mineralsofindianew

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Mineral - Economic

Definition

 A substance

 Obtained from the earth’s crust  Which is of

◦ Commercial, and

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Types of Minerals

 Metallic

◦ Iron Ore, Manganese, Copper, Bauxite

 Non-Metallic

◦ Limestone, Gypsum, Granite, Marble

 Power

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Importance of Minerals

 Provide basis for industrialisation,

thereby

◦ Raising

 _{National Income}

◦ Providing

 _{Employment Opportunities}

◦ Earning

 _{Foreign Exchange}

◦ Improving

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Question:

How does industrialisation create

wealth?

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Value Addition – Example

1

 Steel costs Rs. 60 per kg.

 ……

 …..

 A steel watch weighing just 25

grams….

 …..Costs Rs. 10,000….

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Value Addition – Example

2

 A farmer sells potatoes to the

yard at Rs. 2 per kg.

 …..  …..

 …..a packet of Lay’s weighing 25

gms…..

 …..costs Rs. 10

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Importance to India

 Agriculture cannot support rising

population

 People must take up other

occupations

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Conservation of Mineral

Wealth

 Efficiency in mining technology  Government’s control over

mineral resources

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ORES OF IRON

Haematite

Fe

₂

O

₃ >

60 % of

Iron

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IRON ORE - OCCURRENCE

 Sedimentary rocks like sandstone

and shale

SAND

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Extraction of Iron from

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IRON ORE - IMPORTANCE

 Iron alloyed with manganese

results in STEEL

 Steel used for

◦ Machinery

◦ Farming equipment

◦ Construction

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IRON ORE IN INDIA

STATE PLACE REMARKS

ORISSA Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar Largest Producer JHARKHAND Singhbhum, Palamau Largest Reserves CHHATTISGARH Durg, Bastar

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--INDIA’S POSITION

INDIA’S POSITION

 4th Largest Producer _(Largest

China-Australia-Brazil)

 90 million tonnes

◦ 10% of world production

 Largest Reserves

◦ 20% of world’s total reserves

 2nd Largest Exporter

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ORES OF MANGANESE

Pyrolusite

MnO

₂

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Uses of Manganese

 Alloyed with iron to make steel  Paints

 Glass

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India’s position in

Manganese

 7th largest producer _{(Largest SA)}

 2.1 million tonnes  Self sufficient

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MANGANESE IN INDIA

STATE PLACE REMARKS

ORISSA Sundergadh, Kalahandi,

Sambalpur Largest Producer KARNATAKA Bellary, Shimoga, Tumkur

district

2nd_largest

producer MADHYA

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--BAUXITE (Al

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Properties of Aluminum

 Non corrosive

 Strong and durable

 Good conductor of heat and

electricity

 Malleable and ductile  Light weight

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Uses of Aluminum

 Automobile Engines  Electricals

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India’s position in Bauxite

 4nd largest producer _(Largest

Australia-China-Brazil)

 20 million tonnes

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BAUXITE IN INDIA

STATE PLACE

MADHYA PRADESH Amarkantak Plateau & Balaghat district GUJARAT Jamnagar and Surat TAMIL NADU Salem & Coimbatore

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USES OF LIMESTONE

• _{As flux in Iron & Steel industry}

• _{Portlandstone used to make cement} • _{Building stone}

• _{Lime manufacture}

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LIMESTONE IN INDIA

STATE PLACE

MADHYA PRADESH Jabalpur & Satna

RAJASTHAN Udaipur & Sawai Madhopur GUJARAT Sikka & Porbandar

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Coal Formation

• _{Decay of dead plants} • _{Fresh water conditions} • _{Millions of Years}

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Coal Formation – Ideal Conditions

Graben

River

Fault

Dead Plants Sediment

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Carbonisation

Stage Type of Coal Carbon content

1 Peat 50 – 60%

2 Lignite 60 – 70%

3 Bituminous 70 – 80%

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Types of Coal

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Gondwana Coal

• _{Formed in the Carboniferous Period} • _{300 – 360 million years ago}

• _{Laminated Bituminous Coal} • _Uses

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Tertiary Coal

• _{Formed in the Tertiary Period} • _{50 – 60 million years ago}

• _Lignite • _Uses

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Distribution of Coal in India

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India’s Coal Production

• _{400 million tonnes}

• ₃rd_{Largest Producer}_{(Largest China-USA)} • ₄th_{largest Reserves}

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Formation of Petroleum

• _{Decay of marine and terrestrial organisms} • _{Under marine conditions}

• _{By shelled micro-organisms called}

foraminifera

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Foraminifera

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Formation of petroleum

NON PERMEABLE ROCK (SHALE) NON PERMEABLE ROCK (SHALE)

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Steps in Petroleum Production

1. Exploration 2. Extraction 3. Refining

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Step1 - Exploration of Petroleum

• _{Prospecting difficult to the migrating nature} • _Geologists

– _{map the subsurface} – _{look for ‘traps’}

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Petroleum Traps

SHALE

LIMESTONE Gas

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Organisations - Exploration

• _{Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)}

• _{Hindustan Oil Exploration Company (HOEC)} • _{Oil India Limited (OIL)}

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Step 2 - Extraction of Petroleum

• _{Off shore and On shore Oil Rigs}

• _{Drilling associated with danger due to}

– _{Upward pressure exerted by gas} – _{Explosive nature of petroleum}

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Organisations - Extraction

• _{Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)} • _{Oil India Limited (OIL)}

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Step 3 - Refining Crude Oil

• _{Crude oil is a dark viscous mixture}

• _{Different products obtained through a process}

called Fractional Distillation

• _{Refineries set up near the coast as}

– _{Most crude oil is imported}

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Products of Petroleum

• _{Petrol, diesel, kerosene, asphalt, paraffin,}

benzene, napthalene, etc.

• _LPG

– _{Liquified Petroleum Gas}

– _{Used for industries, cooking and running vehicles}

• _CNG

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Organisations - Refining

• _{Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)}

• _{Indian Petrochemical Company Limited (IPCL)} • _{Reliance Petroleum Limited}

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Major Refineries

Refinery Site State

Mathura Uttar Pradesh Kochi Kerala

IPCL Refinery, Koyali, Vadodara Gujarat Reliance Refinery, Jamnagar Gujarat

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Step 4 – Distribution of Petroleum

• _{Petrol and Diesel through Petrol Pumps} • _{Kerosene through Ration shops}

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Organisations - Distribution

• _IndianOil

• _{Hindustan Petroleum (HP)} • _{Bharat Petroleum}

• _{Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)}

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Distribution of Petroleum in India

Oil Field State Remarks

Mumbai High Maharashtra 63% Cambay Gujarat 18% Ankleshwar Gujarat Digboi Assam 16% Naharkatiya Assam

Krishna Godavari Basin Andhra Pradesh

Recent Discoveries Barmer Rajasthan

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India’s Status

• _{Does not meet its own requirements} • _{70% crude oil is imported}

• _{Imports from}

– _{Middle east} – _Russia