Comparative study of change in physical activity on exercise performance and mental well being
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(2) International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology in nature", as walking, jogging, running, skipping, dancing, swimming, bicycling etc (Lea & Fabiger, 1988). People perform aerobics exercises to control their body mass and to improve their fitness, while another impact of training such as an increase in the physical and the functional capacity or an improvement of psychological state discovered later (CashSmith, 2002), (Laukkanen, Kalaja, Kalaja, Holmala, Pad-volainen & Tummvuori, 2001), (Shimamoto, Adachi, Takahashi, & Tanaka,1998). Exercise training improves cardio-respiratory efficiency, psychological well being and also known to reduce morbidity and mortality from numerous chronic ailments (Garrick & Regua, 1998). A regular participation in aerobics exercise program, as in other endurance exercises, increases the capacity of cardiovascular system (Poderys, 2000), (Shephard & Balady, 1999). The GHQ-12 is a measure of current mental health invented by Goldberg & Williams (Goldberg & William, 1988). It focuses on two major areas – The inability to carry out normal functions and the appearance of new and distressing experiences. GHQ has been shown to be valid and useful in both clinical and general populations. Originally developed as a 60-item instrument, a range of shortened versions of the questionnaire including the GHQ-30, GHQ-28, GHQ-20 and GHQ-12 are now available. The 12 item version has been shown to be as effective as the 30 item version. Exercise physiology has become a separate study, having different specialization like sports physiology, exercise for bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases, exercise for neurological and cardiovascular diseases and so on. Psychological imbalance is also. Vol. 3(1). the contributory factor for various diseases. Twenty sedentary males were trained for two different forms of exercise for 12 weeks. Their exercise performance and psychological state were evaluated and compared before and after exercise training. Authors were keen to know the role of change in physical activity within aerobic exercises in modification of cardiovascular fitness and psychological parameters; positive results, if derived, could be communicated for cardiac and mental rehabilitations. 2. Materials and methods Participants: Longitudinal experimental study was conducted in Department of Physiology, PSMC, Karamsad. After taking informed consent, a detailed history was noted. Random sampling was used for selection. Those with a past medical history suggestive of asthma and exercise-induced asthma, smoking, chronic cough, recurrent respiratory tract infection, history of chest or spinal deformity, obesity and chronic obstructive lung diseases were excluded from the study. Only healthy, non-smoker and non addict males were selected for the study. The aim of the study and test procedure was explained to all males and only those who volunteered, included in the study. Total 20 healthy males were selected. Exercise training: Participants were divided in 2 different groups A and B, 10 in each. All participants underwent 12 week exercise training for half an hour daily, five times in a week. Two different modes of exercise were used. The training protocol was as follows. 37.
(3) International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. Material and Interventions: All the participants were studied for cardio respiratory efficiency and exercise performance. Interventions were performed twice, before and after the 12 week of physical training. The following interventions were taken. (A) Cardiovascular efficiency tests: 1. Resting pulse rate: Resting pulse rate was noted in all participants before exercise and maximum pulse rate were noted just after the exercise. 2. Blood pressure. Resting blood pressure before exercise and maximum blood pressure were noted immediately after the exercise. (B) Exercise performance test: Treadmill walking exercise fatigue time (TWEFT) in seconds was noted. All participants were asked to walk at 0 inclinations at the speed of 10km/h. This group of 20 subjects was divided in two groups for combined and walking exercise. (C) Psychological manifestation: Goldberg health questionnaire (GHQ-12) score was used before and after training. It is an objective type scoreable test and self reporting scale. This questionnaire covers almost all the aspects of psychological well being of individual.. Vol. 3(1). 1. Been able to concentrate on whatever you are doing. 2. Lost much sleep over worry. 3. Felt that you are playing a useful part in things. 4. Felt capable of making decisions about things. 5. Felt constantly under strain. 6. Felt you couldn’t overcome your difficulties. 7. Been able to enjoy your normal day to day activities. 8. Been able to face up to your problems. 9. Been feeling unhappy and depressed. 10. Been losing confidence in yourself. 11. Been thinking of yourself as a worthless person. 12. Been feeling reasonably happy, all things considered. Score 0-7 --- Define psychological benefits Score 8-14 ---- Psychological benefits Score 15-21 --- Suspected psychological benefits Score 22-28 ---- No psychological benefit Statistical analysis: Students paired t test was applied to compare the pre and post training values. Statistics were tested at the p<0.05 level of significance and data were reported as Mean±SD.. Questions include: Have you recently 38.
(4) International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. Vol. 3(1). 3.Results. 3. Results There were 20 sedentary male subjects aged between 18-30 years were studied. Table 2 showed the anthropometric data of subjects for each group which include age, weight and height and body surface area. Table 3 showed the values of pre and post exercise. changes in cardiovascular efficiency and GHQ score after combined limb exercise. Resting pulse rate, SBP and TWEFT decreased after exercise, while DBP has shown variable values. Table 4 showed the cardiovascular efficiency and GHQ score after the walking exercise alone.. 39.
(5) International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 4. Discussion Physical activity programs have great influence on cardiovascular fitness and mental health condition in the young sedentary individuals in our study. The morphological and functional changes, occurring during the adaptation to physical load, greatly depend on the character of exercise (Poderys, 2000), (Park, Park, Kwon, Yoon & Kim 2003). Regular participation in aerobics exercise as well as in other exercises developing endurance, improves the cardiovascular system capacity (Garrick, 1998), (Shephard, 1999). Earlier research suggests that regular physical training leads to improved physical fitness and cardio-respiratory efficiency of normal healthy persons and clinical practice such as; diagnosis and evaluation of cardiovascular disease, assessment of treatment effect, ascertainment of pathophysiology and exercise prescription for rehabilitation (Garber, Blissmer, Deschenes, Franklin, Lamonte, Lee, 2011), (Fletcher, Balady, Amsterdam, Chaitman, Eckel & Fleg, 2001), (Mezzani, Agostoni, Cohen-Solal, Corra, Jegier & Kouidi, 2009), (Myers, Prakash, Froelicher, Do, Partington & Atwood,2002). Blood pressure depends upon central and peripheral mechanisms of regulation, peripheral vascular resistance, mechanical efficiency of heart and cardiac output (Jone, Speier, Canine, Owen & Stull, 1989). Resting pulse decreases significantly in both exercises. Aerobic exercise increases the vagal tone and also increases the concentration of circulatory catecholamine. Reflex activation of heart rate due to cardiovascular and pulmonary reflexes is reduced and the effect of stretch receptor of muscle and joints on heart rate also reduced (De Meersman, 1993). Studies found that exercise training not only improves the cardiorespiratory capacity but also increase the exercise efficiency in male participants (Harsoda & Purohit, 2013). In our study exercise training improves TWEFT after combined limb exercise (p>0.001), but insignificantly after walking exercise. This might be because of less work load in walking exercise and less cooperation. It would give. Vol. 3(1). significant improvement if continue for longer time. Reviews and research have attempted to relate fitness training to improvement in psychological variables among normal as well as selected clinical populations. Research also suggest that physical fitness training leads to improved mood, self-concept and work behavior; the evidence is less clear as to its effects on cognitive functioning, although it does appear to boost the cognitive performance during and after physical stress (Carlyle & Wesley,1981). There are good evidences that clinical assessments of the severity of psychiatric illness is directly proportional to the number of symptoms reported on the GHQ-12 and the predictive validity of the GHQ in comparison with other scaling tests of depression is also good (Goldberg & Huxley,1980), (Goldberg, 1985). Our data are consistent with previous studies showing that physical exercise is associated with good mental health and negatively associated with symptoms of anxiety or depression ( Usshe, Owen, Cook & Whincup,2007), (De Moor, Beem, Stubbe, Boomsma and De Geus, 2006), (Monshouwer, Ten Have, Van Poppel, Kemper & Vollebergh, 2009), (Lee & Russell, 2003), (ten Have, de Graaf & Monshouwer,2011). Studies have not found similar results because relationship was assessed in a specific population and the analyses were adjusted for different sets of confounders ( De Moor, Boomsma, Stubbe, Willemsen & De Geus, 2008), (Kritz-Silverstein, Barrett-Connor & Corbeau, 2001), (Wiles, Jones, Haase, Lawlor, Macfarlane & Lewis, 2008). Overall our data shows that combined limb exercise found to be more beneficial than walking exercise alone. Physical activity is an effective intervention and significantly improves cardiovascular fitness after combined limb exercise and mental health after walking in healthy sedentary individuals. Moreover, this study demonstrated that physical activity improves the total mean score of GHQ12, studies found comparable results to our 40.
(6) International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology study (Rezaeeshirazi, Hossini, Tarasi & Shaygan,2011), (Abbas, Abbasi, Vahidi, Najafipoor & Farshi, 2011). The mental health benefits of physical activity appear to be independent of potential confounding factors such as longstanding illness, obesity and smoking, although inclusion of these covariates reduce the strength of the association. Thus, the protective effects of. Vol. 3(1). physical activity may, in part, operate through these risk factors. Indeed, physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as CVD, diabetes, hypertension and some cancers. There are several limitations in this study. Our participants may not be representative of the general population because they were selected from urban population, therefore the coverage was not complete and it would be a potential source of selection bias.. CONCLUSION: In conclusion the longitudinal purposeful physical exercises significantly improve the cardio-respiratory efficiency in sedentary males. Between two different modes of aerobic exercises the combined limb exercise is the better one. It is confirmed above mentioned aerobic exercise improves the physical health component of quality of life and endurance in persons. It should be included as a part of a comprehensive health promotion strategy and cardiac rehabilitations. Results of blood pressure enlightened the further way of hypertension management. The longitudinal purposeful physical exercises significantly decreased (p<0.05) the resting pulse rate. The systolic. blood pressure of males, who were engaged in the combined aerobics exercise, significantly decreased (p<0.05) after training. Physical activity can improve the mental health in sedentary males. Furthermore, Physical activity is an effective intervention and significantly improved cardiovascular fitness after combined limb exercise and mental health after walking exercise alone in healthy sedentary individuals, but if be done together with a group especially in same age it has more benefits. Therefore, designing and implementation of both exercise on alternative basis program is acknowledged as an important and effective strategy to promote old people's health status and psychological rehabilitation.. 41.
(7) International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. Vol. 3(1). REFERENCES: Abbas, Y., Abbasi, N.M., Vahidi, R., Najafipoor, F., Farshi, M.G. (2011). Effect of exercise on psychological well-being in T2DM. J Stress Physiol Biochem,7,132–42. Cash-Smith,S. (2002). Women and cardiovascular disease-Clinical brief. AAOHNJ, 50(10),443-8. Carlyle, F. H., Wesley, S. E. (1981). Physical fitness training and mental health. American Psychologist,36(4), 373-89. De Meersman, R. E. (1993) Heart rate variability and aerobic exercise. Am Heart J,725:26 De Moor, M.H., Beem, A.L., Stubbe, J.H., Boomsma, D.I., De Geus, E.J. (2006). Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality: A population-based study. Prev Med,42,273–9. De Moor, M.H., Boomsma, D.I., Stubbe, J.H., Willemsen, G., De Geus, E.J. (2008). Testing causality in the association between regular exercise and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 65,897–905. Fletcher, G. F., Balady, G. J., Amsterdam, E.A., Chaitman, B., Eckel, R., Fleg, J. (2001). Exercise standards for testing and training: An statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 104,1694–740. Garrick, J.G., Regua, R.K. (1998). Aerobic dance: a review. Sports Med,6,169-79. Garber, C.E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M.J., Lee, I.M. (2011) American College of Sports Medicine. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. ,43,1334–59.. Goldberg, D., Williams, P. (1988). A users guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Slough: NFER- Nelson. Goldberg, D., Huxley, P. (1980) Mental Illness in the community: The pathway to psychiatric care. London: Tavistock Publications Goldberg, D. (1985). Identifying psychiatric illnesses among general medical patients. British Medical Journal,29,161-62 Harsoda, J.M., Purohit, G. (2013). Effect of different modes of aerobic exercise on cardiorepiratory efficiency and exercise performance in sedentary males. IJBAP,2(1),72-8. Jone, D.R., Speier, J., Canine, K., Owen, R., Stull, A. (1989) Cardiorespiratory responce to aerobic training by patients with poliomyelitis sequelae. JAMA,261(22),3255-58. Kritz-Silverstein, D., Barrett-Connor, E., Corbeau, C. (2001). Cross-sectional and prospective study of exercise and depressed mood in the elderly. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol,153,596–603. Lea and Fabiger (1988).Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. American College of Sports Medicine 16869. Lee, C., Russell, A. (2003). Effects of physical activity on emotional well-being among older Australian women. Crosssectional and longitudinal analyses. J Psychosom Res,54,155–60. Laukkanen, R. M., Kalaja, M. K., Kalaja, S. P., Holmala, E. B., Pad- volainen, L. M., Tummvuori, M., et al. (2001). Heart rate during aerobic classes in women with different previous experience of aerobics. Eur J Appl Physiol, 84,64-8. 42.
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