialysis process, colloidal solution is taken in a parchment paper or cell phone membrane and colloids become pure.
Use Purification of blood in kidney.
) ( ) ( 2 )
(
2H2O aq ¾I¾ ®-(aq¾) H2O l +O2 g )
( )
2 ( 3
3 ) (
2 g O g
O ¾NO¾ ®¾g
) ( 6 ) ( 4 )
( 5 ) (
4NH3 g O2 g () NO g H2Ol
oxide Nitric s
Pt Ammonia
+
¾
¾ ®
¾ +
) ( )
( )
(l H2 g Ni(s) Vegetableghee s
D¾
¾ ®
¾ +
76. Some of the reactant ions may be adsorbed or may adhere to the surface of the particles of the precipitate formed during an ionic reaction. In order to remove these reactant ions the precipitate should be washed with water. If this is not done, an error may be produced during quantitative analysis.
77. Coagulation of a sol is caused by addition of a charged ion (charge is opposite to that of the sol). The degree of coagulation is directly proportional to the valency of the effective ion used.
Coagulation power of an ion is proportional to forth power of its valency.
The order of coagulation power is
And
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89.
90. In the first case positive adsorption occurs due to greater concentration of solution i.e., KCl (solute) is adsorbed on solid adsorbent to greater extent so that its concentration on the surface of adsorbent is more than in the bulk. In the second case negative adsorption occurs i.e., in a dilute solution the solvent molecules get adsorbed to a greater extent instead of KCl.
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94. The ester hydrolysis is represented by the following reaction.
The acid produced during the reaction acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis reaction. Hence the reaction becomes faster after some time. This is called autocatalysis phenomenon.
95. Hardy-Schultz rule states that greater the valence of the coagulation ion added to electrolyte greater is its power to cause precipitation. Now precipitation results when charge on the colloidal particles is neutralized. To make the rule more general, it may include that mixing of appropriate proportions of oppositely charged sols neutralize the charge on each other and this leads to coagulation of both the sols.
96.
97.
+ + +>Ba >Na Al3 2
- - ->SO >Cl PO43 42
HOH '
COOR
R- Ester +
Alcohol
Acid R'OH
COOH
R- +
98.
99.
100. Activation of adsorbent means increasing the adsorbing power of an adsorbent.
This can be done by increasing the surface area of the absorbent, which can be achieved by any of the following ways.
(i) By removing the gases adsorbed, i.e., wood charcoal can be activated by heating it between 650 K and 1330 K in vaccume or in superheated steam.
(ii) By breaking the adsorbent into small steam.
(iii) By making the surface of adsorbent rough.
101. In heterogeneous catalysis, generally the reactants are in gaseous state whereas the catalysis is a solid. The reactant molecules get adsorbed on the surface of the solid catalyst by physical adsorption or chemical adsorption.
Therefore, the rate of the reaction increases by increase in the concentration of reactant molecules or by the fragmentation of reactant molecules on the surface of the solid catalyst producing active species capable of reacting faster. The product molecules undergo desorption and the catalyst surface is now free for more reactant molecules to get adsorbed. This theory is known as adsorption theory.
102. Enzymes are protein molecules of high molecular mass and form colloide solution in water. These are present in plants and animals and behave as biochemical catalyst or biocatalyst, catalyst the reaction occurring in the human beings.
Mechanism of enzyme catalysis : A number of cavities are present on the surface of colloidal particles of enzymes. These cavities are of characteristic shape and posses active groups like,
etc. These are actually the active centres on the surface of enzyme particles.
The molecules of reactant (substrate) which possess complementary shape, fit into these cavities just like a key fits into a lock. On account of the presence of active decomposes to yield products.
Mechanism of enzyme-catalysed reactions completes in two steps :
Steps I Step II
103. Features of Chemisorption :
(i) It is highly specific in nature and forms unimolecular layer.
(ii) It is irreversible in nature.
(iii) With the increase in surface area, rate of chemisorption rises.
104. (i) Production of high vacuum The traces of air can be adsorbed by charcoal from a vessel evacuated by a vaccum pump to give a very high vacuum.
(ii) Heterogeneous catalysis Adsorption of reactants on the solid surface of the catalysst increase the rate of reaction. Use of finely divided nickel in the hydrogenation of oils, is an excellent example of heterogenation catalysis.
(iii) Fourth floatation process A low grade sulphide ore is concentrated by this method using pine oil and frothing agent. The mineral particles become wet by oils while the ganguage particles by water.
, NH2 -
- --COOH, --SH, --OH
Substrate EnzymeE + S
complex Activated
ES*
oduct Pr
* E P
ES ¾¾® +
105. (i) Chemisorption occurs as a result of the reaction between adsorbent and adsorbent. When the absorbent surface is covered with one layer, no further reaction takes place. While in physisorption can der waals forces are involve, so many number of layers may be formed one cover the other on the surface of the adsorbent.
(ii)
Physisorption is an exothermic process. Equilibrium, if temperature increase, then by Le-Chatellier’s principle, equilibrium, if temperature increases, then by
Le-Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium shifts in backward direction, i.e., adsorption decrease.
106. (i) (a) At constant temperature, first adsorption (x/m) increase, as pressure increase upto a particular pressure and then it becomes constant.
At low pressure = At intermediate range
At high pressure (free of pressure)
(b) Extent of adsorption decrease with increase in temperature at constant pressure with.
(ii) Catalyst Finely divided iron.
Promoter molybdenum.
107. (i) Yes, some initiatives should be taken by the company to continue research to minimize ill effects.
(ii) No, efforts should be made to remove the ill effects of the products and to improve quality.
(iii) No, ill effects associated with the product should be avoided at all costs no matter if it is in one in a million cases.
(iv) Professional ethics intellectual honesty.
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111. On the basis of physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion medium colloidal solution can be classified into lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
Lyophilic sol Colloidal sols directly formed by mixing substances in a suitable dispersion medium are called lymphlic sols. These are quite stable. These are reversible sols. Because the dispersion medium can be separated from the colloid by means of physical methods like evaporation e.g., gum, gelatin, starch.
Lyophobic sol Such sols are not formed by simply mixing the substance with the dispersion medium. These are not stable. These sols need stabilizing agents for their preservation. E.g., gold sol.
Reason for coagulation of hydrophobic sol These sols are precipitated due to removal of charge on their particles i.e., they come together, form aggregate and settle down.
112. (i) On the basis of physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, Refer to text.
(ii) On the basis of nature of dispersed phase, colloids are classified as
(a) Multicellular colloids gold-sol (b) Macromolecular colloids-soap sol
(iii) On the basis of interaction, it is classified as (a) lyophillic sol-gum
(b) lyophobic sol-metals
113. (i) When a beam of light is passed through a sol, scattering of light takes place and the path of light becomes visible (Tyndall effect).
(ii) Charge on ferric ion is neutralized by chloride ions.
Thus, coagulation takes place.
(iii) When electric current is passed through a sol, the colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode and the phenomenon is called electrophoresis.
Heat Gas
Solid Gas
solid Adsorbed Adsorbent
Adsorbate + ® +
) (
) ( ) (
mx =kp
] 1
/ [
1 >
=
Þ kp n
m
x n
mx =k
=
÷ø ç ö è æ
m x
114. (i) Electrophoresis : The movement of colloidal particles under an applied potential is called electrophoresis. It occurs due to the presence of positive or negative charge on colloids. It is also called cataphoresis.
(ii) Coagulation : The process of settling of colloidal particles is called coagulation or precipitation of the sol.
(iii) Dialysis : Purification of colloidal solution by diffusion through a suitable membrane is called dialysis.
(iv) Tyndall Effect : On placing a homogeneous solution placed in dark is observed in the direction of light, it appears clear and, if it is observed from a direction at right angles to the direction of light beam, it seems perfectly dark.
Colloidal solutions viewed in the same way may also appear reasonably clear or translucent by the transmitted light but they show a mild to strong opalescence, when viewed at right angles to the passage of light, i.e., the path of the beam is illuminated by bluish light. This effect was first observed by Faraday termed as Tyndall effect.
115. (i) If a solid is mixed in alcohol, the colloids formed is called alcohol, e.g., cellulose nitrate in alcohol.
(ii) A colloid in which a liquid or a solid is dispersed in a gas is known as aerosol, e.g., for mist.
(iii) Aqueous sol i.e., sol in which a dispersed phase in dispersed in water e.g., blood.
116. (i) To prevent the way of particulates. Give a method to use coal cash.
(ii) Electrophoresis
(iii) Reducing water, air pollution, environmental concern.
(iv) Coal contains S, As Pb which contaminates the air and water. Coal ash is used to make bricks in building construction.
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128.
129.
130.
131.
132. 5 ml of 1 M NaCl contains NaCl =
= 5 millimoles
Thus 100 ml of As2S3 sol requires NaCl for complete coagulations
= 5 millimoles
1 L (1000 ml) of the sol will require for complete coagulations
= 50 millimoles of NaCl
By definition, flocculation value of NaCl = 50.
133. According to freundlich adsorption equation :
Thus on potting log Vs. Log p a straight line with slope and intercept on y-axis = log k is obtained.
Hence measuring the slope and intercept both k and n can be calculated.
134. (i) Multimolecular because sulphur molecules associate together to form a colloidal sol.
(ii) Macromolecular because protein molecules present in the white of the egg are macromolecules soluble in water.
(iii) Associated because RCOO-ions associate together to from micelles.
135. (i) Smaller the size of the particles of the adsorbent, greater is the surface area, greater is the adsorption.
(ii) At constant temperature, adsorptions first increases with increases in pressure and then attains equilibrium at high pressure.
(iii) In physical adsorption , it decreases with increase of temperature, but in chemisorptions, first it increases and then decreases.
136.
137. Self (teacher) 138. Self (teacher) moles
10001 ´5
\
\
. p nlog k 1 m log logx m kp
x = 1/n\ = +
m x
n
= 1
139.
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147. (i) Scattering of light by the colloidal particles takes place and the path of light becomes illuminated. This is called Tyndall effect.
(ii) The positively charged colloidal particles of
sol get coagulated by the oppositely charged ion provided by electrolyte.
(iii) On passing direct current, colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode where they lose their charge and get coagulated.
148. (i) Alcosol : It is a colloidal sol in which dispersion medium is alcohol. Colloidion is an example of alcosol. (ii) Aerosol : It is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a gas, common example is, fog.
(iii) Hydrosol : It is a colloidal sol of a solid in water as the dispersion medium common example is starch sol or gold sol.
149. (i) Smaller the size of the particles of adsorbent larger will be the surface area and greater will be the extent of adsorption.
(ii) At constant temperature, the extent of adsorption increases with increase of pressure, rapidly in the beginning, relatively slowly at moderate pressure and ultimately becomes independent of pressure.
(iii) At constant pressure, the physical adsorption decreases with increase of temperature whereas, the chemisorptions first increases and then decreases.
150.
151. (i) The sun is at horizon at the time of sun set. The light emitted by the sun has to travel a relatively longer distance through the atmosphere. As a consequence the blue part of the light is scattered away by the particulate matter in the atmosphere causing red part to be visible.
(ii) Chemisorption occurs as a result of the reaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. When the surface of the adsorbent is covered with one layer, no further reaction can takes place. Physical adsorption involves van der Waal’s forces. So any number of layers may be formed one over the other on the surface of the adsorbent.
152.
)3
OH ( Fe
153.
154.
155.
156.
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178. What type of colloidal sols are formed in the following
(i) Sulphur vapours are passed through cold water.
(ii) White of an egg is mixed with water.
(iii) Concentration of soap solution is increased.
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214.
215. 216.
219.
217. 218.
220. (i) Concentration of ores in metallurgy :- Several sulphides ores or metals like Zn, Cu are concentrated by Froth Flotation Process which involves the use of exclusions like that of pine oil and water. The ore particles get preferentially wet by oil and with the passage of air, these ore particle rise to the surface as foam and is skimmed off. The impurities sink to the bottom.
(ii) In Medicine :- The various pharmaceutricals and cosmetics available in liquid form such as codliver oil, B-complex, ointments are emulsions of water-in-oil type.
Some of these are readily adsorbed by the intestines.
(iii) Cleansing action of soap :- The cleansing action of soap is based upon the formation of oil-in-water type of emulsion.
(iv) Milk :- Milk is an important constituent of our daily diet is an emulsion of fat in water.
221.
222.
223.
224. Effect of pressure on adsorption : Self (teacher) Effect of temperature on adsorption Adsorption is generally temperature dependent, Being exothermic, adsorption decreases with increasing temperature.
However, for an endothermic adsorption process, adsorption increase with increase in temperature.
225. Effect of pressure of the adsorbate gas (Adsorption isotherm).
(i) Freundlich adsorption isotherm gas: Self (teacher) (ii) Effect of temperature Adsorption is an exothermic process. Therefore, in accordance with Le-Chatelier’s principle, the magnitude of adsorption increases with decreases in temperature.
Actually, physisorption increases with decrease in temperature but chemisorptions first increases then decreases with increase in temperature.
Application Silica and aluminum gets adsorb humidity from air, hence are commonly used, for storage of delicate instrument which might otherwise be damaged by moisture.
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230. Liquid-liquid colloidal system in which finely divided droplets of a liquid are dispersed into other liquid are called emulsion.
Types
(i) Oil in water-milk (ii) Water in oil-butter 231. Self (teacher)
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