chapter 23

(1)

1789 - 1815

The French Revolution & Napoleon

(2)

Section 1

Revolution Threatens the French King

(3)

The Old Regime



The

Three

Estates



First Estate



Made up of the Catholic Church



1% of the population that owned

10% of the land

(4)

The Old Regime

 Second EstateSecond Estate

 Made up of rich nobles Made up of rich nobles

 2% of the population that owned 20% of the 2% of the population that owned 20% of the land,

land,

 Third EstateThird Estate

 Made up of the bourgeoisie, urban lower class, Made up of the bourgeoisie, urban lower class, & the peasants.

& the peasants.

 Paid high taxesPaid high taxes

 No influence in the gov’t No influence in the gov’t

(5)

The Forces of Change

 Members of the 3Members of the 3rdrd Estate began to call for _{Estate began to call for}

equality, liberty & democracy

equality, liberty & democracy based on the based on the success of the American Revolution.

success of the American Revolution.

 France was faced with a rapidly failing _{France was faced with a rapidly failing}

economy due to heavy tax burden & failing

crops.

(6)

The Forces of Change



Louis XVI



Indecisive & paid

little attention to

gov’t issues.



Marie Antoinette



Wife of Louis XVI

from Austria



Lavish spending

hurt her

popularity.

(7)

Start of The French

Revolution

(8)



France was faced with bankruptcy & Louis

XVI was forced to call a meeting of the

Estates-General

(an assembly of

representatives from all 3 estates).

(9)

Revolution Dawns

 The Third Estate demanded more political The Third Estate demanded more political influence & allow equal voting.

influence & allow equal voting.

 A _ANational AssemblyNational Assembly (pass laws & reforms for (pass laws & reforms for the French people) is even suggested.

the French people) is even suggested.

 June 17, 1789 – Third Estate voted to create _{June 17, 1789 – Third Estate voted to create}

the National Assembly thereby eliminating the

absolute gov’t & creating a representative

gov’t.

(10)

Revolution Dawns

 Tennis Court Oath_{Tennis Court Oath}

 Members of the Members of the Third Estate

Third Estate

pledging to stay

until they had

drawn up a

constitution.

(11)

Revolution Dawns

 Louis XVI gives into the Third Estate & creates Louis XVI gives into the Third Estate & creates the National Assembly.

the National Assembly.

 July 14, 1789_{July 14, 1789}

 Angry French citizens overtook the Angry French citizens overtook the Bastille (a Bastille (a Paris prison)

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Section 2

Revolution Brings Reform & Terror

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The Assembly Reforms France

 August 27, 1789 –

Declaration of the Rights of Man

 “all men are born & remain free & equal in rights” and that “the aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural … rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security &

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The Assembly Reforms France



“

LIBERTY,

EQUALITY,

FRATERNITY

” will

become the

slogan of the

(16)

The Assembly Reforms France

 The The Catholic ChurchCatholic Church will lose its property &

will lose its property &

political

independence.

 Some peasants were Some peasants were against this even

against this even

though a state

Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions

 The assembly will create a limited The assembly will create a limited

constitutional monarchy & strip the

king of most of his power.

 The _TheLegislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly  Created in Sept. 1791_{Created in Sept. 1791}

 Had the power to create laws & to Had the power to create laws & to approve or prevent any war the

approve or prevent any war the

king declared.

(18)

Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions



Despite the new gov’t, old problems still

existed & the Legislative Assembly split

into 3 groups:

(chart pg 578)



Radicals



Moderates

(19)

Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions

 ÉmigrésÉmigrés

 Nobles & others who had fled France during Nobles & others who had fled France during the peasant uprisings & hoped to undo the

the peasant uprisings & hoped to undo the

Revolution & restore the Old Regime.

 Sans-culottes_{Sans-culottes}

 Wage-earners who wanted a greater voice in Wage-earners who wanted a greater voice in gov’t, lower food prices, & an end to food

gov’t, lower food prices, & an end to food

shortages.

(20)

War & Extreme Measures

 April 1792April 1792

 National Assembly declares war on AustriaNational Assembly declares war on Austria..  France was losing & Paris was threatened if France was losing & Paris was threatened if

the revolutionaries harmed the royal family.

 The Parisians will imprison the royal family.The Parisians will imprison the royal family.  Parisians will eventually raid the prisons & kill Parisians will eventually raid the prisons & kill

over 1,000 prisoners

over 1,000 prisoners (September Massacres).(September Massacres).  The Legislative Assembly will depose the king The Legislative Assembly will depose the king

& call for the election of a new legislature

(National Convention)

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War & Extreme Measures

 Jacobins Jacobins

 Radical revolutionaries Radical revolutionaries who wanted to remove

who wanted to remove

the king & establish a

republic.

 The National Convention The National Convention will declare France a

will declare France a

republic, put Louis on trial

for treason & will be

beheaded by the

guillotine.

(22)

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The Terror Grips France

 Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre

 The leader of the The leader of the

Committee of Public

Safety

Safety deciding deciding France’s enemies.

France’s enemies.

 His rule as a dictator His rule as a dictator will become known as

will become known as

the

the Reign of Terror.Reign of Terror.

 Anyone who challenged Anyone who challenged his leadership was an

his leadership was an

enemy.

(24)

The Terror Grips France

 During the Terror, it is believed that as many as During the Terror, it is believed that as many as 40,000 people were killed.

40,000 people were killed.

(25)

 July 1794, Robespierre was beheaded by the July 1794, Robespierre was beheaded by the guillotine.

guillotine.

 By 1795, a new constitution was drafted in _{By 1795, a new constitution was drafted in}

which power was laced firmly in the hands of

the upper middle class, called for a 2 house

legislature & a executive body of 5 men called

the

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Section 3

Napoleon Forges an Empire

(27)

Napoleon Grasps the Power

 Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

 Becomes the head of Becomes the head of France’s armed forces

France’s armed forces

& won a series of

important military

victories.

 By 1799, the Directory By 1799, the Directory had lost control of the

had lost control of the

political situation & the

confidence of the

French people.

Corsica

(28)

Napoleon Grasps the Power



Napoleon sudden

seizure of power

became known as

a

coup’d etat, or

“blow of state”



Napoleon became

the first consul &

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(30)

Napoleon Rules France



In 1800, a

plebiscite

or vote of the people,

was held to approve a new constitution, the

fourth in eight years.



Restoring Order at Home



Under Napoleon, France would have order

& stability, However, he would keep many

changes of the Revolution.

(31)

Napoleon Rules France

(32)



Napoleon set up

lycees

, or government

run public schools.



Common & wealthy children attended

these schools.

(33)



Napoleon signed a

concordat

(agreement) with

Pope Pius VII

, where

the government

recognized the

influence of the

Church but rejected

church control in

(34)



Napoleonic Code



This code gave the country a uniform

set of laws & eliminated many

injustices, it actually limited liberty &

promoted order & authority over

(35)

 Napoleon will be Napoleon will be crowned

crowned emperoremperor by by the pope.

the pope.

 Napoleon even put _{Napoleon even put}

the crown on his own

head, signaling that

he was more

powerful than the

church.

(36)

Napoleon Creates an Empire

 Due to the lack of success in Due to the lack of success in St. DomingueSt. Domingue & & the sale of

the sale of LouisianaLouisiana allowed Napoleon to turn allowed Napoleon to turn his attention towards Europe.

his attention towards Europe.

 Napoleon had the Austrian Netherlands, parts _{Napoleon had the Austrian Netherlands, parts}

of Italy, Switzerland & was forced to face the

Third Coalition (Great Britain, Russia, Austria &

Sweden).

(37)

Napoleon Creates an Empire

 Battle of Trafalgar Battle of Trafalgar

 Destruction of the French Destruction of the French naval fleet by the British.

naval fleet by the British.

 Assures the dominance of Assures the dominance of the British Navy for the

the British Navy for the

next 100 yrs.

 Forces Napoleon to give Forces Napoleon to give up his plans of invading

up his plans of invading

Britain.

(38)

Section 4

Napoleo

n’s

Empire

Collapse

s

(39)

Napoleon’s Three Costly Mistakes

 1806 – Napoleon orders a 1806 – Napoleon orders a blockade

blockade to prevent access to prevent access between Great Britain & other

between Great Britain & other

European nations

European nations (Continental (Continental System).

System).

 Not everyone followed Not everyone followed Napoleon (Holland).

Napoleon (Holland).

 Britain responded with its own Britain responded with its own blockade which ultimately

blockade which ultimately

caused the war of 1812.

(40)

Napoleon’s Three Costly

Mistakes

 Peninsular WarPeninsular War

 Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal for failing to Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal for failing to follow the Continental System.

follow the Continental System.

 Spain protested as French troops went through it.Spain protested as French troops went through it.

 Spanish guerillas will attack French troops in Spain.Spanish guerillas will attack French troops in Spain.

 Other countries were beginning to feel abused by a Other countries were beginning to feel abused by a foreign conqueror.

(41)

Napoleon’s Three Costly Mistakes

 Invasion of Russia Invasion of Russia

 Napoleon was fearful of Russia’s ambitions in Napoleon was fearful of Russia’s ambitions in Poland.

Poland.

 Napoleon’s army was made up of various Napoleon’s army was made up of various European soldiers.

European soldiers.

 Russians will use the scorched-earth policy.Russians will use the scorched-earth policy.

 Czar Alexander I set fire to Moscow, Napoleon Czar Alexander I set fire to Moscow, Napoleon waited, & was attacked by the waited, & was attacked by the Russians.

Russians.

 Russian winter Russian winter did not help as well.

(42)

Napoleon’s Downfall

 Napoleon will be Napoleon will be

defeated by the Fourth

Coalition.

 Napoleon will be exiled Napoleon will be exiled to the island of

to the island of Elba.Elba.

 The unpopularity of The unpopularity of Louis XVIII allowed

Louis XVIII allowed

Napoleon to return to

France.

(43)

Napoleon’s Downfall

 Battle of Waterloo_{Battle of Waterloo}

 The final defeat for _{The final defeat for}

Napoleon.

 This time Napoleon _{This time Napoleon}

will be exiled to

will be exiled to St. St. Helena

Helena where he will where he will spend the remainder

spend the remainder

of his life.

(44)

(45)

(46)

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Section 5

The Congress of Vienna

Convenes

1814

-1815

(49)

Metternich Restores Stability

 Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna

 Called to bring order & Called to bring order & stability to Europe.

stability to Europe.

 Klemens von MetternichKlemens von Metternich

 Foreign minister of Austria Foreign minister of Austria

 Wanted to prevent future Wanted to prevent future French aggression.

French aggression.

 Restore a balance of Restore a balance of power

power

 Restore Europe’s royal Restore Europe’s royal families.

(50)

Metternich Restores Stability

 The Congress will make the countries around The Congress will make the countries around France stronger.

France stronger.

 France will remain a major but diminished _{France will remain a major but diminished}

European power.

 The great powers brought back many of the _{The great powers brought back many of the}

rulers who had been driven from their thrones.