MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ1 and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY2
1. Czech Zoological Society, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic. 2. Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
Recibido: 20-11-2003. Aceptado: 27-12-2003 ISSN: 0210-8984
ABSTRACT
In the course of investigations at 7 localities in Mallorca in 1997, 28 gall midge species were found. Together with 8 species found by earlier researchers, the present gall midge fauna is comprised of 33 species, of which 25 are new records for Mallorca and 13 new records for Spain. At individual localities 4 to 13 species were found, with the average 9.5 species per locality. The highest number (13 species) was found at Manacor and Bunyola. Most of these gall midges belong to phytophagous species, except three predacious species of the genus
Arthrocnodax, larvae of which prey on mites in their galls. Gall midges are associated with 25 host plant species. The gall midge fauna is composed of 82% Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean, 15% European and 3% Euro-Siberian species. The group of Mediterranean species in Mallorca is the highest among the gall midge faunas of Mediterranean islands. An annotated list of gall midge species and a list of host plant species attacked by gall midges is given.
Key words: Cecidomyiidae, faunistics, zoogeography, distribution, Spain, Balearic Islands, Mallorca.
RESUMEN
Mosquitos de las agallas (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) de Mallorca (Islas Baleares, España)
En el curso de nuestras investigaciones en 7 localidades de Mallorca en 1997, se encontraron 28 especies de mosquitos de las agallas. Junto con las 8 especies encontradas en investiga-ciones anteriores, la fauna de estos dipteros comprende 33 especies, de las cuales 25 son nuevas citas para Mallorca y 13 para España. En cada localidad se encontraron de 4 a 13 especies, con un promedio de 9,5 especies por localidad. El número máximo (13 especies) se encontró en Manacor y en Bunyola. La mayoría de estos dipteros son especies fitófagas excepto tres especies depredadoras del género Arthrocnodax, que depredan a las larvas de los ácaros que habitan en las agallas. Los mosquitos de las agallas se asocian con 25 especies de plantas huéspedes. La fauna de mosquitos de las agallas constituye el 82% de especies
mediterráneas y sub-mediterráneas, el 15% de especies europeas, y el 3% de especies eurosiberianas. El grupo de especies mediterráneas en Mallorca es el más alto de esta fauna en las islas mediterráneas. Se presenta una lista de los mosquitos de las agallas así como una lista de sus plantas huéspedes.
Palabras clave: Cecidomyiidae, faunística, zoogeografía, distribución, España, Islas Balea-res, Mallorca
INTRODUCTION
Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) are one of the largest families of Diptera and include about 2200 species described from the Palaearctic Region (SKUHRAVÁ, 1986). Larvae of the majority of species are phytophagous, causing galls on their host plants. Some are free-living in association with plants, some are zoophagous preying on other gall midges, aphids, mites and other invertebrates and some are mycophagous (SKUHRAVÁ et al., 1984). Many gall midge species occur in Central Europe, for example more than 500 species are known to occur in the Czech Republic (SKUHRAVÁ, 1994 a,b). The species number falls towards southern Europe (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVÁ, 1994, 1998; SKUHRAVÁ et al., 1996).
Up to 1997, only six gall midge species were known to occur in Mallor-ca. HOUARD (1913) mentioned two gall midge species, Contarinia luteola Tavares, 1902, and Dryomyia lichtensteini (F. Löw, 1878). Larvae of two other species, Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897, and Ozirhincus anthemidis (Rübsaamen, 1915), were discovered by MÖHN (1968) when he searched for material in old botanical collections. TRAVESET (1994) found gall midge larvae of Probruggmanniella phillyreae (Tavares, 1907) developing in swollen fruits of Phillyrea angustifolia and later sent us for identification galls on fruits of Solanum nigrum which are caused by Asphondylia trabuti Marchal, 1896.
For our zoogeographical studies we need data about the occurrence of gall midges from various parts of Europe to determine the limits of distribution areas. Low level of knowledge was the reason why we decided to investigate the composition of the gall midge fauna of Mallorca, the largest island of the Balearic Islands lying in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea.
Investigations of the gall midge fauna in Mallorca were carried out in June 1997 with financial help and sponsoring by the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha (Project Nr. A 6007503).
STUDY AREA
Mallorca is an island situated in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea between 2º.45´- 3º30´ eastern longitude and 39º24´-39º94´ northern latitude. It is the largest of four islands belonging to the Balearic Islands situated about 200 km eastwards from Spain. It occupies about 3640 square kilometers (Fig. 1). In the northwest there are the Serra de Tramuntana mountains, 80 km long, with the highest point, the mount Puig Major, 1445 m a.s.l. In the southeastern part there are the Serra de Llevant mountains with the highest points reaching about 500 meters. Between these two mountain systems there is spread the large wawed middle part characterized with fertile soils, the so-called Es Pla plain. The climate of Mallorca is very dry and hot. Vegetation is composed mainly of subtropical plant species, fruits and vegetables. The landscape includes pine forests, olive groves and in the agriculture zone there are grown olives, figs, apricots, oranges, almond trees, cereals, lucerne and legumes. Agriculture must use irrigation.
From the biogeographical point of view, UDVARDY (1975) classifies the island of Mallorca as part of the Mediterranean Sclerophyll Biogeographic Province. NOIRFALISE (1987) characterized this island as covered with sclerophyllous oak forests with Quercus ilex and as a semi-arid thermomediterranean zone with scrubs formed of Asparagus, Juniperus, Chamaerops and other shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We collected gall midge galls at seven localities in western, northern and eastern parts of Mallorca during eight days from June 18th to 25th, 1997. At each locality we recorded all gall midge species found there to obtain data about the frequency of gall midge species occurring in this island. One part of the collected plants with galls was prepared as a herbarium collection for determination of host plant species another part was put into emergence cages to obtain adults and the last part was put into vials with 75% alcohol for morphological studies.
Determination of galls is based on HOUARD (1908-1909), BUHR (1964-1965), of larvae on MÖHN (1955) and of adults on SKUHRAVÁ (1997a). The nomenclature of gall midge species is based on SKUHRAVÁ (1986, 1989). Determination of host plant species is based on BLAMEY & GREY-WILSON (1998), BONAFE (1979). Nomenclature of host plant species is mainly according to TUTIN et al. (1964-1980). Data on gall midges gathered during these investigations are analysed and evaluated from the zoogeographical
Fig. 1. Map of Mallorca with localites where faunistic investigations were carried out in 1997: 1 Alcúdia, 2 Sòller, 3 Valldemossa, 4 Bunyola, 5 Castillo Bendinat, 6 Illetas, 7 Manacor.
Fig. 1. Mapa de Mallorca con las localidades en las que se han llevado a cabo los trabajos faunísticos durante 1997: 1 Alcúdia, 2 Sòller, 3 Valldemossa, 4 Bunyola, 5 Castillo Bendinat, 6 Illetas, 7 Manacor.
point of view using methods described by SKUHRAVÁ (1987, 1994 a, b, 1997 b). Data about harmful species of gall midges may be found in BARNES (1946-1949), NIJVELDT (1969) and DARVAS et al. (2000).
LOCALITIES EXAMINED
The following data are given for each locality: the name of the locality, its altitude, UTM code in parantheses, short ecological characteristic together
with the main plant community and important plant species, date of investigation and the number of the locality referring to its position on the map (Fig.1.). Alcúdia, 50-100 m a.s.l., (31S EE11): stands along the path to the hill covered with sparse Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Rhamnus, Pistacia, Erica, Calicotome and Chamaerops humilis; 24 June,1997 (1).
Bunyola, 350-400 m a.s.l.(31S DD79): trees and shrubs along the road from the village up to the mountain saddle; olive tree grove up to the mountains; Ceratonia siliqua, Pinus halepensis, Crataegus, Juniperus oxycedrus and Pteridium aquilinum; 21 June, 1997 (4).
Castillo Bendinat, 50-70 m a.s.l. (31S DD77): sparse forest with Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea, Pistacia and Ceratonia siliqua; 19 June, 1997 (5). Illetas, 0-10 m a.s.l. (31S DD77): rocky communities with very poor vegetation; 18 June, 1997 (6).
Manacor, 50-70 m a.s.l. (31S ED18): scrub along the road and along fences of gardens and orchards, and sparse forest with Quercus ilex, Rhamnus and Pistacia; 23 June, 1997 (7).
Sòller, 50-200 m a.s.l. (31T DE70): olive grove situated on terraces from lowlands to mountains; Ceratonia siliqua, Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris, Myrtus, Pinus halepensis and Erica scoparia; 20 June, 1997 (2).
Valldemossa, 350-400 m a.s.l. (31S DD69): forest stands along the path following the isohypse on the hill-side with olive groves, with Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, Crataegus and Ulmus; 22 June, 1997 (3).
RESULTS
Annotated list of gall midge species
The following data are given for each species: short description of gall, host plant species (Appendix 1) and plant family; life history (if known), site of pupation, number of generations per year; localities where the species was found and its zoogeographical characteristic.
Arthrocnodax clematitis Marchal, 1897
Zoophagous larvae develop in leaf edge rollings caused by the mite Epitrimerus flammulae Gerber, 1901 (Eriophyidae, Acari) on Clematis flammula L. (Ranunculaceae). This species was originally described based on specimens reared from mite galls caused by Epitrimerus heterogaster (Nalepa, 1891) on Clematis cirrhosa at Blidah, Algeria. - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Arthocnodax sp.
Zoophagous larvae develop in flower galls caused by the mite Aceria (Eriophyes) rubiae (Canestrini, 1897) (Eriophyidae, Acari) on Rubia peregri-na L. (Rubiaceae). - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Arthrocnodax sp.
Zoophagous larvae develop in deformed flowers and in erineum caused by the mite Aceria trifolii (Nalepa, 1892) (Eriophyidae, Acari) on Ononis spinosa L.(Fabaceae). - Locality: Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Asphondylia borzi (Stefani, 1898)
Stefani (1898) described adults of A. borzi which he reared frommalformed flower buds of Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae) in Sicily. Probably one generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall.- Locality: Alcúdia, Manacor (on Rhamnus alaternus). - A. Traveset found malformed flower buds of Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris Chodat, an endemic shrub to Balaearic Islands, on Cabrera Island in September 1995, and at Binifaldo, Mallorca, in July 1997 (det. M. Skuhravá). At present A.Traveset is studying the life cycle of A. borzi developing on Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris. - Distribution: Mediterranean.
Asphondylia calycotomae Kieffer in Houard, 1912
A solitary larva develops in a swollen leaf bud (hibernating generation) and in a swollen pod (summer generation) of Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link. (Fabaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Asphondylia dorycnii (Müller, 1870)
A solitary larva develops in a swollen leaf bud or in a swollen fruit of Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. (Fabaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation in the gall.- Locality: Sòller. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal, 1904)
Larvae develop in deformed siliquas of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Caesalpiniaceae). Several generations develops a year. GAGNÉ & ORPHANIDES (1992) mentioned that this species in Cyprus uses an alternation of host plants species in its
development. - Locality: Castillo Bendinat. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Asphondylia ononidis F. Löw, 1873
A solitary larva induces a leaf bud gall on Ononis minutissima L. (Fabaceae). Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Sòller. - Distribution: European and Sub-Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Asphondylia trabuti Marchal, 1896
MARCHAL (1896) described adults of A. trabutii which were bred from fruit galls on Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) in Algeria. Recently RIZZO & MASSA (1998) found similar galls caused by A. trabutii on S. nigrum L. in Sicily. They observed 1 3 larvae living gregariously inside the fruits and reported that up to five generations develop in Sicily during one year. Pupation takes place in galls. - Locality: galls on Solanum nigrum L., Palma, adults 30.8.1997, leg. A. Traveset, det. M. Skuhravá (TRAVESET & MAS, 1999). - Distribution: Mediterranean.
Asphondylia verbasci (Vallot, 1827)
Larvae induce flower bud galls on Verbascum sinuatum L. (Scrophulariaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Manacor (young, fresh galls). - Distribution: Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897
Larvae cause swellings of internodes of Arthrocnemum (Salicornia) fruticosum (L.) and other species and genera of Chenopodiaceae. One larva develops in a chamber of the gall where larvae also pupate. One generation develops a year. - Locality: Palma/Mallorca, larva only, 2.4.1907, without name of the collector, in the collection of Möhn (MÖHN, 1968). - Distribution: Mediterranean.
Braueriella phillyreae (F. Löw, 1877)
Yellow larva develops in a blister gall on the leaf of Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). One generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Contarinia cocciferae Tavares, 1902
Larvae develop in cone-shaped leaf bud galls on Quercus ilex L. and Q. coccifera L. (Fagaceae). One generation develops a year. Hibernation and pupation takes place in the soil. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Contarinia ilicis Kieffer, 1898
Larvae develop in small conical galls on leaves of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). One generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. -Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Contarinia lueola Tavares, 1902
Yellowish larvae cause galls in bark parenchyma of young branches of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). One generation develops a year. Hibernation and pupation takes place in the gall. Adults appear from May to April. - Locality: Mallorca (HOUARD,1913). - Distribution: Mediterranean.
Contarinia sp.
Orange coloured larvae (third instar) and white smaller larvae (second instar) develop together inside unopened, hardened flower buds of Spartium (Pterospartium) junceum L. (Fabaceae). One generation develops a year. Hibernation in the soil. - Locality: Valldemossa - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and Spain.
Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen, 1914)
Larvae develop in blister galls on leaves and stems of Chondrilla juncea L. (Asteraceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in galls or in the soil. - Locality: Illetas, Manacor. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Cystiphora sp.
Larvae develop in blister galls on leaves of Sonchus tenerrimus (Asteraceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in galls or in the soil. - Locality: Alcúdia, Castillo Bendinat. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Dasineura capsulae (Kieffer, 1901)
Larvae develop in hard galls at the vegetative tips of Euphorbiapithyusa L. (Euphorbiaceae). Inside the gall is a large chamber where 4-6 larvae develop. One generation develops a year. Hibernation in the soil. - Locality: Bunyola, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Europe to Africa. New record for Mallorca.
Dasineura plicatrix (H. Loew, 1850)
Larvae develop in contorted and twisted young leaves of Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Rosaceae). Two or more generations develop a year. Pupation takes
place in the soil. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Castillo Bendinat, Illetas, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. This species is one of the most common species occurring in Mallorca. - Distribution: European, in the south occurring in northern Africa. New record for Mallorca.
Dasineura rufescens (Stefani, 1898)
Larvae cause swellings of branches of Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). One generation develops a year. Larva overwinter in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallor-ca and for Spain.
Dasineura turionum (Kieffer & Trotter, in Trotter, 1904)
Larvae live under the scale-shaped and swollen leaf buds of Asparagus acutifolius L. (Liliaceae). Attacked stems are stunted and leaves are deformed. One generation develops a year. - Locality: Illetas, Bunyola, Manacor, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Dasineura sp.
Galls on Astragalus stipularis Forskal (Liliaceae). The base of the thorn is swollen. Localities: Alcúdia, Illetas, Manacor, Sòller. Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Dasineura sp.
Larvae develop among damaged leaves clustered at stem tips of Euphorbia pithyusa L. (Euphorbiaceae). The attacked plant is dwarfed. Probably one generation develops a year. - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Dryomyia lichtensteini (F. Löw, 1878)
Larvae develop in galls on leaves of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). The gall is egg-shaped or hemispherical on the lower part with an opening on the upper side of the leaf. One generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Mallorca (HOUARD,1913); Alcúdia, Bunyola, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean.
Kiefferia pericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847)
Larvae develop in swollen fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and various other species and genera of the family Apiaceae. One generation develops a year. Pupation in the soil. Locality: Sòller. Distribution: Euro-Siberian. New record for Mallorca.
Lasioptera carophila F. Löw, 1874
Larvae develop in unilocular swellings at bases of umbellules in inflorescences of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and various other species and genera of the family Apiaceae. Two generations develop a year. Pupation in the gall. -Locality: Bunyola, Castillo Bendinat, Manacor, Valldemossa. - Distribution: European (to north Africa). New record for Mallorca.
Lasioptera eryngii (Vallot, 1829)
Larvae cause plurilocular swellings on stems of Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean and Sub-Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Macrodiplosis volvens Kieffer, 1895
Larvae cause galls on Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). The gall is formed by a rolled leaf segment situated between two lobes. One generation develops a year. Hibernation in the soil.- Locality: Manacor. - Distribution: European. New record for Mallorca.
Myricomyia mediterranea (F. Löw, 1885)
One larva develops in a small rosette gall on the twig of Erica multiflora L. (Ericaceae). One generation develops a year. Pupation in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Castillo Bendinat, Sòller. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca.
Ozirhincus anthemidis (Rübsaamen, 1915)
Larvae cause fruit galls on Anthemis arvensis L. (Asteraceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation in the gall. - Locality: Palma/Mallorca, larva, found on 12.4.1873, without name of the collector, material preserved in the collection of Möhn (MÖHN, 1968). - Distribution: European.
Probruggmanniella phillyreae (Tavares, 1907)
Larvae cause fruit galls on Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). The development of one generation lasts up to three years. The larva grows very slowly inside the ovary of the flower bud (TRAVESET, 1994). Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Cabrera, leg. A. Traveset. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Balearic Islands and for Spain.
Cecidomyiidae sp.
Attacked fruits of Asparagus stipularis Forskal (= A. horridus L.) (Liliaceae) are whitish, inside empty, with a small hole; normal, unattacked fruits are
hard and green coloured. Locality: Manacor. Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.
Number of species forming present fauna
In the course of our investigations at 7 localities in 1997 we found 28 gall midge species. Together with eight species found by earlier researchers, the present gall midge fauna of Mallorca is formed of 33 species, of which 26 are new records for Mallorca and 13 new records for Spain (in comparison with the list given by SKUHRAVÁ et al., 1996). At individual localities in the course of several hours of searching we found from four to thirteen species, with the average 9,5 species per locality. It is a relatively high species number found in such a limited collecting period in the Mediterranean area. The gall midge fauna of Mallorca is not very rich in comparison with the central-European gall midge faunas but it corresponds to the species richness of other islands in the Mediterrranean Sea, viz. 38 species in Crete (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY, 1997), 36 species in Malta (SKUHRAVÁ et al., 2002), 44 species in Sardinia (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY, 2002) and 30 species in Cyprus (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY, 2003).
The richest gall midge species composition was found at localities with higher diversity of plants: 13 gall midge species were found at Bunyola and at Manacor, 12 species at Alcúdia, 11 species at Valldemossa, 9 species at Sòller, 5 species at Castillo Bendinat and 4 species at Illetas.
Most of these gall midges are phytophagous species, except three predacious species of the genus Arthrocnodax, larvae of which are predators of mites in their galls. Gall midge species are associated with 25 host plant species (see the Appendix 1). Results of our investigations were included in the catalog edited by CARLES-TOLRÁ HJORTH-ANDERSEN (2002).
Zoogeography
The gall midge fauna which occurs in Mallorca may be divided based on zoogeographical analysis - according to the character of the occurrence of species in the Palaaearctic region, into three groups. The majority - 27 species (82%) belong to Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species, five species (15%) to European and only one species (3%) to Euro-Siberian species. It is interesting that we did not discover any Holarctic species in Mallorca.
Mediterranean species are associated with host plant species which have centres of their origin in the Mediterranean area. In this group there belong
species of the genus Asphondylia associated with Calicotome spinosa, Ceratonia siliqua, Dorycnium pentaphyllum, Ononis minutissima, Rhamnus alaternus, Solanum nigrum and Verbascum sinuatum; Braueriella phillyreae, Dasineura rufescens and Probruggmanniella phillyreae associated with Phillyrea angustifolia; Dasineura turionum and Dasineura sp. larvae of which cause galls on Asparagus spp.; Contarinia cocciferae, C. ilicis, C. luteola and Dryomyia lichtensteini associated with Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex; Myricomyia mediterranea larvae of which cause galls on Erica multiflora; Baldratia salicorniae larvae of which develop in galls on Arthrocnemum fruticosum. The number of Mediterranean species found in Mallorca is the highest among the gall midge faunas of Mediterranean islands.Some species, which occur in the Mediterranean, may reach up to the southern part of central Europe. They are sub-Mediterranean species, as for example Asphondylia dorycnii, A. ononidis, A. verbasci, Cystiphora schmidti and Lasioptera eryngii.
European species are associated with European host plant species which have centres of origin in Europe. Dasineura capsulae, D. plicatrix, Lasioptera carophila, Macrodiplosis volvens and Ozirhincus anthemidis are European species. Dasineura plicatrix is a typical representative of European species. It occupies a large distribution area from Great Britain and Portugal in western Europe to Greece in eastern Europe and to Algeria in northern Africa and it has been found recently in Malta and Cyprus. It is an oligophagous species - larvae are associated with several host plant species of only one genus (Rubus). D. plicatrix occurs in Europe usually on Rubus caesius, in southern Europe mainly on R. ulmifolius.
Euro-Siberian species occur in Europe and occur in western, middle and, for a few species in eastern Siberia, to the Far East. The only one representative of this element is Kiefferia pericarpiicola. It is a polyphagous species and its larvae may feed and develop on host plant species of various genera of the family Apiaceae. This fact is the reason why it may occupy so large a distribution area from western Europe to the Far East of Russia.
At present, nothing is known about the economic importance of gall midges in Mallorca. In the course of our investigations, one species was found which can be considered to be a potential pest, viz. Asphondylia gennadii, larvae of which develop inside pods of Ceratonia siliqua.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha for financial help and for sponsoring our investigations (Project Nr. A 6007503). We are grateful to Dr. K. M. Harris, Ripley,
Woking, Surrey, UK, for critical reading and improvement of the manuscript. We are indebted to Dr. A. Traveset and to Eva Moragues from the Institut of Mediterranean Advanced Studies and to Dr. Maurici Mus of the Botanic Department of the University of the Balearic Islands for identification of host plant species and for comments on the manuscript. We thank Dra Maria Verdu for her help in searching the UTM codes of the localities under study.
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Appendix 1. List of host plant species attacked by gall midges
Apéndice 1. Lista de especies hospedadoras atacadas por mosquitos gallícolas
Host plant species Gall midge species
Anthemis arvensis Ozirhincus anthemidis (Rübsaamen, 1915)
Arthrocnemum fruticosum Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897
Asparagus acutifolius Dasineura turionum
(Kieffer & Trotter, in Trotter, 1904)
Asparagus stipularis Dasineura sp. (swollen thorn basis)
Cecidomyiidae sp. (damaged fruits)
Calicotome spinosa Asphondylia calycotomae Kieffer in Houard, 1912
Ceratonia siliqua Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal, 1904)
Clematis flammula Arthrocnodax clematitis Marchal, 1897, zoophagous
Chondrilla juncea Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen, 1914)
Dorycnium pentaphyllum Asphondylia dorycnii (Müller, 1870)
Erica multiflora Myricomyia mediterranea (F. Löw, 1885)
Eryngium maritimum Lasioptera eryngii (Vallot, 1829)
Euphorbia pithyusa Dasineura capsulae (Kieffer, 1901)
Dasineura sp.
Foeniculum vulgare Lasioptera carophila F. Löw, 1874
Kiefferia pericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847)
Ononis minutissima Asphondylia ononidis F. Löw, 1873
Ononis spinosa Arthrocnodax sp., zoophagous
Phillyrea angustifolia Braueriella phillyreae (F. Löw, 1877)
Dasineura rufescens (Stefani, 1898)
Probruggmanniella phillyreae (Tavares, 1907)
Quercus coccifera Contarinia cocciferae Tavares, 1902
Quercus ilex Contarinia cocciferae Tavares, 1902
Contarinia ilicis Kieffer, 1898
Contarinia luteola Tavares, 1902
Dryomyia lichtensteini (F. Löw, 1878)
Macrodiplosis volvens Kieffer, 1895
Rhamnus alaternus Asphondylia borzi (Stefani, 1898)
Rubia peregrina Arthrocnodax sp., zoophagous
Rubus ulmifolius Dasineura plicatrix (H. Loew, 1850)
Solanum nigrum Asphondylia trabuti Marchal, 1896
Sonchus tenerrimus Cystiphora sp.
Spartium (Pterospertium) junceum Contarinia sp.
