Study Outline for Test 2

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Study Outline for Test 2

Know the definitions of these term s and concepts, understand what they m ean, so you can recognize them in different wording, and be able to recognize exam ples of them :

W hen you take the test: - read the Q CAREFULLY

- figure out w hat it’s really about

- be sure you have the concepts and term s it asks about clearly in m ind and apply them

Confused, puzzled, etc.

ASK!!!

integration and communication

1. The basic function of the nervous system is __.

A. mental and psychological B. carrying information and combining it C. communication and integration D. functional and structural E. B & C are both correct

Your two hands work together (as in tying shoelaces) because the nervous system ___ information from the two hands. A "split brain" patient has the connections between the two cerebral hemispheres cut. She may have trouble using her two hands together because the two cerebral hemispheres cannot ___ each other.

A. integrates; communicate with B. metabolizes; inhibit C. synapses; dominate D. axonates; dendrate to E. filters; depolarize

Your two hands work together (as in tying shoelaces) because the nervous system ____ information from the two hands.

A. integrates B. metabolizes C. synapses D. axonates E. filters

Schizophrenia is a severe “mental” disorder. Its symptoms reflect difficulty in different mental processes working together properly. Therefore these symptoms reflect a defect in __.

A. communication B. figure-ground segregation C. integration D. release, binding, and removal E. signal detection

Neurons: what are they

- what are the basic parts and what do the do?

Match each part of the neuron with letter by its location on the diagram (1 point total). 1. axon term inal 2. axon 3. dendrites 4. som a (cell body) Match each question with the part of the neuron that goes with it best.

[Not all alternatives need to be used]

1. m any different branches all covered with connections from m any other neurons

2. carries inform ation reliably over long distances

3. releases a chem ical neurotransm itter when all-or-nothing im pulses reach it

4. integration

A. dendrites B. som a or cell body C. axon D. axon term inal

how do we know that the brain is the basis of mental and behavioral activity?

- localization of function: evidence for it

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5. The front edge of the left parietal lobe receives touch inform ation from the right side of the body. W e know this because ___.

A. electrical stim ulation there produces touch sensations on the right side

B. touch on the right side produces increased activity there as m easured with a PET scan C. dam age there disturbs touch perception on the right side

D. touch on the right side produces electrical responses there E. A, B, C, & D are all correct

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): somatic; sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of autonomic NS

Match the following physical and psychological reactions that go with anger to the system s that carry them out. 6. Your psychological reaction of anger

7. The am ount of stress horm one (cortisol) in your blood goes up 8. Muscles in your arm s, legs, body, face becom e very tense

9. Your blood pressure and heart rate rise, digestion stops, and m outh dries up A. som atic division of the peripheral nervous system

B. activity in parts of the lim bic system , like the am ygdala

C. result of increased signals from the pituitary triggered by signals from the hypothalam us D. sym pathetic division of the autonom ic nervous system

Jason is about to give a talk to a critical audience. He perspires, his m outh is dry, and his heart beats faster and harder than usual. The _____ directly controls these reactions.

A. som atic division of the peripheral nervous system B. thym us C. frontal lobes D. sym pathetic division of the autonom ic nervous system E. B, C, and D are all correct

Jeri is very upset with her roommate because she borrowed her laptop computer without asking. The part of her brain that is most important in producing these reactions is

A. hierarchical structure B. limbic system and hypothalamus C. autonomic nervous system D. association areas of the back of the cerebral cortex E. B & C are both correct

Central Nervous System (CNS)

- grey matter; white matter: what's in each, what does each do?

- spinal cord: the 5 parts of simple reflexes and what each does

10. Activity elsewhere in the nervous system can change reflex reactions to a stim ulus. The change occurs A. on axons B. on dendrites C. at (across) synapses D. in the som a (cell body) E. at any of A, B, C, or D 11. You can inhibit (block) coughing voluntarily (for at least a few seconds). The cough reflex is blocked __. A. at one or more synapses in the brain stem and/or spinal cord

B. by inhibiting the receptor for the tickling stimulus in the throat C. by inhibiting the muscles used in coughing D. by blocking transmission on the axons of neurons in the reflex E. A, B, C, & D are all correct

12. The strength of a reflex are m odified by changing transm ission

A. at its synapse(s) B. on its sensory afferent peripheral nerves C. on its m otor efferent peripheral nerves D. A, B, and C are all correct E. None of the above. Reflexes are autom atic and cannot be changed

13. Sim ple reflexes never operate in isolation. They are affected by activity of other reflexes and in m any other parts of the brain. Such activity affects reflexes by

A. m odifying synaptic transm ission in the reflex

B. changing the chem ical neurotransm itter of the synapse(s) in the reflex C. m odifying the sensory receptors in the reflex

D. m odifying the m otor effectors (m uscles, glands) in the reflex E. all of the above are correct

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brain stem, what does it do, compared to spinal cord?

- hypothalamus; pituitary gland

14. A cat that falls out of a tree lands of this feet. It automatically twists its whole body around and extends its legs to break its fall. This ability to co-ordinate many different reflex actions is organized in the

A. brain stem B. spinal cord C. frontal lobes D. hypothalamus

15. The hypothalamus controls the body’s reaction to stress through the ___.

A. somatic division of the peripheral nervous system B. pituitary gland C. frontal lobes D. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system E. B and D are both correct

cerebral hemispheres: cerebral cortex; why it has ridges (gyri) & grooves (sulci)

16. Many kinds of animals have cerebral hemispheres that are wrinkled with gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves). The more and deeper these wrinkles are __.

A. the more grey matter that kind of animal has in its cerebral cortex

B. the more dendrites, synapses, and neurons that kind of animal has in its cerebral cortex C. the more complex behavior that kind of animal shows D. A, B, and C are all correct

17. The hum an cerebral hem ispheres have deep sulci (grooves) to __. A. keep neural signals from jum ping from one brain area to another B. fit m ore dendrites, synapses, and neurons into the brain inside the skull C. increase the am ount of grey m atter on the cerebral hem ispheres D. to provide landm arks that guide the organization of different brain areas E. B and C are both correct

18. The human cerebral cortex __.

A. is much larger than the cortex in chimpanzees, monkeys, dogs, etc.

B. is very wrinkled by gyri & sulci to fit about 3/4ths of the brain’s ~ 100 billion neurons

C. has much less primary sensory (and motor) cortex than sensory (and motor) association cortex or higher order association cortex

D. is made of grey matter E. A, B, C, and D are all correct

19. The cerebral cortex of the human brain __.

A. is wrinkled to increase the amount of grey matter in the brain

B. has very many axon terminals, dendrites, and the synapses they make C. has a lot of necrotic factor in it D. cannot be important in perception of color, because it is grey E. A & B are both correct

Cerebral Cortex: primary areas, sensory association areas, higher (non-sensory) association areas

20. A person with brain dam age can describe what a ham m er looks like but does not know what it is. You m ight

expect their brain dam age was located in the ___.

A. prim ary visual cortex in occipital lobe B. m otivational system lim bic lobe C. association cortex in frontal lobe

D. visual association cortex on tem poral lobe E. spatial system in parietal association cortex Match what part of the brain is probably damaged to produce the following problems: (1 point total) 21. cannot consciously hear sounds

22. can consciously hear the sounds of spoken language but cannot recognize that it is language 23. can consciously recognize sounds as spoken language but cannot understand what the words and

sentences mean

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24. Brain dam age in visual association areas of the tem poral lobe results in visual agnosia. W hich of the following m ight you expect to happen following dam age in the auditory association areas?

A. deafness B. auditory agnosia C. loss of all sensory perception D. inability to recognize what sounds were E. B and D are both correct

25.

A patient has difficulty controlling impulses, carrying out plans, and shifting strategies when

conditions change. S/he is likely to have damage in

A. limbic system

B. reticular formation

C. frontal lobes

D. cerebellum

E. left hemisphere

- limbic system

26. A news article says that research has found that fear and anxiety increase the activity in the am ygdala in the norm al brain. Although you m ay not recall the nam e "am ygdala," you are quite sure it is som ewhere in the __. A. brain stem , because it is the link between the cerebral hem ispheres and spinal cord, which gets inform ation

from the body

B. grey m atter, because grey m atter contains the dendrites, axon term inals, and synapses where change occurs C. the lim bic system , because it is essential for norm al m otivation and em otion

D. frontal lobe, because it is im portant in organizing behavior to adapt people to the stress of anxiety

27. Brain damage in visual association areas of the temporal lobe results in visual agnosia. Which of the following might you expect to happen following damage in the auditory association areas?

A. deafness B. auditory agnosia C. loss of all sensory perception D. inability to recognize what sounds were E. B and D are both correct

neuron’s codes:

- polarization:

- dendrite: Graded response code: depolarization; hyperpolarization; summation

- axon: All-or-nothing impulses: rate code

Match each question with the part of the neuron that goes with it best. (2 points total) [Not all alternatives need to be used]

28. receives connections from 1,000s of other neurons

29. sends signals reliably over long distances

30. integrative function

31. releases chem ical neurotransm itter m olecules when all-or-nothing im pulses reach it A. dendrites B. som a or cell body C. axon D. axon term inal

Match each part of the neuron with letter by its location on the diagram (1 point total). 32. axon term inal 33. axon 34.i) dendrites 35. som a (cell body)

transmission at synapses: chemical neurotransmitters: stages

- effects of psychologically active drugs: how do the produce their different effects?

36. How does an all-or-nothing im pulse that reaches an axon term inal affect the next neuron? A. It jum ps across the synaptic cleft if it is big enough.

B. It releases a packet of chem ical neurotransm itter m olecules.

C. It’s electrical charge briefly splits open the dendritic m em brane to let in + ions (charged m olecules). D. It m akes the axon term inal part of the dendrite for 1 m illisecond.

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Match each Q with the term it goes with the best.

37. receiving end of neuron

38. the part of one neuron that affects another neuron

39. where drugs that affect psychological processes act

40. sends the sum of excitations and inhibitions a neuron receives reliably over long distances to other neurons A. synapse B. cell body (som a) C. dendrite D. axon term inal E. axon

41. The place where one neuron can affect the activity of another neuron is called a ___. A. dendrite B. synapse C. ventricle D. node of Ranvier E. glial Match the code for excitation with the system that uses it (2 points total)

42. rate of all-or-nothing im pulses

43. sum of graded depolarizations and hyperpolarizations 44. chem ical neurotransm itters

45. chem ical m essengers with targets throughout the body

A. synapses B. dendrites C. m yelin nodes D. axon E. endocrine system

know these neurotransmitters: a psychological function each goes with, a drug/medication that acts on it

dopamine; acetyl choline; endorphins; serotonin, GABA

46. Glutam ate, dopam ine, acetyl choline, and serotonin are all

A. m olecules that produce excitation or inhibition)at specific kinds of synapses B. kinds of neurons

C. chem ical neurotransm itters D. cytokines E. A and C are both correct 91A(F) A and D are both correct 47. A chem ical injected next to a neuron’s dendrites changes the dendrites’ polarization. This chem ical probably

__.

A. kills the nerve cell by interfering with its m etabolism B. is an exocrine horm one

C. Affects a neurotransm itter’s function D. can affect a behavior E. C and D are both correct

48. George injects a very tiny amount of a chemical next to the neuron in the brain which he is measuring. If this chemical decreases the neuron’s polarization of the dendrites of this neuron, the chemical ___ A. acts like a neurotransmitter B. binds to some kind of receptor molecule

C. probably has a specific behavioral effect if given to an animal or person D. A, B, & C are all correct 49. If the dendritic m em brane’s polarization increases, this signals ____. If it decreases, this signals ___. A. sum m ation; subtraction B. inhibition; excitation

C. m etabolism ; catabolism D. endocrine action; exocrine action E. subtraction; integration

50. A chemical that decreases the polarization of the dendrites of a neuron ___

A. acts like an excitatory neurotransmitter B. is killing the neuron C. binds to some kind of receptor molecule D. is probably a "recreational" drug like alcohol E. A & C are both correct F. B & D are both correct

senses: channels of information to the mind

51. Light rays, sound waves, chem icals in your nose, etc, bring you everything you know about the world outside you. How does your m ind/brain get the inform ation these physical forces and chem icals carry?

A. Your m ind extracts the inform ation from these physical stim uli to create a brain code B. Your nervous system codes these physical stim uli in neural signals

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52. Inform ation from the world is in the form of physical stim uli, like light or sound pressure, but the brain uses only neural signals. How can our m ind can get inform ation about what is in the world around you?

A. Inform ation in physical stim uli such as light or sound patterns are coded by your sensory system s. B. Your m ind is the figure that is organized from the background from the perceptual world.

C. The senses deliver to your m ind tiny m odels or replicas of the things you perceive. D. You can see and hear what’s around you. E. B and D are both correct 53. Your mind gets accurate inform ation about objects and events in the world from __.

A. labeled line (anatom ical) and pattern neural codes B. physical stim uli channeled to the brain

C. G estalt laws of organization D. m ental m odels

threshold (JND): definition,

54. W hen you have your hearing tested, the audiologist plays softer and softer tones until you can't hear them . The audiologist is m aking a rough estim ate of your (absolute) threshold. If s/he m easured your threshold for detecting the tone accurately, s/he would

A. find the intensity that just failed to fire im pulses in auditory neurons B. find the tone intensity that you detected 50% of the tim e

C. separate your decision criterion from your sensitivity

D. find the tone that you judged as half as loud as the standard tone E. C & D are both correct 55. A sub-lim inal stim ulus is one that is below threshold. This m eans ___.

A. the receiver operating characteristic curve is a steeply concave line. B. it cannot be detected C. it is detected less than 50% of the tim es it is presented.

D. it hyperpolarizes dendrites. E. B and D are both correct

Threshold [Hint: recall the technical definition of threshold; you m ay want to write it down]

56. T=A F=B is the sm allest difference that can be detected as different from a standard or background stim ulus 57. T=A F=B is (approxim ately) a constant fraction of the standard (background) stim ulus

58. T=A F=B confounds sensitivity and bias (decision criterion or rule)

59. T=A F=B is the stim ulus value that produces 50% hits and 50% false alarm s

Weber's law: what does it mean?

60. If your stereo plays very softly, you have to turn up the volum e only slightly to increase loudness noticeably. If it is loud, you need to turn up the volum e m uch m ore to increase loudness noticeably . This illustrates __. A. direct m agnitude estim ation of sensory experience B. W eber's law

C. that the change in intensity of a test stim ulus needed to reach threshold is a constant fraction of the intensity of the standard stim ulus

D. separation of sensitivity to stim uli from decision criterion about them

E. B and C are both correct 83 A (F) A and B are both correct

61. You make lemonade with 50 ounces of sugar. To make it sweeter by 1 JND, you have to add 5 ounces more sugar. If Weber’s Law is correct, you will need _____ ounces(s) more sugar to make lemonade made with 100 ounces of sugar just noticeably sweeter

A. 5 B. 10 C. 1/50 D. 10% of 50 E. 1

62. To find out how much more sugar to add to make some lemonade 1 JND sweeter, you measure the __. A. the amount of added sugar that observers say makes the lemonade taste better

B. the amount of added sugar that observers can detect as sweeter half the time they taste it C. d’ D. difference threshold E. B and D are both correct

63. Bart can just detect the addition of 1 ounce to the 50 ounces he is lifting. According to W eber's law, he would just detect ___ added to 25 ounces.

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When it’s very quiet, you can detect a very soft noise. When a few people talk, you need more noise to detect it. At a rock concert, you need an explosion before you detect the noise. This reflects (1 point total)

64. T=A F=B Weber’s law

65. T=A F=B the stronger the background, the bigger the change needed for detection 66. T=A F=B the all-or-nothing nature of threshold

67. T=A F=B the fact that noise damages hearing

Signal Detection Theory: what can it do that threshold can’t

- hits, false alarms

- sensitivity; criterion (or bias): neutral, loose, strict

- ROC curves: plot % hits against % false alarms

68. Signal detection ____, which threshold cannot do.

A. is always unbiased B. com pares stim uli detected both m ore than and less than 50% of trials. C. m easures sensitivity and criterion (bias) separately

D. m easures both excitation and inhibition on neurons E. B & D are both correct 69. Suppose that drug QRS22 raises threshold for reporting pain. Signal Detection Theory says that QRS22 __. A. m ade criterion for reporting pain looser B. m ade criterion for reporting pain stricter

C. decreased sensitivity to painful stim uli D. increased hits and false alarm s E. either or both B and C are correct 91A(F) either A or D is correct In Signal Detection Theory (1 point total)

70. T=A F=B False Alarm = saying a signal is present, when it is not 71. T=A F=B high sensitivity = 50% hits and 50% false alarm s

72. T=A F=B strict criterion = very few false alarm s and not very m any hits 73. T=A F=B loose criterion = very few false alarm s and very m any hits

74. What is a feature of signal detection, which threshold measurement does not have? A. It measures sensitivity and criterion (bias) separately.

B. It compares stimuli detected both more than and less than 50% of trials. C. It is always unbiased. D. It measures both excitation and inhibition on neurons. E. B & D are both correct. Match the following with the letter on the diagram that fits best. Figure out the

answers using what you know about hits and false alarm s rather than from m em ory. [The letters refer areas on the diagram and also to individual curves.]

75. highest sensitivity A. B. C. D. A, B, & C 76. loose criterion A. B. C. D. A, B, & C 77. 90% hits, 60% false alarm s A. B. C. D. A, B, & C 78. 30% hits, 15% false alarm s A. B. C. D. A, B, & C 79. equal sensitivity curve A. B. C. D. A, B, & C

80. If Priya uses a loose criterion, she will m ake ___; If Gurup uses a strict criterion, he will m ake ___;

A. a lot of hits; few hits B. a lot of false alarm s; very few false alarm s C. few hits; a lot of hits D. few false alarm s; a lot of false alarm s

E. A and B 91A(F) C and D

81. Thom ’s job is to screen blood sam ples for a disease. If he reports the signs, the patient receives additional tests to check for the disease and gets effective treatm ent. If he m isses the signs, the patient m ay get so ill that s/he cannot recover. Therefore, according to signal detection theory, you can expect the technician to __. A. shift his decision criterion to be sure he m axim izes his hits B. increase the num ber of JNDs he m akes C. m ake quite a few false alarm s D. detect the disease 50% of the tim e E. A and C are both correct

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Dr. Mike and Dr. Marie read a series of chest X-rays looking for signs of a tum or. Dr. Mike identifies the X-ray of a healthy person as showing a tum or 26% of the tim e, and he correctly detects signs of a tum or in 92% of the cases. Dr. Marie correctly detects signs of a tum or in 99% of the cases, but identifies X-rays of a healthy person as showing a tum or 68% of the tim e. (Com pared to Dr. Mike) Dr. Marie ___. (1 point total)

82. A=T, B= F uses a looser criterion for detecting a tum or

83. A=T, B= F m akes m ore false alarm s (reporting a tum or when it is not there) 84. A=T, B= F would show a lower threshold (if it were m easured)

85. A=T, B= F m akes m ore hits (reporting a tum or when it really is there)

A simple test for the AIDS virus is used to check blood donated at a blood drive. It is very important to identify blood with the AIDS virus, and the cost of incorrectly discarding uninfected blood is small. According to Signal Detection Theory, technicians doing the screening test should use a decision criterion that (1 point total)

86. T=A, F=B maximizes detecting infected blood 87. T=A, F=B produces quite a few false alarms 88. T=A, F=B maximizes the number of hits

89. T=A, F=B reports quite a few tim es that healthy blood is infected

distal stimuli (objects) and proximal stimuli

labeled line or anatomical coding: how does it work?

90. If you stim ulate the visual cortex directly with electric pulses (just strong enough to trigger neural signals), labeled line (anatom ical) coding says that the stim ulation will produce

A. blind sight B. sensation of shock or pain C. visual experience D. nothing E. reorganization of the visual cortex around the shock focus A neurosurgeon stim ulates the visual cortex with weak electric pulses (just strong enough to trigger neural signals). W hat does the patient who gets the stim ulation report. W hat kind of coding does this illustrate?

91. The figure at the right shows PET scans of the left hemisphere while a person did different language tasks. It illustrates

A. different parts of the brain doing different things B. anatomical coding C. localization of function D. A, B, & C are all correct 92. Touch, vibration, warming, and hair movement activate different

receptors and nerve fibers in the peripheral nerve. These nerves activate different neurons in the somatosensory (touch) areas of the brain. This fact illustrates __.

A. top down processing B. lateral inhibition C. labeled line (anatomical) coding

D. the difference criteria for each kind of stimulation to the skin E. A and D are both correct

- receptors; adequate stimulus; receptive field

A fine needle electrode is put through the skin into a sensory nerve and m easures activity from a single axon. The axon it m easure responds only to gentle touch (not warm th, pin pick, etc.) on the tip of the left thum b.

93. Gentle touch is the _____ for that axon (neuron). 94. The tip of left thum b is the _____ for that axon.

95. If you use this electrode to stim ulate the axon instead of recording from it, you would expect the person to report ___.

96. W hat the preceding questions illustrate

A. gentle touch B. labeled line (anatom ical) coding C. adequate stim ulus D. pain E. receptive field 91A(F) psychological m agnitude

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97. If an adequate stimulus falls on the receptive field of a neuron ___.

A. a just noticeable difference is created. B. a figure-ground segregation occurs

C. the neuron changes activity D. the signal to noise ratio creates a false alarm E. A, B, C, & D are all correct

- sensory areas in the cerebral cortex: maps of the receptor surface

- acuity (sensitivity to fine details)and the sensory maps

- adaptation; lateral inhibition: processes that enhance sensitivity to change

98. After you turn off the light at night, everything looks grey in the m oonlight from the window because that light___.

A. is white B. stim ulates only inhibitory responses in opponent cells

C. is only strong enough to stim ulate rods D. cannot get far enough into the retina E. A & C are both correct

Match the following

99. making edges stand out

100. sensitivity to change (as opposed to steady state)

101. bright light breaks down light-absorbing photopigments in rods and cones faster than they are put together 102. activating a neuron from one place on the skin inhibits activity in neurons from neighboring places

A. adaptation B. lateral inhibition C. both adaptation and lateral inhibition 103. Lateral inhibition in the retina ___.

A. Makes a middle grey look darker against a light grey background and lighter against a dark grey background B. is important in sharpening edges and contours C. makes light focus on the retina more sharply D. A & B are both correct E. A, B, & C are all correct

104. Lateral inhibition

A. keep inform ation on the two sides of the retina separate so they can reach the two hem ispheres separately. B. cause proprioception. C. Make edges and contours stand out.

D. cancel out the effects of eye m ovem ents (trem or and saccades). E. A and B are both correct 105. Rik shines a sm all spot of light on the receptive field of a neuron in the retina of the eye. If he shines a

second spot of light next to the receptive field of that neuron, its response to the first spot of light ____. This effect ____

A. rem ains unchanged; is an exam ple of Fechner's law B. decreases; m akes edges and contours stand out C. is inhibited; is called lateral inhibition

D. increases; is the basis of brightness constancy E. B and C are both correct

106. Neighboring cells A and B in the retina are each stim ulated by light. Light on B is turned off. This m akes cell A respond ___. This observation illustrates ___, which serves to ____.

A. faster (m ore); transduction; keep total brightness constant (unchanged) B. slower (less); adequate stim ulation; inhibit specific nerve energies

C. at the sam e rate; perceptual constancy; m ake perception of the proxim al stim ulus accurate D. faster (m ore); lateral inhibition; sharpen edges

E. slower (less); transduction; m ake perceiving proxim al stim ulus accurate

91A(F) at the sam e rate; brightness illusions; stabilize perception

light: wavelength (physical stimulus) and color (psychological)

eye: cornea & lens: retina:

107. W earing glasses (or contacts) helps focus im ages sharply on the sensitive surface of receptors in the eye. The glasses overcom e defects in

A. retina B. cornea and lens C. rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells D. sim ple, com plex, and hypercom plex cells E. A, B, C, & D are all correct

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108. An abnorm ally shaped cornea produces ___. In older people, the lens of the eye can't flex any m ore; this produces ___

A. a fuzzy or distorted im age on retina; a fuzzy im age of closer (or farther) objects

B. m yopia (near sightedness), hyperopia (far sightedness), or astigm atism ; presbyopia (inability to adjust focus) C. the need for glasses; the need for bifocals D. A, B, and C are all correct

109. In the eye, the _____ focus(es) an image on the ____.

A. rods and cones; retina B. pupil; optic disk C. lens and cornea; retina D. rods and cones; lens & cornea E. fovea; retina

110. You can see fine detail and color best in the center of visual field (what you look at directly) because A. the m iddle 1% of the visual field goes to the fovea of the retina, which has only cones

B. the retina has the m ost feature detectors there C. the lens and cornea are located there D. the sm all fovea in the retina takes up half the m ap of the retina on the visual cortex

E. A and D are all correct

rods and cones: what do they do? how can you tell?

Match each feature with the term it fits best.

111. m ore sensitive to light

112. required for color and detail vision

113. m ostly in the fovea, a sm all area in the m iddle of the retina 114. receptors

A. rods B. cones C. both rods and cones

115. In m oonlight everything appears as shades of grey because m oonlight

A. stim ulates only inhibitory responses in opponent cells B. is too weak to get into the retina far enough C. has only white light D. is only strong enough to stim ulate rods E. B and C are both correct

116. W hen you turn off the light at night, things look grey in the m oonlight from the window because that light___. A. is white B. stim ulates only inhibitory responses in opponent cells

C. is only strong enough to stim ulate rods D. cannot get far enough into the retina E. A & C are both correct

Trichromatic theory: evidence for it. How do cones code color?

Opponent theory: evidence for it. How do neurons in the visual system code color?

117. What EVIDENCE (data, observations, facts) support the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory A. visual cortex neurons respond to only one of three colors: red, yellow or blue

B. three different kinds of cones absorb light the most at three different wavelengths (420, 530, or 560 nM) C. proper mixture of red, green & blue light can match any color in the spectrum

D. people perceive all colors in the spectrum E. B & C are both correct 92A(F) A, B, & C are all correct 118. According to Hering, the color system has two opposing pairs: Red vs Green and Blue vs Yellow. What

data support this idea?

A. cones in the retina come in pairs: red versus green and blue versus yellow

B. neurons in the visual system respond oppositely to either red versus green or blue versus yellow C. perceptually, yellow is a pure color, like red, green and blue

D. B & C are both correct E. A, B, & C are all correct

sound waves: frequency & amplitude [size] (physical) related to pitch and loudness (psychological)

inner ear: cochlea; basilar membrane;

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Match what is coded with what creates that code. (2 points total) 119. position on basilar m em brane

120. tim e and intensity difference between the two ears

121. how m uch of a single wavelength of light each kind of cone absorbs 122. com bination of feature-detecting neurons

A. intensity B.(higher frequency) pitch C. location of sound source D. color E. distal stim ulus (object) 93A(F) brightness or lightness

sound location: How is it coded?

123. W hile taking an exam you hear the person at your right whispering. You can tell the whisper com es from your right because ____.

A. it is m ore intense in your right ear than in your left B. it reaches your right ear before it reaches your left ear C. It vibrates the right end basilar m em brane m ore D. you hear it on your right E. A & B are both correct

Gate Control Theory of pain perception: thick (large diameter) and thin (small diamenter) agons

descending inhibition from the brain

124. The Gate Control theory of pain helps explain why __.

A. injury always triggers pain, and pain occurs only with injury B. you rub a painful area to reduce the pain C. injury does not always trigger pain, and pain can occur after injury is healed

D. the pain and touch system s are separate in the spinal cord and brain E. B and C are both correct

perception: extracting information about stable distal objects from the varying proximal stimulus

125. This test paper in front of you is a(n) _____. The light rays from it that reach your retinas form the _____,. A. fixation point; saccades B. distal stim ulus; proxim al stim ulus C. adequate stim ulus; receptive field D. constant perception; figure-ground segregation E. expected stim ulus; received stim ulus

126. This test paper is a(n) ___. The light from it that reaches your retina is the ___ from which you can extract the perception of the test paper.

A. distal stim ulus; proxim al stim ulus B. expected stim ulus; received stim ulus C. constant perception; figure-ground segregation D. fixation point; visual code

127. The proxim al stim ulus

A. is the stim ulus that is closest to the threshold B. is the stim ulus reaching the sensory receptors C. is the stim ulus change that is detectably different from a standard 50% of the tim e

D. m ay vary, though the distal object from which it com es is perceived accurately as stable or unchanged

E. A and C are both correct 91A(F). B and D are both correct

128.An article on visual perception (Science, 1992, 257, 1357) states: "W hen we see objects in the world, what we actually `see' in m uch m ore than the retinal im age." This statem ent describes how

A. threshold and signal detection differ B. tem plate and prototype theories of perception differ C. perception extracts inform ation from the proxim al stim ulus to detect the distal object

D. serial and parallel processing differ E. B and D are both correct

129. The objects you recognize visually are ___. Light from the object reaching the retina in the eye is the ___. A. distal stim uli; proxim al stim ulus B. m ediated perceptions; direct perception

C. adequate stim ulus; trigger feature D. visual targets; visual capture E. top-up processes; bottom -down process

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130. The m ind/brain gets its inform ation about the world from the ___ that reach the senses. From this inform ation it reconstructs ___ .

A. Gestalt laws of organization; figure from the background B. prim aries, higher order associations C. proxim al stim uli, the distal stim ulus D. tem plates; prototypes and exem plars

131. The object you perceive (recognize) is the ___. Its im age on the retina in the eye is the ___.

A. distal stim ulus; proxim al stim ulus B. adequate stim ulus; trigger feature C. visual target; visual capture D. m ediated perception; direct perception E. top-up process; bottom -down process

132. A spot of light in a darkened room moves up and down, and people perceive it to move up and down (left panel). Another spot of light moves left and right, and people perceive it to move left and right (center panel). If the two lights are shown together, people perceive them to move towards and away from each other on a diagonal, and

not up and down plus left and right (right panel). What does this demonstration illustrate? A. bottom-up processing B. adequate stimulation

C. perception of individual stimuli cannot predict how they are perceived in combination D. a depth illusion resulting from elimination of accurate cues about the size of stimuli

E. selective attention filtering out simple automatic perceptions in favor of complex, controlled perceptions

Gestalt: relation among "elements" of the visual world: phi experiment; figures against (back)grounds

- "laws" of organization: how "elements" get organized as figures

133.

From the Gestalt point of view, the letters on this page are the ____, and the paper on which they

are printed is the ___.

A. perception; constancy

B. figure; ground

C. perception; sensation

D. proximal stimulus; distal object

E. proximities; similies

F. D and E are both correct

form perception: detection model

cogntive models of form perception: distinctive feature, prototype, exemplar; neural network models

Match the descriptions of models of object perception with the name of the model they fit best. (2 point total) You can recognize a bird because its shape __.

134. matches some past example of a bird you have seen 135. is close to the “average” bird you have seen

136. fits in the “psychological space” defined by examples of birds you have seen

137. can be described by combinations of a small set of basic shapes (one researcher calls them geons) A. template B. prototype C. exemplar D. distinctive feature

138. Gestalt laws of organization are attem pts to describe the way stim ulus "elem ents" are organized into A. figures against a background B. adequate stim ulation C. perceptual constants.

D. anatom ical codes E. C and D are both correct

139. From the Gestalt point of view, the letters on this page are the _____ and the paper is the ______. A. perception; constancy B. figure; ground C. perception; sensation

D. proxim al stim ulus; distal object E. proxim ities; sim ilies A neural network is a com puter program that (1 point total) 140. T=A F=B can be taught to recognize “stim uli”

141. T=A F=B is a parallel processor rather than a serial processor 142. T=A F=B can respond correctly to “stim uli” it has never “seen” before 143. T=A F=B sim ulates (“im itates”) Gestalt laws of organization

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depth perception: how do we see depth with flat retinas?

binocular cues: retinal disparity

monocular cues: linear perspective; texture gradient; motion parallax or visual flow:

144. In the drawing at the right, the three cylinders are physically the sam e size,

but appear different in size. The one at the right looks bigger because A. texture gradient and perspective m ake it look farther away

B. we focus on the proxim al stim ulus, not the distal object C. we assum e from our past experience that it is bigger D. a picture is the equivalent of m onocular viewing

145. Retinal disparity (two eyes receive slightly different images), texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax provide information A. to organize figures against a background (Gestalt laws)

B. about the brightness of an object

C. about depth or distance D. about the vertical and horizontal position of features in the visual field E. that reconstructs objects from the multiple fixations the eye uses to scan it

146. W hat do the following have in com m on? Retinal disparity (two eyes receive slightly different im ages), texture gradient, linear perspective, m otion parallax

A. organize figures against a background (Gestalt laws)

B. provide inform ation about the position of an object in the visual field C. provide inform ation about the brightness of an object

D. provide inform ation about depth or distance

E. m ethods of m ultiple fixations for accurate perception of a scene

perceptual constancy: proximal stimulus varies, yet perception of distal stimuli remains stable

147. A hammer produces very different proximal stimuli on the retina if you turn it in various directions, yet you still see it as the same distal object. This is an example of

A. figure-ground synthesis B. perceptual contrast C. a visual illusion D. perceptual constancy E. convergent conduction in the brain

148. In the drawing at the right, the three cylinders are physically the sam e size, but appear different in size. The one at the right looks bigger because

A. texture gradient and perspective m ake it look farther away B. we focus on the proxim al stim ulus, not the distal object C. we assum e from our past experience that it is bigger D. a picture is the equivalent of m onocular viewing

brightness or lightness constancy

149.

Jane's white dress looks white both in dim evening light and in bright daylight. This fact shows

A. that brightness is based on a constant response to a constant stimulus

B. that brightness is based on comparing light reflected by the dress with light from the surround

C. that brightness is based on the constant ratio (~relative amount) of light from the dress and its

surrounding

D. an example of brightness constancy

E. A, C, and B are all correct

F. B, C, and D are all correct

150. My black trousers reflect m ore light outside on a sunny day that m y white shirt does in this room . But the trousers still look black and the shirt still looks white.

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B. lightness constancy C. shows that som ething looks dark if it is darker than the things around it D. perception of lightness (or darkness depends on how m uch light som ething reflects E. B & C

size constancy

151. If you don’t get accurate inform ation about how far away an object is, you are likely to __.

A. experience clairvoyance B. see figure and background alternate back and forth C. suffer hallucinations D. m ake m istakes in judging how bit the object is E. use rods rather than cones to look at the object

Bottom up processing: perception based on stimulus information ('bottom"of sensory system)

Top down processing: perception based on information already in your mind ("top" of sensory system)

152. People tend to perceive what they expect to find, and they tend not to notice what they don't expect to find.

This statem ent indicates that people use ___ quite a lot.

A. perceptual constancy B. Gestalt principles of organization C. top down processing D. unconscious inference E. the prim ary visual cortex (rather than association cortex)

Distorted Room illusion: Top down: expect to see rectangular rooms; Bottom up: false depth

153. The distorted room illusion (people seem to grow or shrink as they walk from one far corner to the other)

depends on (use the sim pler and m ore likely explanation)

A. the changing size of the retinal im age as the people walk from one corner to the other

B. incorrect visual inform ation about depth C. adaptation to distortion as we continue looking at the room D. past experience that room s are always rectangular but people shrink and grow E. A and B are both correct Match each perceptual process with the term it goes with best (2 points total)

154. perception based on expectations from past experience

155. perceptual processing m odeled by layers of interconnected nodes that “learn” the correct solution to a task 156. perceptual processing m odeled by a psychological space defined by previous exam ples of a perceived