ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m
Index
Abdülhamit II 35, 44–5, 49, 61Adaletve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), see Justice and Development Party Adsız, Nihal 251–4 Afghanistan 15 Akkoyunlu 29 Akşener, Meral 236 Albania 29, 88, 138 Albanians 44, 49, 52, 62, 197 Alevis 2–3, 12, 14, 21, 44, 76–7, 91, 112–15, 118, 203–4, 235–7 attacks against 130 ban on ceremonies 112 ban on traditional dress 112 cemevis 113
Dersim 78, 135, 140 rebellions 77–8 Ali Riza Pasha 74 Alp, Tekin 97
Anayasa Mahkemesi (AYM), see
Constitutional Court Anti-Terror Law 179, 249 Arabic language 58, 102–3, 107, 170, 174 Arabs 3, 29–30, 43–5, 49–50, 58, 62, 68, 84, 109, 159, 233, 253 Aral, Berdal 10–11 Arınç, Bülent 4 Armenia 74, 81, 83, 108 Armenian language 56, 103, 107, 165, 171, 174
Armenian minority schools 100 Armenians 3, 26–7, 49, 52–3, 67–9, 73, 77–8, 80, 83, 90, 109, 120, 128, 159, 203, 236, 242, 246–8, 253 deportation 61, 67 emigration of 60 ethnic cleansing 61, 80
impact of economic nationalism on 59–60, 121–2 massacre 61 return of 82–3 assimilation 6–8, 11, 17, 19, 25, 27, 35, 79, 94–8, 102, 130–42, 143, 181, 191, 197, 199–200, 216, 226, 228, 257, 260, 262 difference anxiety 197 digestion 197 linguistic 102, 181, 212 Association Law 52 Assyrian language 85 Assyrians 3, 14, 61, 90 Atatürk, see kemal, Mustafa
Atatürk nationalism, see kemalism
Azerbaijan 83 Baha’is 3
Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi (BDP, Peace and Democracy Party) 198 Bayar, Celal 60
Bedirhan Pasha 31 Bedouin 45
Bektashis 77, 112–15 ban on ceremonies 112 ban on traditional dress 112 Beşikçi, İsmail 137–8, 192, 211, 256–7 Birlik Partisi, see unity Party
Bosnians 3, 62, 82, 103, 197 language 170
Bozkurt, Esat Mahmut 69, 95, 133 Britain 85–8, 232 Curzon, Lord 76, 79, 86–7, 106 Lausanne Conference 76 Rumbold, Horace 78 broadcasting 2, 169–71 Buddhists 175–6 Bulgaria 31, 61, 88, 155, 160, 203 Bulgarians 53, 80 Caferis 3 Caliphate 67, 70, 72–3
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m abolition 76–7, 112 Canada 115 capitulations 38, 42, 47, 58 Catholics 86, 115 Cemal Pasha 55, 65 census 62 Central Asia 45, 108, 159–60, 189 Chaldeans 3, 14, 61, 90 Chechens 72 China 155, 160 Christianity 107 Christians 3, 27, 30, 39, 68, 70, 180; see also Armenians; Catholics; Copts; Ethiopians; Greeks; Nestorians; Protestants; Syriacs Circassian language 100, 103, 170 Circassians 3, 62, 71–2, 84, 105, 133, 197, 253 citizenship 5, 14, 16, 18, 21, 33, 37, 42, 58, 70, 98, 121–2, 137, 144–51, 154, 160–62, 187, 195, 202, 213, 215–19, 221, 226, 228, 230, 238, 243–8, 260–62 citizenship law 137, 144, 160–62, 175 Civic Registration Law 50
Civil Code 1926 120 civil service 122
civilizing mission 45, 98, 130, 133, 135, 140, 257, 260
cizye, see poll tax clothing 36 codification 119–20
Commission for assessment of Minority
Problems (Azınlık Sorunların Değerlendirme Kurulu) 121
Committee on elimination of all Forms
of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 5, 12–13, 90, 144, 204, 211, 223, 226–7, 229, 236, 249; see also
Convention on the elimination of all Forms of racial and ethnic
Discrimination 1969
Committee on Union and Progress 23, 44, 46, 49–63, 65–6, 70, 78, 82–3, 96, 105, 119, 124, 249
communists 107, 128–9, 162, 237, 250, 252, 254, 256
conscription, see military service
Constitutional Court 5, 16–17, 55, 66, 139, 144, 150, 152–4, 176, 185, 187–218, 222–3, 226, 235, 247, 255, 261 civic nationalism 187 federalism 209 headscarf ban 193–4 judicial activism 188, 261 official ideology 188–9, 191–2, 197, 218, 260–62
political party closure cases 187–218 Turkish nationalism 193, 200 Constitutions 144, 166 Constitution 1908, 50 Constitution 1921, 74–5, 100, 139, 148 autonomy 74–6 Constitution 1924, 75, 100, 121, 123, 146–9, 222, 252 Constitution 1961, 100, 112, 123, 147, 149–51, 188, 222, 229 Constitution 1982, 100, 113, 123, 144, 147, 151–4, 157, 164, 188–9, 200–201, 206, 215, 217, 222–4, 226–7, 229, 235, 238, 247 Ottoman (Kanun-i Esasi) 1876 31,
34–5, 37, 42, 44–6, 50–51
Convention on the elimination of all Forms of racial and ethnic
Discrimination 1965, 176 Copts 27
Council of Europe 108, 144, 234 courts 92; see also judiciary
interpreters 181–4 language 145, 164–5, 181–5, 192 martial 102, 142, 190, 192, 211, 253–6 Nizamiye 39–40 sharia 20–21, 24, 27, 30, 39–41 translators 181–4 criminal law 220–58 criminal procedures 181–4 Croatia 24
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP), see Republican People’s Party Cyprus 27, 104, 128–9, 155, 160, 248 Çelebi, Cemalleddin 76
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m Demirel, Süleyman 2 democracy 206–7, 216–18, 243 Demokrasi Partisi (DEP, Democracy
Party) 216
Demokrasi ve Değişim Partisi (DDP, Democracy and Change Party) 153, 192–201, 203, 205–7, 209, 211–14, 216–18, 226
Demokrat Parti (DP, Democrat Party) 100, 107, 125, 128–9, 138
Demokratik Halk Partisi (DEHAP, Democratic People’s Party) 172–3 Demokratik Sol Partisi (Democratic Left
Party) 148
Demokratik Toplum Partisi (DTP, Democratic Society Party) 108, 171, 190–91, 196, 198–9, 201–2, 215–17, 251
Department of Religious Affairs 112, 118 dervishes 112, 117 Dink, Hrant 246 discrimination 5, 8, 18, 36, 144, 176, 192, 201, 203, 206–7, 210, 213–14, 217–20, 222, 225–31, 239–40, 244, 249, 258, 262 EU Directives 231 divorce 40
Diyanet, see Department of Religious Affairs Druzes 21, 44
East Report (Şark Raporu) 122, 133 Ecevit, Bülent 148 education 60, 91, 122, 201 history 45 in Kurdish 4 Islam 46 language 2, 166–9 non-Muslims 115, 122 religious 2, 114–15 tribal schools 44–5 Turkification through 66 Turkish geography 47 Turkish history 47, 197, 214 Turkish language 47, 166–7 Emek Partisi (EP, Labour Party) 153,
190, 192–3, 195–201, 203, 205–9, 211–18, 226 Enver Pasha 55, 65 equality 196, 201, 217, 219–31, 239, 243–4, 258, 262 Rousseau 220 Erbakan, Necmettin 238 Erdoğan, Tayyip 15, 198, 232 Ethiopians 27
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 11
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 144, 174, 204 European Convention on Human Rights
2, 11, 117, 141–2, 167, 173, 180, 183, 212
European Court of Human Rights 2–3, 93, 117, 119 173, 176, 180, 183, 190, 192, 206, 223, 225
European Union 116, 121, 179, 231, 246 accession to 1, 166, 168, 169, 174–5 Family Law Code 1917 119
Farsi 178, 257 Ferit, Damat 74 feuds 138–9 foundations 115–19 Bahai 118 based on race 117 Jewish 117 Muslim 116–18 non-Muslim 116–17 Seventh Day Adventist 118 Turkish 118
Framework Convention on national
Minorities 2, 11, 108 France 143, 160, 228
French Nationality Law 1851 42 French revolution 49 genocide 12, 98, 232–3, 248 cultural 12, 98, 209 Georgia 83 Georgians 3, 62 Germany 55, 160 Greece 24, 27, 61, 93, 124, 160 Muslims in 80–82, 93, 119 Venizelos, Eleftherios 79, 81 Greek language 56, 103, 107, 165 Greek minority schools 100
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m Greeks 3, 13–14, 24, 49, 53, 68, 84, 90, 98, 103, 109, 120, 123, 126, 159, 165, 203, 224 attacks in Istanbul 127–30, 151 deportation 130 emigration of 60 forced displacement 80 hate crimes against 127–30 impact of economic nationalism on 59–60, 121–2 return of 82
Günay, Ertuğrul 3 Gürsel, Cemal 151
Haci Bayram Veli Dergahı 112 Hacı Bektaş Dergahı 76–7, 112
Hak ve Özgürlükler Partisi (Hak-Par, Rights and Freedom Party) 173, 191 Halkın Demokrasi Partisi (HADEP,
People’s Democracy Party) 190– 92, 199, 201–2, 206–7, 216–17 Halkın Emek Partisi (HEP, People’s
Labour Party) 153–4, 190, 192–209, 211–18, 226 hate crimes 218–20, 232–43
hate speech 5, 37, 102, 129, 220, 228, 232–43; see also hate crimes
group defamation 233–7
history 6, 45, 150, 193–4, 197–9, 208, 226, 244, 258–9
human rights 7–9, 11–12, 93, 168, 173, 188, 202, 204–5, 214–18, 243, 261 see also European Convention on
Human Rights; European Court of Human Rights immigration 66, 159–63 Kurds 63 Muslims 60 non-Muslims 61, 130 Roma 62, 161 Turks 60, 136, 156, 159–63 Independence War 17, 65–79, 93–4, 95, 106, 111, 119, 130, 134, 195, 197, 260 Amasya Protocols 74 Erzurum Congress 66–8, 70, 197, 216 Kurds 73–6 National Pact 66, 68, 71, 73, 79, 197, 216 non-Muslims 68–70, 121, 197, 216 non-Turkish Muslims 70–79 Sivas Congress 66, 68, 70, 197, 216 India 141 inheritance law 40–41 Inspectorate Generals (Umumi
Müfettişlikler) 139–42 judicial system 140 Kurdish provinces 139–41 Tunceli 139
insulting Turkishness 220, 243–8; see also
turkishness
international Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 10–12, 115, 173; see also UN Human Rights
Committee
international Covenant on economic,
Social and Cultural Rights 10–12 Iraq 74, 155, 162
Kurdish refugees from 162 Iran 29 Islam 20, 43–4, 202, 238 mosques 113 Muslim unity 28–31, 35, 37, 43–4, 48, 71–2, 95, 197, 238, 259–60 Pan-Islamism 43–5, 52 Sunni Islam 43, 79, 112–15, 120, 220 umma 20 Islamic law 39 Constitution of Medina 25 Hanefi 3, 30, 39, 44, 79, 112, 120 Hânbalî 20 Mâliki 20–21 Shâfı’i 20–21, 30 sharia 20–21, 30, 38–41, 44 Islamism 52, 77, 190 Islamization 44, 60, 113 İdris-i Bitlisi 29 İnan, Afet 110 İnönü, İsmet 79, 81, 84–6, 97, 103, 117, 124, 131, 204, 252
İttihat ve Terakki (İTC), see Committee on
Union and Progress İzzet, Ahmet Pasha 82 Jewish minority schools 100
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124–7 synagogues 113
judiciary 4, 16, 18, 39, 118, 121, 154, 206, 258–62; see also courts
citizenship law 137 discrimination 219–20, 226, 239 equality 222–5, 239 forename cases 177–81 hate speech 219–20, 232–43, 251–4 kadıs 20–21, 24, 27–9, 39–41 Kurds 134, 185, 187–218, 242, 255 language 92, 164–5, 167–8, 171–85, 192, 194, 197 Medeni Bilgiler 110, 194–5, 198 names cases 174–81, 192 nationalist jurisprudence 220, 258 non-Muslims in 122, 187, 195–7, 206, 229–30 official ideology 188–9, 191–2, 194, 198, 220, 238–40, 244–5, 247–8, 251–4, 258 political parties 17, 171–4, 187–218 Sunnification 113, 120 Surname Law 175–6
Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) 3, 108 Kaya, Şükrü 105, 133, 140
Kemal, Kara 59
Kemal, Mustafa Atatürk 65, 72–4, 76, 99, 109–10, 131, 189, 194–5, 198 Kemalism 65, 118, 149–50, 152–4, 188–9, 191, 194–5, 198, 201, 220, 239, 247–8, 252, 257, 260 Kemalists 59, 130 Kılıç, Haşim192, 206 kin state 159 Koçgiri rebellion 77–8 Kohn, Hans 143
Koma Civakên Kurdistan (KCK, Kurdistan Union of Communities) 182–3 Köker, Levent 220, 225 Köprülü, Fuat 129 Kurdification 132, 134 Kurdish history 214 Kurdish language 2, 4, 63, 78, 85, 100–103, 107, 132–3, 165, 166–70, 181–5, 208, 211–12, 215, 240, 250, 254, 256–7 as foreign language 108 as mother tongue 191, 212, 214 broadcasting 170–71, 250 education in 4, 108, 167–9, 191, 208, 250 in courts 181–5 in politics 171–4 in prisons 184–5 Kurdish names 178–80 Kurdish nation 191, 196 Kurdish nationalism 233 Kurdishness 111, 179 Kurdism 102, 215, 240, 250, 257 propaganda 102, 190, 250, 255–7 Kurdistan 2, 30–31, 71, 74–5, 105, 108, 240 Kurds 1–4, 14, 17, 29–31, 35, 44–5, 52, 56, 62–3, 67, 71–2, 73–6, 84–6, 94, 96, 102, 105, 109, 122, 132, 139–41, 159, 162, 169, 187–218, 233, 236, 238, 240, 242, 247–8, 255–8, 260 assimilation 130–42, 215 autonomy 74–5, 78, 86, 209
cultural and linguistic claims 214, 240, 249–50
East Report (Şark Islahat Raporu) 122, 133
nomadic 30 origin of 85–6, 257 refugees from Iraq 162 secession 74–5, 78, 208 self-determination 75, 209–10 social structure 130, 137–8, 140, 211 uprising 134, 140
Kurmanci 170; see also Kurdish language
kymlicka, will 97
laicism 66, 98, 111–18, 130, 188, 190, 194 language 37, 91–2, 94, 98, 102, 144–5,
163–85, 192, 194, 197, 201, 211, 244, 258; see also kurdish
language; linguistic assimilation; nationalism; Turkish language
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m ban on 92, 99–100, 102–3, 165, 171–4, 240 broadcasting 2, 102, 145, 167, 169–71 education 2, 145, 166–9 interpreters 181–4 Mongol 100 mother tongue 166–8 in politics 171–4 prohibited languages 103, 165, 171–4 prisons 184–5 publications 169 translators 181–4 Lausanne Conference 16, 76, 79–93, 117–18, 204, 216 Aegean Islands 79 Kurds 67, 76, 85–7, 216 Mosul 67, 76, 79, 85–7 thrace 79 Lausanne Treaty 1923 6, 11, 16–17, 66, 79–93, 117–18, 202, 204, 216 equality principle 90–91 Kurds and 210, 216 legal pluralism 119 linguistic rights 91–2, 100–101, 165, 181, 184, 204 non-Muslims 90–92, 117, 165, 204, 223 religious freedom 91, 111, 204 status of minorities in 67, 88–94, 111, 115, 123, 203–4, 216 Laz 3, 14, 62, 71–2, 133, 197 language 100, 102, 107, 166, 171 Lazistan 74, 105–6 League of Nations 7, 9, 79, 87–90 High Commissioner for Refugees 80 legal centralism 119; see also legal
positivism legal education 189
legal positivism 189, 220; see also legal
centralism legal pluralism 21, 28–32, 38, 41, 79, 92, 119–20, 140 legal transplants 1, 39, 42–3, 120 legal uniformity 196, 219, 222 linguistic assimilation 102, 181, 212, 262 Maronites 3 marriage 27, 120 dower (mahir) 27, 40 registration 27, 40, 184 martial courts 102, 142, 190, 192, 211, 245, 253–6
media, see broadcasting, language, publication
Menderes, Adnan 128 Menteşe, Nahit 191 Mevlana, dervish lodge 112 Mevlana, Sufi Order 77
military 4, 25–6, 29, 45–6, 48–9, 76, 93, 107, 109, 118, 122, 126, 133, 136, 139–42, 146, 154, 159, 248, 258 military coup 1980 103, 115, 118, 129,
153, 164, 184, 190, 255
military courts, see martial courts
military service 24, 36, 48, 53–4 millet system 15, 20–49, 79, 119, 261
Constitution of Medina 25
Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP) 153, 251–2 minorities 187, 201 concept 51, 67–8, 201–8, 262 creating minorities 190, 207–8, 214, 261 dhimmi status 23–4, 26 foundations 115–19 Kurds as 196, 203–4, 210–16 Muslim 14, 67, 142, 238 national 83 non-Muslim 17, 19–21, 23–5, 27, 35–9, 43–4, 48–52, 54–6, 58–9, 66–70, 79, 83–4, 90–94, 96, 104, 115, 121–2, 125, 128–9, 149, 187, 195–7, 203–4, 206, 220, 223, 229– 30, 236, 239, 242–4, 258–9, 261 non-Turkish 14, 19, 25, 48, 56, 58, 96, 98, 187, 197–202, 240, 243–4, 258–9 non-Turkish Muslim 15, 17, 21, 28, 51, 52, 55, 67, 70–79, 83, 195, 220, 244 minority languages 2, 12, 99–104, 166–9, 174, 212, 238 ban on 92, 99–100, 102–3, 133, 165–6, 171–4, 240 broadcasting 169–71 publications 102, 169–71 minority protection/rights 1, 5, 8, 11, 13, 22, 27, 88–9, 111, 196–7, 206–8, 216, 218, 219, 222 democracy and 206–7, 216–18, 243
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m difference 3–7, 12, 15, 20–23, 26, 28, 30, 36–7, 41, 50, 53, 71, 89, 91, 95, 105, 134–5, 137, 166, 171, 179, 181, 190, 192, 197–8, 202–9, 212–14, 216–17, 219, 221–6, 228, 232, 234, 238–44, 250, 252, 255–6, 258–60, 262 equality 90–91, 190, 196, 239 group rights 9, 205 in international law 1, 6–9, 11, 68, 88–9, 203, 210–11, 216, 222, 224, 231, 256, 261
millet system, and 27 as privilege 223–4, 227, 261 reciprocity 92–3
Minority Secondary Commission (Azınlık Tali Komisyonu)121 Moldavia 24 Moldavians 25 Mustafa, Celaleddin 98 names 2, 12, 174–81, 192 of animals 108–9 corporate names 180 forenames 177–81 place names 104–9 Race Name Law 104–5
Surname Law 12, 105, 133, 137, 175–6 surnames 6, 104–5, 137, 175–6 Nansen, Fritjof 80
nationalism 238, 254; see also kurdish
nationalism; Turkish nationalism Balkan 105 Civic 6, 42, 50–51, 97, 143–5, 152, 157, 160, 187, 190, 202, 217, 262 constitutional 5 cultural 11–13, 96–120, 143 economic 58–60, 77, 96, 120–30 linguistic 55–8, 60, 98 primodialist 199 territorial 5–6 nationalist jurisprudence 220
Nationalist Party (Milliyetçi Parti) 148 nationality 144, 175
Nationality Law 1869 42 Nestorians 61, 90, 237 nomads 30, 45, 60, 135–6 Nusayris 3, 44
Olağanüstü Hal, see state of emergency
Orientalism 45
Orthodox Christians 82, 115, 224 churches 113, 224
Ottoman Empire 15–16, 19–63, 110–11, 232, 259; see also millet system; Ottomanism; Tanzimat break-up of 55, 63, 66, 259 centralization 31–2, 35, 45 citizenship 16, 21, 33, 35, 37, 42, 58, 160, 196 customary law 21, 92 devşirme system 25, 43 education 45–6 equality in law 32, 35–8, 41, 54 judiciary 20, 24, 27–9 Kurds 29–31 legal system 21–2, 24, 27–41, 44, 48, 119 minority protection 22 nationality 35 nationalism 19 pan-Islamism 43–5, 201 pluralism 19–49, 135 sancaks 29–30 secularization 17, 35, 38–41 toleration 25 tribal laws 30, 44 Ottoman language 48, 99 Ottomanism 21–3, 33, 41–3, 45, 48, 50, 53, 55, 57 Öcalan, Abdullah 236 Ökte, Faik 125
Özgürlükve Demokrasi Partisi (ÖZDEP, Freedom and Democracy Party) 2, 97, 153, 164, 190, 192–218, 226 Pakistan 162
Pamuk, Orhan 247 pan–Turkism 55, 201 Parekh, Bhikhu 221
Paris Peace Conference 88
persecution 25
PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan, Kurdistan Worker’s Party) 4, 14, 168, 183, 198, 231, 236, 240, 242 places of worship 24, 232
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m language 171–4
political party closure cases 17, 187–218 poll tax 24; see also taxation
Pomaks 82, 197 population exchange 95 Armenia 81 Bulgaria 61, 83 Christians 80 Greece 61, 67, 80–82, 122 religion 81–2 Protestants 3, 69, 86 publication 102, 169–71 racism 5, 9, 18, 190, 201, 206–7, 219–20, 226, 228, 232–4, 244, 246–7, 249–57 creating a minority as 190, 214 cultural racism 257 minority racism 190–92, 198, 217–18, 226, 240, 250–51, 254–7, 262 psychological racism 256 Refah Partisi, see welfare Party
religion 193–4, 208, 232, 235; see also laicism; secularization conversion 27, 43–4 dhimmi status 23–4, 26 heretic 19 heterodox 19, 21, 30, 44, 113 places of worship 90, 113, 232 religious freedom 91, 111
Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP) 97, 109–10, 123–4, 126, 149
resettlement policies 60–63, 66, 133–9; see also settlement law
Revolution of 1908 (II Meşrutiyet) 51, 59 Riza Nur Bey 84, 204
Roma 2–3, 25, 27, 62, 134, 161, 203–4, 233, 253 Romania 82, 160 Romanians 25 Rousseau 220 Russia, Soviet 74, 162 Sabbateans 237 Safavids 29 Saraçoğlu, Şükrü 104
secularism, see laicism
secularization 98, 111–18
self-determination 9–11, 75, 209–10 Selim, Yavuz Sultan 26
separatism 102, 108, 190, 201, 208, 215, 230, 257, 261
Settlement Law 63, 133–9, 156, 160–62 Sévres syndrome 15, 66, 202
Sévres, Treaty of, 1920 66, 202 single party regime 14, 146 Shiites 44
Slavs 49, 98
Sosyalist Parti (SP, Socialist Party) 66, 153, 167, 190, 192–209, 211–18, 223, 226
Sosyalist Türkiye Partisi (STP, Socialist Party of Turkey) 73, 153, 164, 190, 192–214, 216–18
state of emergency (Olağanüstü Hal, OHAL) 141–2
Sunnification 113
Sunnis 3, 19, 30, 78–9, 112–13, 120, 220 Sunni Kurds 29
super-diversity 23
Süleyman, Kanuni Sultan 26 Syria 74
Syriacs 27 174–6, 203–4 Şeyh Sait rebellion 131, 133–4 Talat Pasha 55, 65
Tanzimat reforms 20, 23–4, 31, 36, 38–9, 42, 49, 99, 109; see also ottoman
Empire; Ottomanism Islahat Fermanı 1856 33, 36–7, 39 Nationality Law 1869 42 Tanzimat Fermanı 1839 36, 42 Tarsus 27 taxation 24, 26–8, 34, 36, 124–5 Thrace Incidents 1934 126 translation of legislation 57 tribal schools 44–5 Tuğcu, Tülay 206 Tunceli Law 1935 135, 139–41 Turanism 251–4
‘Turk’ as legal status 145–63, 217, 228–9, 238, 260
Türkeş, Alparslan 251–2 Turkic countries 13
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m Turkification 1, 17, 52, 54, 58, 60, 63, 95–142, 148, 151, 257, 259 definition 96 of economy 120–30
Turkish Hearths (Türk Ocakları) 52, 102–3, 110, 131–2 Turkish history 18, 45, 109–11, 146, 150, 197, 208, 214, 218, 258–9, 262 Turkish language 2, 5, 18, 43, 44, 46–7, 98–104, 131, 163–85, 197, 200–201, 208, 211–12, 250, 254, 258, 260, 262 alphabet 165, 174–6, 179–80 Arabic script 99 as mother tongue 100, 166 in broadcasting 145, 169–71 in commerce 57–9, 101 in courts 57, 145 in education 45, 47, 58, 100–101, 145, 166–9 in politics 145, 171–4 in public life 145 Latin script 99 numerals 99 official language 37–8, 47, 100–101, 165 purification 99 standardization 98–104 state language100, 164, 166–7, 174, 180 Sun Language Theory 99
Turkish Language Society 107–8, 154 Turkish names 174–81
Turkish nationalism 1, 4–5, 14–15, 17–18, 43–4, 49, 65, 95–142, 149–50, 153–4, 185, 189, 198, 200, 202, 225, 239, 244–5, 251–4, 258–60, 262 ‘Turkish race’ (ırk/soy) in law 145, 154–63,
218, 242–3 education 158–9 employment 156–8 extradition 161 immigration 156, 159–63 settlement 159 social security 158 Turkishness 1, 4–5, 43, 53, 71–2, 82, 97, 103, 145, 148, 151, 154, 163, 179, 202, 217, 219–20, 233, 242–8, 255, 257–8, 260, 262 Insulting Turkishness 220, 243–8
Turkism 49, 52, 71, 233, 251–4; see also Kemalism; Turanism; pan-Turkism Turkmenistan 160 Turkmens 30 Turks 3, 50, 60, 82, 121, 146, 154–63, 195, 198, 200, 220, 245, 258 Afghan Turks 155, 159, 162 Ahıska Turks 155, 162
Central Asian origins of 45, 108, 189, 257, 260 Hittite origins of 106, 109, 134 in Bulgaria 61, 83, 88, 155, 159–60, 162 in Cyprus 155, 160–61 in Greece 155–6, 159–60 in Iraq 155 nomads 45 Uygur Turks 155, 159
Türkiye Birleşik Komünist Partisi (TBKP, United Communist Party of Turkey) 153, 164, 190–96, 198–205, 207–9, 213–16, 218, 223, 226
Türkiye Emekçi Partisi (TEP, Proletarian Party of Turkey)150, 164, 195, 200–203, 207–9, 215, 217, 226 Türkiye İşçi Partisi (Labour Party of
Turkey) 66, 150, 191, 195, 197, 200–202, 215
Türkiye Kurdistan Demokratik Parti (TKDP, Kurdistan Democrat Party of Turkey) 250
Ubaydin, Cemil 133 Ulvi, İzzet 101
Umumi Müfettişlikler, see Inspectorate Generals
UN Human Rights Committee 173, 207, 214, 225
UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief 114–15 United States of America 129, 253 Unity Party (Birlik Partisi) 118 universities 107
Utku, Müfit 198 Vahdettin, Sultan 69 vakıfs, see foundations
ww w.a shg ate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash gate .co m w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash ga te.c om w ww .ash gate .co m Wallachia 24 Wallachians 25
Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) 147, 238 World War I 55, 61, 63, 65, 67, 73, 82–3, 105–6, 236, 248 Allied Powers 65, 67, 69, 76, 81 Greek army 65, 67 Montrose Armistice 65 World War II 106, 124, 204, 251 Yezidis 3, 21, 44, 86, 91, 203–4 Young Turks 55
Zaza language 170; see also kurdish
language
zimmi status, see minorities, dhimmi status; religion, dhimmi status
