CHAPTElI 4
COMIIA T SElIVICE SUPPORT
5ectiOft
I.GENIRAL
4-1. PUfpoMThill dtllpt.er outlmell pnwt'dUtl'lI {or cumbBt IIl'rv· Ire lIupport \If jungle .. moLal. OpeFOItiollll lo m· dude .upply, mtlinlenance. transportation, and comb .. t Htvice support IIMpecb! of medical treat-ment and eVl:I.(ualiorJ, and perllonnel roanagermUlt and flt'rvic~.
4-2.
loti<Con ...
_
4. 'fM> eIItaLliahed principles of combet IM!rvlce lIupport apply to jungle OJM!'rationll. LoaiatiCII «:chniqUH, ptueedurell tlnd crjlanizationaL ron· ~ptM must bP modified to provide re8ptJHIIIW!: eup_ port to cambtlt elenten18 ItS f"@quired by the specific: lIitU8lion.
b. tn a juoirle environmeot. movmnent overland is .IleVl!i"*ly N'tltrid.ed. The ronftiUtaUon of the
terrain, denaity of veretation. availability of ground linfm of communication, and tbe Muon
have a direct inftuence on the ty~ of traol!ijl(lrl,a. lion thllt ran b. used. and. eonaequentl:r. on the fundiontn,lf
01
the supply, maintenance, and med· kil} evacuaUnn .IIY.llteml!!, and Ptll"3Onnelmanaie-ment and Ilervice.ll.
c. <;nrulideralion mUlt be acwrded
Inereaaed
mainUonan>:e requiNltnenta Nlsultinl frum hip humidity and u:mpera\ure; iJUpport of small iso-lated units enll~ in illdtopendent operatloNl; and requiremenlll ror Lmtperawrf' and humidity controlled swrue fad Uti" til proleft shelf life of dimauHlenaitlve items.4. The !Opt1CilJ .upport unit must be IlQ lo-cated as
to bel!t
atwmpllllh its IIUpport mluion. and mU.IIt be prepared to provide all or part oftht!i.rown ~urity.
f·. Loj(l~tictd requirementll mUlit be antldpated
well in IIdnm:e of attual need!!.
4-3. Orgonlaation
Caml.mt operationll in the junJtlciJ are CArried. out by tlmall unita or tuk forct'tI operaUnr on an iso-lated ilnd independent bll!ljll. Dinw.:t lIuPJIQrt ill !~roYlded by 11 mobile logistk element tailored for and attached to each lluIk fort't!: general I!!upport IA furnillhed on lin Area built.
4. mred Support. The function of the dlreet !lupport element is to provide dOR and
contin-UOUII IqiaUc .IIUpport tu customer unitll of the
tuk forte. 'I'M dired Ilupport element mU.llt have m.lfl'·~O\lntry fMbllity and the capability to
IIUI!-uin
the combatopel""tltion&
;}fthe
t'lUpported unit fur a definite period of tinw without rMuppb.The
rompoaition 01 the dinw.:t IIUPJXIrt .tern.nt vArl8 accorGmlt to the type of uTnt l'Iupported and Ittl peculiaritiea in equipment.b. Ge,.~rcl SUVPQrt. General .upport adivill.
in Sllpport 01 jungle oJ)l!talions are Mublilbed at point. that facilitate Jotr!atical movement.!!
.ueh ..
waterway., roadl!. lind lllnding fieJdll, and Include.IIupply. maint.enanCe, Mlrvlce element. of the anv-ieM lind medica! evacuation flnd hUdplt.ll&ation capablUtie.ll. (rimefa) .IIupport actlvitie& aNI orpn-ized to provide backup lIupport
to
diN« .llUpporteklmentll of the tuk force, Theile pn.ral .upport organizations hold &umcient IltockaM"M to .upport the projected O~TatlOnll, with due conlilckr.t!on
to
local "fllenlllhment cydell, time and dl.tance fador. and uall()nlll rilllupply conll.ld.,aUohs: ha'l't'" !.he cap&bHlty to OJ.lIIfate liBel ofcommunica-tion
to direct l'IUpport element.!! crou-country and by Army aircTlIft; aad hue the cRpabllity to de_ fend themllelvf!ll IIIAIMt attack._
II. $Ul'Pl.Y
Planning for eombat oparatluna In the jungle wilt alwaYIl include (:on~ider.t.ion of the supply cap ....
bllity to support the operlltion. Supply ~ratiQt'la wHl affect combat unitA in aeeordan« with ,.... quirementtl that .lUPPUtI.II be made avanable in the
ri)tht amounts Rlld at the Ti.ht time MOO pl1tcc.
lWtjuir~mflnL~ for all d.lt~~~ of Hupply IU'C tlJ· fcd!:'d lIy jnultlt, q,nditiom<.
4-5. lam CqmicMra'lon.
<1, Units t'n)tniwd ill Junlt!t, ('omh.l 1)ltCrlltwlIa IItwuhi be prHvllied ntll.'" th!)l\!' ~uLlpnt'lil !lnd ~\lip-
mt'nt L"I<~enlH.l tn thf' j\1'tomJ~hllhmpnt of UII:' .II:'. lI!ltl1M mi~lItPII !llld NlIltiUJlcnt'ie~ whidl: may
krl!l~,
II, Hullklt'llt IJrt'f"A"ll)H11 IItt/fk!! of lIUPllliclI !lud ~ul"mf'nt "h,,"1!! 1M. mniltultJwtl (ur each unit to In"ure thf' l'rnvHlI,m of h)KlllbrallllJII1,urt without Illterruptmtl.
r. The {)l!lnninlt uf TI'lIUPP)y a .. Hvitiea \n in_ dude klnX f&flJof(' l'rnjH:tiul1 uf requir!Jmenl¥. multt
ho:> vlttremdy d .. tailNi twd .!Iccomplj~hed wcll in !ldvance uf udm.1 rr,plIremclltll, (':oHlIideratitlll
mUM! he X1H'1l tf) lhl' d(>liVl'ry mean:\. nvailable. At tim~ it may hI' 1lI'\'~~!llIrf to 1l~ ('arryifllf l)IUUto'II. d, The In .. k uf I1l1ffidt:l\l 8.!1 well all J\Ceur'i ground lillclt of ,'ummuUlCAtion III the junx!(> often Fequirell Utte uf AeriAl r~upply; however, (autiofl mUllt b~ f'ltereilwd in the u~ .of aeriAl re-AuppJy tu II.mid dilW'loIIun' uf PlIllitioAA und JOM of lIurprlAe.
t. Procedur~ fur rt~lu"hlinJ( itMnll .of lIupply IIhould bE ~imphl\t'(1 IIml u:reo\'iiy 'Coden ahould be IIRd whenever pc)llflib!e.
f.
Unit dilltributi;:;n Ilf ~upptif'1I Mhould be em· p.io)'f'd Ii.tI tar forward 88 pc!Allihle.g, RKOnniU:Wln('4! 01 MlJpply routeb and water
poinlri must be (untinuou9, Afld alternate route8 and diAtributiml; ~)intl& mU./lL
t.w
Im:.·ated and dev!"l_ opod,... , Cla ...
fSupply
(I., ClaM 1. NonperillhabJe canned, dried Ill' de· hydrated
iwms
primarily are UMd durin/!! jUflgle operatiofls under eonditiOIUJ wht"~ kitc~fl C.eili-tleB. with the e(eeplion of Nlfril'"rAtwn, are nor-mally available, and the unit ia not actively en·KtI'"d
in eombat, Rations (individual combat meal, lonl' ran~ patrol. or 11"",11 dettu:hment ra-tiona) nornut.lly will be IUUed to unit. actively engaged in eotTlhat. Tbe number of ratioM car-ried by the individual IIOldier should be deter-mined by such fadot'M alt weight, how and in what quantitiell food can be: brought (orwatd, wbe:fl retlupply WLIl be: effected, and the e:.Umatedduration
or
the operation, Hot mealll (lncludlncstandard A ration) should be lIerved whefMt\'e:r
poasible, eapecially wh&n retrill!ration is ava.lla·
ble. Fccdm. i~ usually a~'t'ompli~hed durin, day-light ~Rvlle of the danger and diftkulty 01 mllvt'lJltmt Ht niJtht Rml the Pl'RRiblhly of enemy
ilnlhu~h I" nl.ll'bt altLu'kti.
II. ('Im(lI fl. !1\ II lrulJlioul "!lvil'l)lImimt rnpid de. t(>r:nrHtin!1 tl! II jlrHunry (OIlMid .. rll.tiIlU In (:III.M II r.Vj!pJy: i""ue dtlthlOl{. vartlcularl.v combnt bootll Ilnri l«lrkJl.. IUlIt II v~ry !';hort lime, rOUT item!! of thill n!ltvr/!'. rf'quiremefltll ahouJd be €MtlmaWd well II! ad"anft' Hud Rpedlll woviskm" shlluld be made
f01 JIllfltillatt' re~upply. At hIIttalitlll It'nl. limited t'ml'r)teIIl'Y I\oUI)J)hl~1I o! 1llUffi:rted comba~ boots, JIl)I"kll, 111111 l!nnilur It<:>ml! Ilf )!hurt Wear ~rlodlt >lhoul11 bt-lIt\wked.
f', ('UI}!}!
Ur.
Too lIupply Itf GJU!! 111 i~rM dooJ!:not initially prellenL II. great probl&m, WI rela-tively few vehielc. .. wH11x! in op(!ration. However,
('IKAA filA will be relluiN!d in Jar.,., II.tnuunlri.
Uuitt> mm~t l'lIt!lblu~h C!tt8$ III diMtribution pointll
for vf'h:ide~ II.mlll.ircrl1ft II.Il required. Tank ll'U(ka will l;w' 11"'1'11 jt .. ~ fnr forward all IlOssible; f)(}(l gill-Illn I"llllaJllllible drumM are UIlOO for Clau lIt fi!-lO,upply whel'l \ank trucks cannot rueh the (or_ ward arl'M, When dTC'urnl&w.ncell
ptrmlt tM
UM of tracked vehide.., planninr mUll. indude addi. tional POL !linct;' tracked v('hides normally have I higher fud l'ul1xumpti()n rate when operating in TU • .I((!11 b·rrail1. The UIM! of helicopter" 14 support operalionA rf'qul!'('l!\ that afl adequa:w Iuppiy of rllll411 IliA be available at forward .IIUpplyhuel.
a,
CIaIHI fll. TM lupply of CIB!18 IV itemll-will.
ror tht' mMt PArt, concern IIpecial items of indi-vidulil and unit equipment In many CaM\ll, the equipment normally authorized a unit will be augmented by ndditional aliowalWeI. The UM ot iarjte amount>; of epKial equipment and fon.iflcation!b&rrier maleriel ror rie(el'lelve poai~ lionl will be difficult due to tralUlpDrtalion
prob-ierM aaaociated with: brinilnx up such m.teritl.
(/, elM.
1.'. Because of the weight and bulk in· voj~. the Ilupply of ammunition and exploaivMofwn pfelle:nlri the mOl'lt ditReun rellupply prob-lem. Cloae e{)ntNil exerelaed by
.11
lea~n: OVfir ammunition expenditurflll: within thelt unita and the employmen1 of the appruprlate welpon (or the 11« mitvlion will A8IIllIt in eliminating un-n~ry ammunition rMuppiy. 1'lNt natureot
the terrain and c1imatlc conditiona in the tropies magnify the problems involved in siw 1MIleetion and ammunition lltor .... Lat~ percefl.tapa ofthe a""a aN! not IlUltable 101' etorap due to .... eon14ur. Lewd, firm I'round may be
wowrted
to a Quall1lli:re overnight . . a rflal.llt of the huV)'downpour. ot rain frequently
"parl.need.
Rainf.-.Ilnwed by intfWlI1' h'-Ilt 'Combir'i!' to proolJ('e COil. dlti(ms thKt Jof,"'idtly at't'elerate the deterioratlHn or ammllllilloll _nd Il!l;ddnx mail'rialt<, Iligh blh mlll1ll .... , {'nUI}h~1t with iltt.-nl<f' heat. liIalt thl' IItn'/I,Illh HI "~1<'r!\lin~ perMlTInt'1 t .. redm'e thl' Krtlotmt uf wurk thllt ('11Il be fI.-rform"d. ltltpidly fnmHll1{ funltl III
lad. rJuth
t'<lMrml\\'ntll >lurh II~pmf.wthllll rhlkl'gt' UIlj(" Ilbd ham!lJlel'rll. T~rmlh! .. elli thrl,uJ(h PIl1'khl)t rna1.'rlllll1 fwd wvod"/I dunll!\~e. Cumbint'il, t~ ("ooditwM amplify th .. IJrublemli thllf facf' _mmunlti(1O prroonn,,1 in the trol'i1')I. Th., 1It1j)(ll"tant't' af Mlf;'(juat" dutl!lRjI'l" Itlwlt!;'1', and \l1'lIti1l1.tion in ... tnrill/!! nmmlmitioH rlUlrlllt
IK>
!)vl'rV'mllha"iited,{. L'1<M~ Vf. Th{')le lofe p~rjlfmlll demanil item" (n.mmilitnry )lalet< itemtt! nrld !lhould ~ made availilble when poll8iblt' Iw.enulle of their In1\uence
()Il ihe mordle of trooJll'.
II, Cup", 1.'fl, The/4e life m1lj{)r vnu item"': A final t'nmbinatwn of I'nd pr()t!u<v. which il4 ready for iL"I ilttf"udvd UIM', (',Jr., tanb, lmlflchefH, ./Ihopll, and vt'hldl'~, F:~Juillm .. nt in thiM I'II.tel/"ory i.!l ex. trcmrly Important to tht' ('t)ntlu .. t 111' optlraliQM in a jnttttle envir<;>nment lwi"auM ther~ Are few ladl. itieM in lhe jun.,le 1M the alillembly vf heavy ilemH of ('Quipment. ('Ue mud i:}(" eJ(en:ised to in, Mure mainlrnan("(' I)f thtme iwfW'\ while in IlWrage 110 that they will be oJX)rlltional when Uwy are lit. lIued to thf' combat fOf<;'(' .... CummanderM Hhuuld makE" detailed tl.1lA1Yflia of their ~dll for Hpedfl.r item", of !\upply in thilt f'eilUlll, »eCAUU rome of theKe itemt< mllY hav/! limited UlW .nd appliellUon in a junKle envimnmenl
II. ('/a.WH
VII'"
Thvllt' un' mcdlral mi\tcriel ill. dudlntt ml':'<lki\1 jWClllinT rl.'plllr part!' Thl'&e Itmlll lire mlm! Important to the lIuptlOrt of IUlY t'''mhat adiun llfid purtlt'ulffrly t;. thl' IIUPlmrt of J'IIl.ll'lI' ulll·ndlOn<~. He1'1IIIhl' ,hI' hllHt "'1)\1 hijl'h hll. Illllilly fMI I'ml.'il' dl't.;>rlOrutwlI IIl1d 10>111 ,,{ pole!'b'Y of ('('f1l~1O ml"llirnl "Illmli.,,, alHl medit'ine ... , ft'l"-q\!f'Ht rt'RUlIllly lI.ut! rvplm'empl1t o! thes .. itemh mLly In.' )'tl(lhlrt'll, "lid thl!r,! will 1~ hn IU(Teallcdheed fllr rrfdj\Nntlun eqUIpment Ttwn' will nor. mnlly be un im'r"n)lt'd l'el.luirMwnt (.-.1' I'lutiseplir ffillh'ri .. 11Jl'\'nll!4'i' thl' bi.llh hNlt lind hUhllciity art' ('{)mlUr'IH' In IlIfl'I'till",
" Clu,,/I IX, Thl'l\p 1If<'
rlo',,_,r
pllfb .1!"MIll mrril-1'111 J~'lIIHlr tI'lHlk IlIIrtll), I&ml indudt· 1111 rt'p"ir parh and ('omllOnt'nb, !I. indudf' kill<, lUuwmhli .. l'., I&nd "lIblll\l!\'lIlblit'!l ifl'pairllbk! and nonrvpairablrj rl'quir..d luf mninl('nll.nrt' IlU11jlilrl of u!! i!'quip-mt'nt. ThiN dul'I~ uf KUpp!}' tllk~ on added 1m.Iwrtan{'{' ill Il. Junxlr environment l:'wcause of t~
ftl.ll'h mortnlity rnte of (OmlXlnt'lItH, of .lIlrnd ltem~
jpara 4-7 and 4-8,. r.ummllndenl. at nil It'vel~ mUllt {'Unl'ltalltly !'mphunlt,(' lind l'pf"tn' l)wpl'r mllmteruulct' of all typ!"l'l 01 equipment to prevent cxee)l!lll.'f' lJSll..Ill' of rf'palr IIRrtll.
f. ('(m", X. ThlM ill. malrriel reqUired to lIupport I1Immil:tll.ry prnltmmll, e • .II'" uJtr~culturl' and t't't,. nom/(' d(,\lt,jlljlml'nt /lnt IUd\1I1t'd In ('111l1li..,. I-IX.
The~e itemll are not required for the 'CQndud of
e(.nveuLjllnal rumbat operRtilinA in the jUnl'le; howewr, they are very important in the condud of stability uJH'ration~,
Sftt"'" III. MAlNflNANCE
MainWhant'c (jrJ<llm~ij,tioIlM function eMentmlly the lIame WI in other operations, The hixh humidity and temperlltul'e prevalent in jungle an>all
wilt
inere&5e maioienatl(e reQuiremf'ntll, Pre""entive"",in~nallCe in of paramount irnjlvrt.ll.nte. II.lld the need for coniinuou ... command empha,,11l ill more Important than in temperate an'all, EmphlUli.ll ill
placerl on (lB-lIite maintenance and thc Vile of
air-eraft for tran.flporlin.ll' maintenance teams and reo pair partll trt unit level. Due trt grester reliance pla<ed on small unit aetiona in junl'ie ('{)mbat op. eratiorn!. sdeqUlI.te eommuni<'atioos becomell in-cn!38ingly important and the uood for N!sponsivf' «ilff'lal mllintenanee ~upport ill: e.,Mmtia!. TheN! ia
a need (or an expanded maintenance f\o8t for im_
mediate dill!('t el€chan~ uf lIervleeabJe tor uSllIerv· leeable il.emll,
4-8.
Maintena~ OP't'l'Qtiona(I. OrllUnl.ti'llwnuj M'ail1trndl1rf', Ilimwlty of re. Ilupply in tlw junl{le demand/! tontinuin,ll empha~ SlS (HI the performance of orXAniutionll1 maint •• 'lanCe, Hi.llh humidity rWIU wf'af»ns npidly, TIe-«lIIIitatil1~ froquent dtlanin)t, Unnll<!f'lIs8ry expo. "ure "f IlmmuniWm eauKh: rapid deterll)ratton. Weekly mnintelllutce, nnrmlilly IJer(ormed on «hI'-nal equipment in a lemperllw dimAte. will proba-hly have tn be ll'Ccompiillhed fin a dAily basis, 8pe. l'itk in.llrudion~ on .. lue and malntpnllnre nf rlothm., ~Iulflment 8ml l'luppJie)o' ('an be found in pertinent !WId and tKhnic«llll1\llualli<
b. fHrOlr.( $l.Ipprwf, Direct lIupport malntenanc¥ ill providerlll1 the area of "perlllit)n!! by cOntpot!ite maintenallt:e c()nUt1.'r. team!!, It ill normally lin'llted tu mallltt-Illlnt"e lall-kM that CAn be rompleUd IIpoodily. without heavy repair equiPI'Ilf'nt or
hellvy, bulky repuir Illlrtl', Contact le~m~ mny be Itllllij(rwu til orwrllle (urwnrtl with the mHUI'IWer h.ltlillOlI~, Ilr mny iJt:' held (.n.I'nll al a bHtIe IIreU, Mall1l('IIUIH'(' pl'r1l:0I1IIf'i nmy hI' airlifted intn thr
l~rrtt ltf I>lwratLnl)~ by hdH.'ollter tn perform crili· ,'1.1 IIU-l>lh' n'l)<I I 1''', lIJl~rn'l<'l'llbk fOm\)(lnl'nlll and ~nli !h'm~ fl'lluiriuK l'Xl:(>tJIIIV\' f{'lmlrM liN' "VI1('U·
IIt('(\ by wutef('rilft, hch{'l)]ltH, Uf whooilltld trll",k vo:hklf'1'I Ill! haekhllul \(>J\(\14. Nu unaervicellblf' ('(Iuipm~nt of Tlo~~ibl\' V1I10<' to helltil" r~)rl'l'~ ~h()uld h(' left Ut1~t'('urt'd whLlI' IIWuitillj( l'VU'\UI· llmL
/', (;("" 11(1 .'\'/J'iwrl. Ft,r II di,'lt'U~Minll IIr {i~nl'rnl SlJlllmrll!~lwltl{',~, 1'1'" pnruj(r/IPh 4 MI,
$eelion
IV.MEDICAl
M"11II'1I1 lIUj.rll.rt In JUlIxl,' "llI'l"!ltium'l followR ih,. 1"'1"11 I'TIfIOpli's IIwl I'rnl'tw.'", ,;f mihtnry mt'o:li· "lnl'. j·r"vi,.inn of l'I'\('(Ii.'u! tn'.tmi'nt 'lIld ('~l>CUIt t: .. 11 will IIf' "ompilolh,d by
trw
exil'Bdeli dllltant'e1'4 bi>tWN'n ltupportm¥ tmllt'lIl\m:l BreM (If operatinnll. the ItHlepenilellt nHture of OJ}<'rutiml, Hnd inat'ccll-"ibilih' flf h,rrain, The mllllner in which nwiicalUlll~ RIIVI".rt tHt'l!!';ll HrsrlUI!:mtmll1'4 will th·JlI.'lId 1)n ttw tlmploYlTWnt Ilf Hit' IIUPJiurted unit Hnd tl'w tys.w uf J'HlK!" III whwh tht'y Hrl: operl\tinK,
The rl.latwel;v hiKh il\{'ldeIH'f' of dUUlbility caulIl'tl b)' twat. huml/,Ilty, lill!! iMf'dlionlC (ilM'allt';5 will Tli"l:lulre inrrcllllt'd l'mpballis fill health and IUl.nitl\-tlOn rn"HlIlIfr1'4, If) addition, ml'dkal dortOn! may
reqUlr(' oril'nlutliln IIIl di)<j'Ill'4l'~ IIml !lhll·~~;'1t ~H'I'U· IiHr
to •
rprtain tropi('.llIrt'I\, Srwl'ild prf!'t'autinll~will
hav" to M tak(>ll in tbp lltoru;c of certain meiht'1I1 IIUI)llli~'" lind mrdl.:jlltlll dll(' tn h(,lIt I\ndnllrh
humiditywhiton
I'nn "H\1~e d*tf'norHtlon and10l1li nf potrnry EqUIpment mlly require modif!('II.
lion to permit mK':imlim etH('iellt',V in combBt.
4-10, o,.rotlan of
Mtdi(ClI
Unt'"
(t. Thf' prlllt'lpt"" ~I't (urih ii, FM 8 Hi II.hollht
be r!f!h.w~,1 til th,' \'lI:t~nt jl!;"rmiHed by the liilua-tifltl; .,,'ntrl>lil(>(t ""ntrn),
when
Ilrltrtieable, ill more('mei~nt than deeentratieatlOn, l"riendly air IIU~·
riorlty coupl..t wjth availability of helicopter .. may KreatLy redure tbe requIrement (or elltabUllh_ ment of aid atationll and other intRrmtldlate rru>dl-<,al lluJ)p(lrt Ilu'iHUl'It ttl pN"'id~ tan'! for lIerinulI battle ealtUalUeK Aid l!'tations and other interml'·
"'Ate
medil'aj lIupport fa(>ilihef. ar~ N'quired for sick rall, outpatient rare, unit,ation eupervillion. immuhtzationa, lind l»tUJetleld rellu8Cltation. Air eVB.('uation may Mt bt" poou;ible bec&UIM! the enemy cApahllitiea, t~ weattwr, or the terrain may pNvent the UI\f' HI .irf*yaft. Moo.iI"'Alllupporl plan. nlnsr Will have Iebe buM
{ill a ;::f)neideration of the fat1crs of mlMlon, enemy, troope and wratn (METT). Evacuation planll muet be euffic!ently ftexibl. to inilUre the &C('!)rnPU.bmellt of the mi.s--elon wh4n helicopters &re not aVAilable.k Mj·tLelll lmllll mllY rL'lpl1r(' ('(jn~id"rltbl,' au!\'-mClllnlwll wh\'ll Mlllj)<>rl!l\l( jllrllOh' h]Wr.!lI!),," 101',
,'llIllIt' of the 10,01 .. 1<,\1 1;>"HtlO)I1~ "f IIU!elwIH!elll pp-I'TX\l'm" nnd lhl' (lIiIlnllty 1\1 ('rtl~:;inK ~Hrh ter-fam WIth p.u!!I'Hl IoIIHI1'4 WhN"kd IImbulllll1'\'~" in lrnmt ,'n'w", wlll haH' il) 1:11' N'll;lU'I'd hy nther ;'¥IK-olltlOn mt'atu; nmN' HpprUpr,nk for 11/\(' in
ttw
jlll1lt'l¢, When tlit!kult {('rruin "nd wide dt~IKmml "f \'t'nl!lIlt pjt'nwnt>< did"!" th., flt,f'df,,'
,.,lIhttlnK .. r hntlllimn nid MU.tH>!\~. h(l€htu>f!hl rrwdil'nl Iwr" lU)llIlel wlllh€' rfi]\;lrl!,J Wnl'll II "ll:Nlb!;' unit up,t'rnh~ fl'llm a JIIIIKle hlllill' ,'ami) urNI,
it
m"y he advauil11l('!'H!i to! n,jh)('nlto a moL1I\" army Mlll'jfknlh(!~pjtnl with it, 111 JHII"l!' ternill, ml'<Jil'al "VA(" llfllion IIjwrationl< mllY be fndlihtkd b), the ('11-tabh:<hrnenl of I'olll't'tinl>t JlOlnh. t>pef'llttkl by IYWd-,{'n! IIld mt'n l,t mt..rnwtilltlt' puintM Itlmll( tne rl.ruk ,of t'I'UCUlltHiII Thi.ll mny U('l,"ur whl"u il iM
prlll'l\o; III
to
lnUl1'4rt'r Tllttit'nu. rTUm (IIle typeof
lrltllllj)prtlitiOlItoj
Rll(,lhl'l' ~);t'h II:; from Iilleroonrerl'l to IUllh<.!luw;(<iI "r bl'lil'Hlltel'll, ('nfl' m(llll
hi' ext'rei~I'd In lht, \l!!t of th('M! pl'~ureR flHlrl'
~\I",h ,~mlll1 i!lnlAleil pomt!! mny be profitable lllr_
4-1 t,
ivacuCllion
1/ (;IIIf'rni, Th(> ,'\'a("uu.bol\ (.f wnundrd in
Jlltr-KII' wllr(are prl'lIf'ntl' VBrlM probk-mll, The pro-portion of Litter "II~'!! to aml:mlatnry rlU'.eK !II in· rrea~fii in JUIIKW nrellll Aine.> even a IIlilthtly w!)undM indiviliulIl may rmd It dlffi('ult
to
lra_v~rlW thf' rllffJl't'd terrllin Ali a n'llult, the callulI:lty urdinHrlly dAII"jl\ed aM "walkln, wounded" may berame • litter {'ftfltL Smt'f' the combination n( heat Ilud humidlly ill rotidU<-lve W inln1iol1ll, spet.'ti of evileuII:tion III v\tal. Spe\ial ('(Inllideration must be given to the romrervati<1J! of manpower, Litter hauls mWlt lw kept t<H jIIh(trt as the tactical JIIltulllion will permit. Wbt'tl t'vJltuatkm by litter ill requirfli. All forward medklll lrullallatJoM IIhould ~ llit.l.IlltM All eJoAe JlJI poMible to the trOOPB IIUpPt'lrtl'd in order to redure exhaujlltingly
iong litter nau18,
b. Evacttalion MfalU, The 'lYquitmltl'lt And prop..
erty normnll;o prelWribed by tllbltHI of orjlauixlI-tion alld equipment (TOE) for mtldiral eVII('\U\· tion unilll mHy nut ~ the mlll>t 1I\lItahle for junjlll' opt'rntilln~, TO"; v('hid~M mllY Ilot be ahlt' lo tn,. v .. rlll' lhl' ll'rrain whcrl' operlitiolUll l:.H.!<'ome nCl:eft· lIary, "nd t'Varlllltwu ()f pjllit'ntM hy liHer may bt>
It IIlow and exhl/;u~tLn~ t!illk, f't>(\uidnjl aUlnl1cnla· tiOIl IIf lht· ml'di(,lI.l unit'! with many nonmt'dit'a! per1'!nnn{'L AU IIvaililb!e nwthOdM may be UHed to IIUlfml'nt or,(lln[c m('di('ul t'vII;rl1Ut)(m melinll. They may inc!ud~' trli\'"kl"d ... hidel>, pa<"k allimalll, r.CU, hlJa"', Imnrt'", h('hl'o]ltefll and ]ittl'f hCllr'CrM. Indilf· eni'<IUtI. ]ll'nI(!nlll'! m"y tn' Illll'd lUI lltwr bl'al"frl'. wh!.'u Ilt'Ollerly MIJ1WrvlIWtI hy Army Mediral
ne.
partment (AM";IJl), rwrlimmel Groulld medieal eVIU'lIlltinn m thl' junsrll' wilt normally bt" alome aupp!y rnutrul. 1(ince the5l' roUifoll are usually jllven all pOlu<ib!t' protct'tion from the enemy.{l} i,tiffTl'" All type,.; of littt>rll may be Uflert durin¥, opernti;1Il1I io thl' jUl!jl1t~, but whell evatua_ timl illVlllVl!!t trlUlllllllrimsr j:mtienbl over l\trulWll. jpliliell (}r IIl('Pp MllI1Wl>, mellil hmd<et ittf.l>rll mlluu_ tain typt>: or StllkeM liU\"rI) other some advan-taJ{t'fI o~er tbe ~tafld.rd foldin)(litter!!.
Metal
ball-ket Jitteu provid.-more 1I('('urily to the PAtientfl dl.lrinJ{ IIUfh moW!mpnt!!, and in AddltitHl. may b<-reAdily rlllll~! fflr UM! "u 1)Q('k AnimAl!!. Illdip~ noWl l)et'}lOl1llel 111100 all llttpr i.waNlrll may pr.!'ferto
WIt' ('lmVIUI ~hN'w wllh Pi,l!' looPl' Attathed, The CHllvall III liitht Ilnd 1IlU'lily tarried, And poleJl mAy be ",ul .us net'dt'd, l.itb>rK may A1IIO be impro_ vi,.ed from tlothinsr, POn('nOll, IIheller h.!vell or other HVIlHable material.fZ) ,liT' /<:I'/If/wfiml. Thl' many dif'flrultiefl of medil'lil e~lIt'U/lti(Jn I'll('ounh'rl'd in jungle opera· tion,. emllhll!d1.l' thl' Ild~Rntf\JI'''~
nr
air evaruation.In
the jUllllil', helieoptl'rll I'tnvlde faftter. more ef. ftt'icnl tran!!Pf)rtatil)n fur tll ... ultLUeft than otherml'thod!l- whirh mljlht bl' llsed, The reduttion (Of time betwf'f'tl injury nnd treatment hM- • dired; ef'f~t on thf'" tirru> ~luired ror recovery and the
fll'lAl rt'>lultll or tlw trt'.tmt!lll. Tht! UI<{' uf tht m{)llt
rltpirl, mO!lt wmfnrtllUil'. and tnt' ilafNlt mt'Anll of rVII!'uatiulI i~ fat'lhtll[('l.l wht'n landinsr
,wn\"lI
a"e /lvjllllll) .... t'\OIlf' ttl thl' blltth· Hr~'II; ht,w.I'\'"r, in I\r,'/\M whl'fl' thl' folhlxe ill den~I' and n(') landinJl' 1.11111'11 IIfI' IIVl\illlhlt,. n ht,]j{'olll\'r 1'lluil/JICd witb IIt'able hni~t K,\'~lenl ('nil LM' U;;I'I\ for lbiH purpolw In lIirm!Jblll' upl'rlltinllll. ml'dieal !;!vAtuation pllotll mu~t be fully briefed on initial land;nsr lonell, re" IIU!Jp)y inndiuK zoneJI and any other pertinent ill>
fllrmHtian rrllljifill to:! tactical (fOOIl mtwetnenhi
Mr(h{'u! lI:irH!lft mny nrbit over a spt't'it1c pOint
dllrinjl th .. itJJtiHi ph&lW of Sil iillrmr.bil .. (')per.t!(')1'1 to .. xpedite r\'Jlcuation dnrillll thill t'riUea! perioo. (:0 Pr/Olrip/f't1 of Nrorua/wrL Prifl{'iplt>1'! (If
e\'a.·uatiml lIrc to~er .. d in detail in FM 3-35, Fcr prinfiplt's or pVlIcuatiof\ in mnuntaint)ulI jllnjllf'
tl'rrain,li<'I.' PM 31_72,
4-12. Mtdkol Suppliaa and EqulptMnf ItPtnB of m!'(ll"Al TO": etlulpment fthould M (>vAlu-ntM tn df'tl'rnnnt' mlAAinn il~fillnt!:!tA in a humid tNlpieBI ellmHie EqUipment may AIAo require m.)dlfl('lttion to permit mMximum efficienry in <'omhnt Medical elemt'nt" I\Upportillsr independent UJllt olWrAlllln!( mm>t inllure that they have lIuffi-I'lent mt'dkal "IJPlllie.;, Pro~'i"'WII rnuJl1 bf! mad ..
ror
rel\upply when medkal l\uppliM drttp below the nlquired I"~el. Certain druj(R Rut'h 811 penlcil· lin, whole blood, f;lintml'nti<. hydro('ortiMln liquidn, Mult.·liquid.l!l. ek .. have critit'ai IIWrajf'e temperA· ture rAnpll, To pl'~vent \(IM of JK)tency and !Ipoil-a.we, proviaiO'II muatbe
mllde to provide Adeql.latt' storaJ{t' for thele drUj(M, When reliJllible, An air rOlldlliolll!d IItMII,,1' facility "hlluid be used, Card. board eOhtainerll uled for Iljlrkinj( O'frnl'diealllup-pJletl II:nd IlIbel,. used on bottle druR'1! and medi· cinea df'leriorate and become iIle"ible or fall oft .tter perio(hJ of open aWran in wet humid di.
matea Adequate rovered slor8J{e il!' an e/i/iential requir"ment for maintenJince (')t these lIupplil'lI',
So"'"
V. llIANIPOIIT .. TION
4-n,
o.n:aralThit; ,.,cti\>fl pretU'nb only II: very baak dlS(usaion, Detalbl conrerninjt transportation rt'tOdM, emplGy_ ment. and related doctrine art' N'lnt.Airnhi 1n man~
1/aiB of thl> r'&'weril'M. With few exe.>ptiotIB •• ur~
far\" tr&nllp!:lrtation fMdlltie!l in the humid tftlPiea Are poorly developed Bnd have. very limited t' .... p&bllity for movinj{ larKe lonn.1iN of {'arro or numht-n ()f per6()nnel for even reiAtively short
distances. Tbe manpower lind materiel rt'sOurcell requirM fQr ronl5truction, improvement, .. nd m.lnten.~ of lIurf~
tranaportatlon
mode. in junJ{t. operationll. togetber with aecurity prob-lems, time lImitll:tionA_ and almil.r relat.d fac-tor&, may In mAny inetanrea be alpfteantly r .. dlK'fid or (wermme by uain, by uIln, II:J\ air JIM of communieatiollll. Howev.r, for muimum .flkienty • • 11 moo. ebollki be coraider.d. and'114
:u-"
should I.w inf'()rp,)rated into au i"tf!j(rlited rapid lrAUlIport lIy~tl'm IlPprnprillie: to the situAtion Ilnd openltimw.t telIWfN'rlettU!
4-14, Transportation MoRt .1.llrmwlIl'"rf(I(lf".
(I} A blll'!l" mell.n~ (If mm'inM' :'\Ul'plif"A lind
~Iuipment in jung!!' Op<!f«U(>It~ i~ HUll of hMnt.!~ ("jury!!l/( by trnoplI or mt.!igf'OUllH penlOnncl At J)(!lIl. lhl" nll.'lhod ia alo .... lind laOor!lJoll and, pltr-Ul'IJlllrl;V wlwll tN!HI,1I art' ll~cd. ill iUt'fficient. Ad-dltimu,lIy, th., carrying plLrty, wh<'iher Militllry ur indii«'n"tlll, mU>lt iududf' additionfll rWrH(lnnt'1 all >w<:urify r!)r!"\'~ to pfoifft thfO party from f!nemY [Ielml!. PhYIlJrliil {'mlflitionin" a)1(1 traitllnjt of t~'P<" in tht' m;:thmlll lind techlliqlttlll o( Io.d earryiull, lnKl'tht'r with timitinlt hand cliTried IUlul" lo ollt'rlltll!1U)[ ''1UIt'nhfll Ilt'mM will materi. ally i IICrea!\(' tr.mp fl\rrll'r efft!l"tiven4'1I1I.
CO
Tht' i~!I'-pad!: honrcl is H Aervk~ab\.ecarryall. If It ill not avaii8ole, load (urytnll' de-vite. suth .. '\ tht" "A'· frame u"t!d in KerN:!. may be o"blained (r(!m indigenous IWurces. One or two mall ItI6d cArryinK devi<'es may be improvilled
frum wood. t'anvas, or rope,
(3; for eVlltU8tlOl) of patienUi. the boot litter svailable LK the Slokell meta! litter which weigM ~II.~ puunds. Thit! litter 1M of rigid ton-dr!lcllon and will not mllapse IIhould one o( the beuers fall. Additionally, il
can
be rAppelied down tllffs aod uaed in helicopter hoiat rf.!COV-eTielt. An rxpedlt;nt tilter made (rClm twu polelt and tWil (atill'ue jacket.8 is useful in the event. of emergeucie/t,II. A,fll'1J'4l [».uk,
{.I; AlthoUjth the UJ3. Army is no 10l1ger au-thorim pack animals in the ayatem. they do have A plaCe in Jungle tranllportation and can, in ""fIH~ a1"t&il, be obtained by wntrad or purchue fmm locallWurCelill. Pack Animals sultable for UAe in the "veral jungle a~" of the world include tlw Aors!!,
Mule.
donkey, water buffalc, andeler>hAnt-(2) The lOAd carried by a pack anim.t Is dependent upon th(!' typeil of anlmll1 used; type, weij'ht Ilnd
bulk
(If !!lad; diatan« t.o be traveled; terrain; And ra~ of march, Since there ia little forage in the junirle for dome-&tieated anim81&, tMlr use requiree that fW811"e 00 carried by the anlmAla, thereby redudnj' the r<aylood.tSl Ulle of native handlera with pack ani~
malll ia dellirable in that native hltndlera are nor· malty more IIkiUed with the animalll and, partieu. luly in that troopa are thereby releued ror oth.r duti~.
f', Hiqhu'(t/J (0,,/ MIlM,. TmnRporf.
III (;enerfll!y .'!!wakinl<. l1lt('rior road)'! ill )\\IIlll(' IIrl'R~ ar~' rare. Th<llw thllit ('Xillt, alth(luvh
p<llllljhl~' ltdetjuatt' (<lr tiormal indllf')n<)U1I \lite, ;juwkly neh'rjnrllt.- under fHI)' ~lIhRtantially ftI· ."·t'II.'1(>(1 tra/lll' Hnw J)urinv WI'! weAthl'r mill'll r1lKdll !IO',·IImt' Iml'lIl1)\ub!t' t() nil v;'hid(' trank. ";v('o durmll dry HNI~II1, (·\llllwuin;:: "fll(im'>'rin;:: .-Wort mil)' he rL'<oluireti til in.'!vre their IIlIflhitity by m!lltllfY vehlch·~. MlIl!y IIrea.'! l)f'(wld(' nothing mllr!' thllll trnill\- pUl\-lIRble ()Illy t() Ilaf'k animnh. {lr to mPIl nil fut)t. lillrillil lh.- f/lIllY lIeal'l\)1! ~'VI'I!
tnlill! fH'<lul'll11y l;>e!·uml' implV<l!Jlhl(' or, al l;>eld,
¥J(h·I'ml' y riill\('ulc ";Xt'l'llt rur anl·tilll NUld~ f~w hridg~ .. n-tl !tllli
nl.>Ht
of th.'l1e ure inni))ahl., of hUPPlll"tlnll mlhtury v('hwlplI without e;.;wmuvt I'nM'lIwer t'onlltrudlOlI c-tf1lrL lJurillK tlw rainy lWa-lIUll mill!)" I<trf'tlmll lIr~ ul~ford!thl<i by vehide. The lack of !.l'O&-t ttl!!llt'{'tiunll hetwe.m exiating road!!. m· trllill' hamltl'rl< or prl'vetllll "j,mmUBit·lJili,m~ lind clmtrnl tt-lw;>t'll mov~mf'Jlill ;>II'lI'jJnrale UlI.eHnn
Thl' tYlll' Illttl numb!'r u( vphid('!4 thlJit l'lln be f\TIl(liJIb!y ulled 'Ill any plu'tit"'ular junl("ie !)lJera· timl litre Ifepend('ltt UpOll the avallnvl" roadll Alld traill!, terrain, dimllw, vell;etJolion. and lIOil traJ· llubiHty An additlofllll, Ilnd frequently d"dlllve. fllt"tor III l'on.~ldering movf'melll by vehidt' il! lhe t'IlPRblhty to Mltillfy ('Ouvoy ~C("urity require· mentR.(3) Wheeled vt'hl('J ... lire mlrm .. lIy relltri.'ted to dry w ... thcl' \1M' of rl)lldll
.1Iq
wide trails. For ('rullll-Ctluntry movement, trlK'ked vehiclefl may prove l<uitnhle provided vegetation and terrAin nbBtadffl IIml soil trallkllbllity pernnt Cra8ll~ ~1I\fltry mOVl'TT!!'nt r('llult't'l! rt'(:onnalllllll.nCC, Ilnt.! pN'!Iei('{·tion and mHrkinit of mut.t~. with J'mrll\'\!· Illr attl'ntlOn 1I.t'(·"fded the ~tJhof'tlon of Huitnble river, sircMm, lwd t'anHI rr{)MlnK Mit-l's,d. fnliJnd WafnWill/, Riverll, sLreamll. and m_ nab. provide an ewnomkal mode (ar moving Stlp_ ph.,~ and «juipmenl in junR"le operatinna. In I'e-mnt"" Itreaa, lttlflnd waterWaYII may very well ron-sUtur.« the bat'kbulle of the tranaport system. Larke rivera dr.ininll the area may aeeommodate the llatlMage
or
sme.11 1Ihip!l and lanre OOfttA (or lWveral hundred miles inlflr.d. Where smaller con. tributory streams brarn;;h oat, transfer points. may bt! established (or the tnnslolldlng of Clirgo lot.> smaller WliWttra(t far further movement into the interior_ flooding ('onditiontl in IImaller streaMlI, while constllubnj( an added haurd may aIM prove advflntageous by permiUinlf the ule of deeper draft w*terer*ft and or motors Movement by miU\Ary watercraft may be auppltmtenta.d byUsin" rwtiw <'rart, (In'fl'rnbly o!)('rated hy indill;e. noua per,.unlwi. 11\ eml'rgency. rafts may bt! con~
strudt'd for \.lAt, Il~ lin ('xl~ief\t However, r*ftll ani: dlffit'ull to ('onlrol, (lartkularly in
"witt
nr turbulent 'Itn·um~. ('aution ;o;hnuld be eurdsoo in consirut'lil1g" rlllt fmm JunKie haniwDUOII If the 1<>1( ill of Mu<·h ,kll)!lly thnt it will not {lmlt. the urt will !lot fI(llll.1'. A.r.
(1) Th .. lI(lllll'(' o( jungl.-: operatinnlt and lhe environment WIthin which th .. operationll are car· ried Qut; ttw n'l'llrring requirements (or rapid and tho.!!>I,. mowl'n('Jll uf IIllllpHH,. e<]uipment, snd IH'rl~n'lI\t'l lind fIJr ('VllcHatton o( clUlu*It!eJ:; and the (tI'1pWlll n"l!exi"t.-ncl' or inadi'tlulli:Y of
other mov"mt'llt model{ all {'ombine to emphssize the .'Iillnitirunr(l 01 an air line o( rommunirationll in lIuPPllr! ~)t j\ln~df' "prrati(JnA. Rupport may be either hy tlxt'd Wing "i,,·raft nr hy heJit'opter Both typ\'l~ of ftitf't"nft arc .~ubJet'l to perfnrm&nfe limilillHWII jmp" .. ,,~! hy temperuturlO'denaity alt!. tud.-: ('(lJlditinnll. "h.- IIj}f'nt(Jr"M m.l!ual puhlilthed for etl('h type uf alrrratl ('olltalns dt1:ailed per-forman('.-: nll'l\bility t.!ata for that ty!)(, of aireraft under lIr>edfled co!\ditl{)n.~. {Simply stated, air-craft J~rform"ncl' rapability dec!'e8&ls lUI the oou.idt' IIlr temp .. ,.ature inf'rt!&AeR and/or density
d«re&lle~. Air de(·~
in
denMity all itbocom ..
Warmer,)(2) Gelwf8lly, fixed wing trunsport aircraft can operate .. I ;::n-ater radiUM dtlllnnct'li \dillta~es
out nnd bao:k without rduclingl than <'8.n the trsnSj'hlrt tmlieopter. However, !,lit of fhfed wing air1:raft ror air,!anded 10ll;istic support o( jungle operlltioful rmlujrell lIu'ltable landing .trips. nOr_ mally not found in forward or remote junrk! are~. AirfllfW ('onlltructim! in theae areas USUAlly require. th .. URe of h.-:avy equipment, involves tbe • "l>enditur~ of lIi"nilleant Amoont.! of manpower and Materiel, requiN's ('(Inlliderable time, and (rmrtkularly during the wet aeason) ia acrom-pUaht'd under extremely adverse conditions. Ad-ditionnlly, e<mtlnuinll; mnlntenanee ia normally requi red if the air lItrip ill to remain operabte. An alternative iA
to
airdrop the lIuppll .. and equip-ment. However, bt!t'Auile of the dense Junllle CAn-opy and the often impenetrable under«rGwth, * high percents«e of airdropped supplies rna), not be found by sUPJlOrted elements Gr may be r«'ov, ered by (,!leroy troopaan
Helicopters are particularly well s!,llted for movement of Rupphea and equipment In sup.. port of junKie operatir.nH, Although more re-atrleted thsn the fixed wing tranHport in thera-'MJI_U dio" ,Ii"tant'l' fit wh:,·h it CAn "peO!~', thf' hl'li('op... ti'r in airlRndt'd operations re'llIireR rnmpara· lIvely llUle III tht' way j}f lanninv fH('lliliell eun· ... /rudiorl. U'Munlly heliropter IIreMII rsn i)fl enn-idrJl('~'d hy !rtlOp"
"r
1ll(lilleneou~ pel'll£mnel uaing hannltml~, powef MaW" and ell:l!lo!livffl. Sinre tht' hi'!il"Uplf'r clin ;"arry ('1lt"lofu eXlf'rnsily, thc nir.I"rsfl may Iw hover .. d and tnt' carll;<I rel .. MNI from, or attached to, t.he helICopter fll.r}!O hook Without the airrrllH a('tually landing. rf ne«'l1· ;'ary, the, helicopter nperated II.t spprnprtillely
re-du~ weheM, un be hovered over the jllnJ("ll' clln· upy ur (tthH II.reas III heighl.i! romtn(!n~urate with th .. lel!jllh
(!r
the helicopter CII.rj{(l wind! cablf. lMtR"th.I, Rail.
(1) With few exeeptionll, nil muvement t'llpilbHities ill junille /Ueall are limited or lIunex-illt('nL EXcellt for {'O&IIta] linM, mtlf!t serve
.11
(\·('dt>r hneft from • commerdsl elttsblillhment (plantatiQll, mine or (actory) toa port.(2) Track Ittrudu~ is ulluaUy light, and track Stauge may \lllry between dlfrennt areall. The t'cuntry may 00 dependent. upon import tor etljtinelt, rolling stock. construetjcn and mainte-nance llq\llpment, and
tor
(abrka~ ateel items SlJch 88 rails and atl"uetur.1 memoorll for bridle lind tuiverti!,(S) Railroad right.&.of.way in the jlJnlle afelLS are diffi('uH. to m.1ntaln, partfeularLy dur_ inr the rainy sea~nn, 180latliln. vuln.rahllity
to
sabotage, and the absence 01 alUtrnate route!! may aubj«t rail movement to frequent traffic inter. ruptions,11. Pi,.U'IUI. Normally, if pipeline is svailable
in jURj't. lire . . , It 1a comparatively Hmito.!d and. in moat c ... , MrV1Nl only to rlear the port by
movl1lj'
POL
tromthe
pon to ItClrage t&eilltl. \lfllallyloeated only a .hoM distance inland .4-1S.
s.-tIy
a..
Security of UMfI. of communication in junrle operation. I. a COIltinutnj' Pl'Ohltm. edtical to .uce . . (uJ l'Mupply support of forward etemlht& J4c,at aurfae. IIG" of eommunieation.n
co"'rod
bya
buY)' ov.,hud follapc.t.nOPY that Imw..
ferel wah or p,.",nta ~t!ve Ml'Ial reeonrllu,. !lance. Heavy un.rl1'Owth. partl.eularly-.JOlla'
in~land watarway.,
faellltfial.nerny
ambuah of .u .... face MOvement..b-.
Contblutnarout.
.un,IUanet aDd f'tiCOlI-llAl ... nee of ~nd and watarrout. Ia
nQUlNdto
Iocata
and ellmlnata min ... ~ ambuh. and darnaae or d . . truetionof ..
rout.
fadUt:l-..Armed ellcorl, surface !lnd fur !llr, ahould ill' J,l'iv('n IndIvidual vehicle!! and f'nnvoya of land and water mu ... eml'ntll na rl'quir('(l Wherl' ternlin permitll. armol't.d elemrntK mlly ht· ulled to escort II'round Vt.hW!t'K. Armed J,l'unrlill ma~' ride WIth rilll move. nWllh. Armed ht'licullter~ t'lln lx' efTedively UKl'd
1I11 t'1I('orl. particlllnrly with nir movement. De.
tailed plnnK of countera('tion to lIpt'rific ~ituationll ~houlrl be developt·d. rehe!lrst'd. and coordionted with e.~cort elemenill. Pian~ ~hould include provi· Ilion fnr arllllt·ry and el,,~e 1I1r lIupporl o ... er the I'litirl' rnutp. EfTertl"'t· Hnd r('lillbh' communicn· tinn hctw('t'll 1111 t·lt·menlll of the ("OIlVOY ami Kllil· IlnrlinJ,l' IIccurlty el('m,'nt~ nrt' l'riticnl to mo"'\.'· mpnt ~erurtt.v.
4-16. Moyementt
For maximum I'ffiC'ien('y, RlI modt'~ IlvRilable for u.~e In R lillt· of cummUIl1('allnnK ~hould ht· l'()n~ld· erf'd for inrorporlltioll into 1I11 iuteJ,l'rat('d rapid tmn~p"rt Hy.~ll·m nppropriRtp to the operntionnl reqlllr('mf'ot" To R!lIlUrf' 1lt'\'e~~llry mt('J,l'ralion nnd (·oonhnlltioll. thf' ~y~tl'm mu~t nlll'rRt(' und('r cenlrnllled ("outrol. Thi~ control i~ e)(erri!l('d by 1\
mo ... ('m('ntll ('ontrnl c('ulpr a~~iJ,l'ned 10 th(' !lUP'
portmJ,l' InJ,l'i~tical hendquRrters Fnr division
op-t'rRtlu!I~, th(' divl~iou lrnn~pnrtntion otlice and mlWf'nwntK control ~1'dlonK III t'nch hrlJ,l'nde con·
trnl m(lvemt'utM thrOllJ,l'hout Iht· divI~I()n. For R dl'llllif'd di!lCll!l.~inli .. ~I't' 1"1.1 1')1)-1 n.
Se<tion VI, PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS AND SERVICES
4-17, General
Tht· UUilllll' t'rlvlr(JlImt'1i1 or thl' JunJ,l'le pre!lf'nt~ t· ... {·ry ('omm(lIl(\I'r WIth uddt·d per~onnrl mllnnJ,l'I" ml'lIt Jlrohlcm~. Exll"el1l('~ of tempernturt·, eli· male, yell'elntioll II'rowth. It'rwin tCll1ure!l. llRtiv(, cultlln'~, and wildlifl' mak!' thc junll'le appt'nr 1111 a natural (Iud formidable foe. In it, the !loldier
f(l('('~ tht· llrollped~ of Ilt'W Rnd !ltrllnJ,l'e circum. lItnn('I·~. pott'nl mlly fntul I ropiclll diRt'fllle!l. heat npJll"f'lI~iVt· hUnlldlt~'. exlt·nded periodll nf ~llefl('e,
!lemldnrkfl('~~. or tulal d)(rkne!l~. I1nfllmiliar siJ,l'hbl, ~JI1cllll, lind Huulld,~. slrnnJ,l'e lIati\'t,s, pre~.
em'e of wild ben!ll~. tlillkulty or muvement under the \xo!lt of (·ol1dllilln.~, pl'riudic illolatioll from ~upporl element~ which hrinJ,l' him mRil. pay lind t'lItt'rtlllllmeut. nnd ('(1I1111Rnt threat of ('nemy Rm· hu~h Rnd dO~f'.tl\lllrh'ra combnt. Thell(, faC'lorll will hll\'(' R diret'l lx'ilrinll' on hili auility to prop. erly rf'nl'l 10 hl.~ It'lIder,~hip and hill dellire to
con!li~tenlly perfurm ul peak efficiency, Corn. mRnderJ{ .~hnulrl recoJ,l'nize the requirement tor a('· dimlitillition and p~ycholoJ,l'kll\ adjustment of 1I11 pl'r~connel. ellllt'{'lllily Individual replacemcnta (1Iet' chap 6) nnd Inl\\l1"(, thnl 1111 perannnel re('eiv(' II ('umplete orif'ntlltion of thl' unit, it~ millllinn. lind lhe rO\ltint,~ of jU11I1'I(' liVing, workinJ,l', lind flJ,l'hl· inll'. To thl' extent prRcticllbl('. all men Khouid he kept 1I1formed (If the oyerull situation since it i~ lIeldom pO!lllible for II mnn to observe th(' actionll of ndjll('ent unit!l or even individulII!l. Elich man mll.~t reailz(' his pnrt in the overall operation if hl~ mllximum ('ITedivellt'IIII iK to be II'nined Elich lIHlividulll. particularly newly arrived replac('.
mellt~. ,~hould 1)(' furniKhed II r(,RllOnRhle period of
time to mnk(' It ~RtlllfaC'lory initilll adjulltment to
th!' JllnJ,l'h' I'llvlronml'lll F.lfllrls should ht· mad(' to promult' thl' huddy Hy.~tem. ('In~eknit tellm or ~ll1ull'J,l'ronp rt·lutlOn!lhip~. :-:'ul'h rt'IRtinnllhip~ wll! hf'lp predudt· !l1·lf lsolution. ('(Imbut rlt'riod~
of t')(tremf' loneliup!ls. nnd !'>hould n.~~1111 ill th(' identification at an early time of symptoms of in-dlVlllull1 or unlt inlltulily to ~lJ('l'e~.~fullr cope With tht· junJ,l'lt· l'nvll'onmf'llt
4-18, Penonnel and Admlnlttrotive Service. II. (;I'II('rlll. I'&A ~ervi('{'.~ rUnctlOn cIIsenlililly the ~umt' UII in more cOllventiounl environment!l; howt'vpr. thl' mnnlll'r in whleh they lire furnished dl'peud~ upon nvailable tranJ{portation Rnd the lo_ cation of lIulIPorted umt!!. Complete peraonnei. Rdmilll.~lrnlivI'. replm'('ment and IlOlItal J{er ... i('eM
(I'M 12-:!). un(1 finlll1('I' (FM 14..,1). normnlly will hI' uvuilubl(· ut hlille (·amp~. and pruJcct('d a~ r('· Iruin'li to lIuiJllOrled unit~ hy the Olle of Rmlill ('(Ill· tart lellmll. Spl·cial Ser ... ice~ ('an be expected ltl be minimlll in the jUnll'ie und will C'on~i91 mainly of the indiddunl and small J,l'roup recreational
pur-lIuil~ RepillCementll Rlld mall WIll. In th(' major-Ity of ru~r~. bl' delivered by IIlr (prohably h('\1· ('uph'r) 10 lho~t, unit.~ whil'h arf' i!lolllt('d from mnin wllter. uir~trip. or roud lhorouJ,l'hfar(,H. On o('{'a.~)(m, thc wenthcr, terrnin fenlurell of n pRrti. culRr l()('ality in th{, junJ,l'le. ur preval('nt bnltle ('ondition~ mny temllorurily delay deli ... ery of mnil or r('placements; the~e InstRllcell should b(' of \'f'ry ~hort durnlion Ilnd !lhould ntot develop mto t'rill('alitie~ which will uffect the lIupport('(1
lInit',~ enpability to perform It II millllion,
/J, PrrMOllllf'1 [./(1I1IUIi rzlld Sln/11i1 Rrportmo. C'ummand('r!l Ahoultl allaurf' thf'msel ... ('~ that efTeC'·
tive lial!llln nlld \'ommlinicRtion~ exillt betwf'('n their Ilupportt'd unit~ und th(' !lollrc(' of P&A Ser .... ieell and lhat thcir 1I.~.~iJ,l'nf'd pf'r~onnt'l who ar(' chRrJ,l't'd WIth I'&A n('ljoll!1 nnd liailloll rellpon!li.
bilitw~ lllldt'I'~lnlJ(l nnd npprl'l"int(' lht' ne('1i for expl'llit iOUH. Iu·(·urnlt·, nnd timt·ly pt'r!ltllll1el ,~tntu,~ reportinJ,l'to I'&A dire('l !lupJlort el{·mt·ntM.
c, Milllrz,.U 1'111/. C()mmnudf'r~ !lhould impre!lH upon their men Ixoture nn oJlf'ralion beJ,l'illll that there is litllt' or no nt,pd for money in the junJ,l'h' and ('nCUUrRJ,l't· lhpnl 10 JlnrticiplI1(' in programll whi('h providt' tur pay tlt'JlO,~lt~ in thl' Unifnrml'll SavinJ,l'~ llt'p(lKit~ 1'1"!I1I'1"IIm. trnnHnlittnlnf riel puy
to II bunk or uulhorl'ted KII"'II1J,l'K )l1l1tltlitlOI1 by C'heck from thl' ~t'rvit'inll' linnllt't' nnke, or ac('rllnl of pay Rt thl' fman('(' ofllce for withdrllwnl by the member Rt It tutur(' dRt('. Particular ('mphallill IIhouid be place(1 011 the RdvanlllJ,l'eH to the mem_ ber ot dillt'hnrJ,l'inll' hi!l t1nanC'inl rellpollllibililiell throuJ,l'h pny nliotment.w..
4-19. Grovet Reglttration
Direct lIupporl for lh(' recovery. id('ntification
und t'VIIt'uutiO!l of dt'('ell~p(1 p('r,~onnel will nor· mnlly he uvniluhl(' to the ('ommand('r in the jun-J,l'1,· t'n",l)"llnmt·nl. All t·(,ht·I01II1 or ('nmmumlllhould t·mphU~I\(t· lht' lnll",rlulU'I' of l'xr)('diti'Ill.~ remnval fIr r,'nlllinn III thl' Illlt'rl'.~l.~ of troop morule, to prl'YI'nt lo.~~, 1')(l't'~~IV\' 111·II·rJorulion. or multiln· tum (If n'nlnlll~ III Iht· jlln.,;lt·. IIIHI to muintnin our nutlOlo·.~ cnllndell{,(, in tht· uniformed lIer ... irell· melhod,~ of hurl(lhnl< Ihl'lr dend, Th(' hot and humId cllmnl(', pr'f'lI('!1{'1' of willi nnimal~. birds.
lnlll·I't.~, nllliv('.~ IIll1ltht' d(,I1~(, v('g('lution and poor
vl.~lllilily Oil thl' JIIIII<I!' flour nil pl"t·~ent !lpeciltl Jlr(lhll·m~. If hll.~ty Imrilll!l IIrt' lluthori1.t'd lind im-pl,·tllt'llh·d !t!l n 11I.~1 1'('~lIrl Whl'lI m('nll,~ of I'VIII'Ua· tinn or prf'Mt'r\'lItion of n'mninH ure not IIvailable I" thl' l'ommnlldt·I'. ('urI' mUllt hI' e)(l'rC'i.~('(1 to ron-Hpicu(lusly mnrk J,l'rRW ~it('~ to enabl(' their relt)('utlon. finpid I<rHwth of vegetlltiol1. heavy rnlll~. lind nther Illllunil fn!'\or!l t('I1(1 tn alter lht' npJn·nrullI,(· of junJ,l'lt, tt'rrnin ovt'r Hhort periodK of timt' IIl1d rt'('ovI'ry of rt'ml\ln~ from hllllly
bur-1111 1I1tl'.~ {,Iln Ill' l'xp('t·tl'll t" h(' ditlkliit und('r the
CHAPTER 5
JUNGLE OPERA liONS
_ .
I. GENERAL CONSIOIRATIONS
5-1. <hruH"olStandard and ~urrcnt combat pl"inciple& mual be applied to a jutll(le eno:jl"'<:!Ilment. with em phaRis plated 011
Ow mnditkaliol1 to l.b.llIe prineipit!!I that
art tlt«'8l1itateti by lhe enlltrunment JUII.\f1(. oper. .lIODHare
chara{'teri~wtby
relltrictedmaneuver.
Alaw tempo or
operRtinM.dOAe combat
underron·
dltlons of e:dreMI'lY limited vi.llibUlty, and dim. ('ulty in !.rovidin!l' 1()w:i8tical 8Upport. Spec!a! op-erations. ..!len
lUI patrolling Actiotlfl. ~ration~ from forward poaitiot1a, ambush, and other fl)rmR of c!Me ('ombllt anHommon in jungle areAll.5-2,
fottol'lAH.ctJitI
Imp!oy,,*,t
II, lrli6M(m, Bet-au"t' of the difflculties of CIml' mand, control and t'ommunieatiot1a, junl(le open.
tlOrnl
~uit'eeenlrnliU<! planning and
decentral-ized execution. Comml\nders mYllt use miMlion type Mm.", that give mllllimum latitudl'to
.ubor. dlnateB, It III e,,&enlia) that the miuion be under. .t(lOd by all pel'MnneLh. Eflt-mll.
The
(:QmMander will requi'l't timely and accurate information on eoemy loeatlon, .~ngth, d!IlPl'N'>ition. eomJlQtlltion. and activities II() tbat he l'l'UtY mllke II. continuing Mtlmate !)( enemy capAbilities and lIulnerabillt'ie •. In thl' 001-lectig.n effort, extensiw patrolling ~llonwlll
bef1t!€e.s& ..
y dueto
the limitationof other
MOrrell normally available. PooT observlI.tion froM both ground and airwill
make it dllli<'ult to delt'rmlneenemy loeatioM and tltremrth, Commanderll and
Int.lIiaeoce offic('rll mUllt
bit
cautioull not to roo-elude that the enemy t"anoot attack throuah ,,"up-poIMdly impenetrnble areas or that he ('annot r.ln(ot'fi.! in time tQ alfect the mission Movement (rom (rlentil), 1l<l!!iti<lllH lo an objertlve may takelonl<er tban \,,:,limat~, and the enemy may take
advantascp 1)( thill tl> rpjnfor('e w'lth II unil in!-U"II)' t1>n~ldered tO(l /lIr away
to m-
Ulled IOR'icaUy (OT lhllt fiUTjIOM' An "nrmy rApablllty of employ-inR' IIlrbnrll!' or l!:ir mohi!(' (orr(']<, mUFt beronald-er('d by th~' ('ommander.
(;, if'rNli7l.and Wmthf!r. (1) Terrain.
j/l) Kill Urrain. Key terrain in jungle arNS Inducl~ trailR
(11.1,.
5-1). rOll.dll (flj. 6-2), bridl!'N<, IllrenmbedH. and communkatlon~ c4!lnterll. Hiih Itround il< atill II4!Ileded aA k<'Y terrain but for v/;ITyinsc "'Ulona. A hill mAY be the onlyfea-tun~ in the /iTeA whkh alfor& II. suit.b1e area fnr defentle', A river thtouJ(h an oliIerwille Impenetra-ble fOl"6lt may be II key ternin (eAtUn! (ilg. ~).
A h.,lirnpter hmdinj lone ffluJd .lao (an into thill
('at.elCory.
(b) OIlIItr'Catimt and fleld«
ot
flrt.In
t1eut.e jllnlCle, omervation and I'te:ld of ilr. Are Hm-H,erl by the underKrowth. In the rain forNit.,howe\~r, althouKb Kood obl\en'fttion into the for-est from the outllide or above may be nQnes;bltent, it
ilo
Il09aibte lo have lair observation Aad good 6eida of tire for a realKmablA dlatanc4!I at around level tAIt. f) 4), '1'hill nmditi01l u:;i"bI where the branchea of till! tr<'(:11 inter!~eto
form a e.nopy thrnusch which few t<unrftYI'I penetrate, thereby prohlbitlnK the J<TOwth of ICI'IlM, bual:"".. !)1' other fi)liaa~. When old fON!1<i.II have burned ('IT hue b('f!n destroyMl. the nmultifli tangle of sl!conduy p:rowth seriously limits both observation and AeldJI of fire. In Opefl ar4!lftll oblltlrllatlon and fleldJl of fire may be limited by the heilCht or lhe junj}eSCt'lUl&, whkh IlOmetimmo gt'l.wlllU'verfll feet <}ver It mao',Mhead.
(d ('1H'1'r Itnd wIIUlIlrm'nt. Oenll(' folingl'
/;lifOI'd!! ex('t;llenl t'olltealmt'tlt from the ground and air oooery-atinn (fill:, GAl). Cover is provided by lIurface irreSCLlillritimo "oeh a, ravinCll and I<ul· Iif'!!. III ctlriain jllngle aNall the prruo.enee of ex_
leluiv(! grnond l('lIel root" will make IliR'lI:inll' lIery tiitlkuJt, requirinl[ lhe ('ulllllrul'Lwn of pm.itioM "b.Wt' ground level
((ll OIldar!t-lI. Many natural obatades
nix! wilhlll the varimlll typt'~ o( jtUlgLe areAl". III
th" older fnre"l,q {hut' 1.11 ltt'ul'rn\1y nu uhlllllde to rfOu4 m{IVWfll'nl qth{'r lhnll 1I1l'1t1{'l\tul I\wampy l)t"a~. m'{'n~imljll fallt'n tr(~t'~, vin!'..; (fisc, r.-6),
...
,
and extensive groulld M"el rooll Hii'. &-7). How_ !'I'U, lIle l~ themliC!ll'es, d("J)fJI.ding on their
"pMting ldlu the mol!ll r.foU'lld.
a
d
IU (lll>llacw...llt.o
\'r.hiculaf mOVentE'nl Manmade obttAcles llJ"eOrl.n mort .. etrocth'l! In junJ,(ll! araB Lhan In nor.
mltl terrain, due to limited comrnunic:aticln rout($,
A log b,lrrier acro5!l II trail ror nuisance minina
along the rond may c.aUlie a marked iner9S0 in
lite delay to the OI)POStnJ( force and m,>' TOqUirCl " greater :lfJ'AioUltl of offort fOl"
its
removAl (or thet)rl'fl4ratJon of a byp~gs.
{." A'·"'III.4 OII'MJr(xl.~li. StlltBbrl! rouWl(, considerin,l!" the a~p~b <,1 zood observatioJt!'!, field
of fire, use of key lerr:tin, emler, and aVoiding o
b-slaclel!. mn,\' be virtually imJIQ~sible to find. A
,"" 31-35
I:VIJ1f1rO"\I~(I rnuJt be ft1ad~ ~ .. use (If thl!! limited I!xlllhli' r<JLt\.w. Clri.tinJ( of IitIw I raita u d rep'lil' (If those :tln';ul,\' in .'xi81"nr<, ill',· ... ()n~tant task:! In ~lo'('Un!\ of ;1\'~IIlIO
"
r
ilpprO;kh 1t\'llil;!.ble to th. ellI,)InY. the nmlllHllld(w 11l~11 the Intelligence Oflker .~holllfJ nvt \"Oll!>ider Iiny portion of thejlmf(le 3r~1l to be impa.~Mbl('. U() matler how
dif-fICult or thkk.
(f} 1l"!I'I·t'"rr,~ . • \l~o Iwr 1i:"·a).:"r;lph!l
thrQllab 6-10 for Ull!l·Il"~i,,u~ uu th .. Hhow'.
,~) 15'",/1"'1".
I,!) W('athl'r f"rN'Il~~. will 11(1 ,~ellerll1iy rd[.b~ In JtI~lr. urea!! due to the more apparent dh'l!Iion~ bet",~n the two predominant ~e/lSOns --dry Ji.nd r~in~·--except ill certain IIr('311 where 5-3
fM 31-35
there are no dry seasons. During rainy seasons rainfall can
be
predicted with rt'a!of18ble acCu· racy. The .... olume of rainfall is the most impor.tant factor. Two hundred inches of rain are not
unc.omlt1on in a year; during dry f.ca!lOllS, it is not unllllUal for two or more months to pi\..~~ wilh 110
predpication whnt.soever.
(0) Visibility may be greatly restricted during rainy 8~a!lOns due not only
to
the rainfall itselC. but 3.lso to hea .... y ground fogs which may Itn~er (or several hours after sunrise. Licht data which I;Qultl be u.'led in drier climatell is ofIHS
VilliII' under ai.lch circumat.ancl'll.(e) Abill!nce of wind in area.s of dense jungle or under .. rowth will ha .... e a marked effect on the employment of smoke. High winds may not be felt in heavily vegetated areas since they tend to pass above the jungle canopy.
(d) Temperature changts in mountainous
jungle areas will sometimes rang-! 40
to
60 de-grees over a period of 12 hours. In other jungle area! the deviation from day to night will be con-stant and have very little chanlCe.(e) Trafficability vari~ "'ith the location of the jungle ar~·:t. Ncar large bntlies of water. low ,ll'round may be constantly soft, cven in the dry !lesson and may, therefore,
be
pasuble with. out improvement only to foot troop~. Conversely, at higher elevations, Lrafficability may remain ex-cellent throughout most of the year, becomingpoo
r
only durinr, the wor"t part of tht:' rainy Se:l· $On. At times. elien when traffic.ability bas twen excellent, the volume of r:.illfall within an hour or 16S~ may completely hnlt .... !hlCular mO\'elOent and severely restrict foot movement.d. Tr'OO'p' At!ail4ble.
(L) No reali&tic plans can be made or
ac-tions taken that do not consider the cnpabilities of the forces available.
(2) The capabilities of a force :l.Te depen-dent on:
(a.) Number of units. (b) Type of units.
(e) State of training.
(d.) MoraJe.
(e) Strength in men and equipmenl (f) Previous. present aad contemplated employment.
(g) Location Ind di~pOf;ition. (h) State of maintenance and supply.
(i) AdequHcy of rombal ~upport and r om-bat service sUllport.
(n
Experience of commanders. >-3. Operational limitationsIn junA'le warfare, rorce~ may have
to
move rap.. idly from primarl' jungle through t.eCOndl\Ty ;ro .... ·thto
rullivllled areas. This ""'juirl':!l grut flexihility in thouK'ht, planning. organi1;ntion, equipment, and taCtiCli; it may require dt{:elltrali-tlllion of command and control for at tirnca a unit may be located where eonlrol is easy; on otber oc· casions. small unit leaders may find themselves operating on their o ... n initialive for loni periods.FM JJ--3S
The pO~lIihilit)' of ~uddtH\ ~nemy air or ground at. tack at 3.ny time must not he Qverlooked. The unit fightinlL' in jungle has to operate within its own resourcea more often than in any other type of terrllin. The j.unjtle unit lnU~t be 1\0 balanced that it i.~ CApable of devcloJlill~ al any time an elfe<:_ tive degree of mobility and firepower without support from higher echelons. Thht abilitv will !&rgcly be dependent upon the factora
of
com-munication, maintenanee and diScipline. The ef. fects of the restrictions imposed by juna-Ie on op-erRtions are_II. f>'orccllihould move on lIeparated aXb. b. Tht: amount of heln'}' ef,uipmeul and sup. portill,lt' WeRponll thl.t can be ul!('d il ae>,'el"l!ly lim· ited.
c.
Control ill difficult Rnd must be de~enlral_ ired.d. Fronl:1I!'H mul't be shortened and interval~ must be !eAAened in Ino\·ement.
r. NumeruuII limited ob;er:tiv8 mUllt be
u-l!i.ikned ill IIll aHack.;. Maintaining-directioo of movement is dim-eull
g. Silence and security meklurel! increase in importance.
FM 31-35
FM 31-3.5
fM 31-35
~_ Preparation hw Combat
For jungle operations, a detailed lIandin,
operat-in, procedure (SOP) and rehearsed battle drills should be prePlI!·ed by all units down
to
Ilnd in-cI\.Iding fire teams. Th.i.~ SOP mAy include organi-r.aliull for combat, ,upVly pr()('edur,-~, bivoullc
tlnd shelter preV-rations, march rate, :l:nd forma -tions. The battle drills should provide (or action
to
be 14ken in the event of sudden enemy coDtaet,OC(upalion of patrol baBes, defensive positions,
And silent eommunieations.
SeC1ion II. RECONNAISSANCE. SURVEIllANCE AND
SECURITY OPERATIONS
5-5. Reconnaiuanca
R. r.o.urtU. Reconnaissance operolion ... take on ".l(kd importance in jungle warfare. M:IIIY offell_
sivl' ,,~rationl in the jungle take on uspe«:b of a
rC"(.:vllIllliSl!anee oper:ltion durinlcC mOVenlent to
contact. E:den~i\"e patrolling will be required to
obtain infOl·mahon on enemy locations. strength
end di&pC)$ilion. The ~utce.S!\ of olfenllive oper
a-tions dt>siglled to destroy the E'l1emy dl'lu'uds upon
bEoinR" able to lind him. The excellent con~aJment
found in the jUlIlCle C'R."\blNl the enemy
to
COII-.... trucl wi!ll c:onctaled pu:<ition:< and oftR.1I enables him to move largely ullnbgerved, both duy and
recon-Illli~ ... nt1! In jun"lt, !)!»:r/l,tH;fl_' 18 to Plr/l,te I!.nd to
oblnin illf"rmatitln ,ll thll eUl'my. the enemy'~ r~· 'ltlur{,\'11 Hlill terrAin r!'ltttlr!',.. rrmy II{' ns--.. iI{Mli 1111 .~~'ul1dnry oLd~tl>'('tj. R!'c»llIlltillllunre ill a ,,{}p. linuilll{ rf'lIpotlldhilily u( PHd} t'ommul1dt'r ~JHI lIo1d1er. All \lltjt~ htlv!, retOllnl,l>b\ll.OCe capah!1ities and n'_~lu)f\.~ib!litiell whirh may he limited In short putrol.~ durinl{ condurt flf normHI roilmion activHi ... or roilY eXit'.);l to ()ffe!\lIive operntioll)O involving ~pe<'il\{' r('('()Ulln!~!Yillrv Ulllkll.
b. IJ{flrwi»tJ (.'u>lIrfl{, um} ("j(jrliilllUllJlj uf
R.,·
rUIII'lIillll(III;"';> Adit'illtll, H(,l'()nlUlilu4h!lt"e I!Jllnning in JflHl(lt, ""{"Flltlon,, mll~t hl' thllf1'lIKh lind 1/)"0-vi(II, for d"liul!',1 ",Hlt)",)1 lind nH)rrlillll\IUll. ItN'un. ntlifu<tHlr(' mU,,! be rQiln!JlIAh<d ut all level~ nf command to im.urt. ml'ntimum remlts !rom the in~ telliltt'llI'" {·tf1;rt, prh'Plll ll\lplln~tiun III ,'!1"nr!, and j)rnvide for ''l:nnomil'ul \lilt' of rerOIHlal~ .. ance loi"«'lI. ('nmmuoderJ' ,'()l!dudII1K th.c rerOlllllli1\. .. ·allte will ,11'11" radin UK the primary meao"ll nf !'Im-trot. When nml!tt't is I,.unlt> with an enemy lou,· In tht' jlH'll{ie, the JIIIlulltjon mUK! be de\felopd aH
quickly IlK pllusible and the information relayed til
the COlltrullinl{ heudlllUirh>rll immrdill.tt'!y. c. fJr"und ltl'rl)fHl(lIIlI'IlJt{'f Ground re("01lnul"11"11-anee meuM in jungle IIperlltwn.!! <:OnKiat of obller-vation I)lmt.!! lind Hhort. Mnd lunK r.n~ J1!i.'onnajS/l-anee palrol!!, 'rbe value of obl'oervatil'in po_!!1 will
be
Umiwd dlle til viRibihty limi~tionll in the jUll-gle. OWJ('rvlI.tion 111l8ta Hl.abliAhed I!.lonit trail!., roads and IItrearru. area
Imurre ofvaluable infor·
matio!l on enemy movement ReeonruUllfliuree pa-trola In the jungle ideally <:onsll.t of aix men or !eM m.winw by 8teaJth:. takinw advantage of natu. ral I"'ooce.alment, .lind avoiding IJn,y enW8jft'ment withtht
eMmy. The depth at whkh theae patrols canoperate
in e1wmy ar~1UI is increased by the UM of heJicopten: and other lra1Ulportahon meansto
deliver and rttrieve them, Forfurther
details on reeonnailillAnce patrola, ~ pauitrapb r~4.d. ,Hr Hl'cIYlt1lai""'I4t1cl', VI1I1,Ial observation from the air am be uHd to locate the enllmY in tholle
areu whel't' I{1lPA exillt in the jungle canopy and
to Identity prominent terr.llin teatul"8, Aerial phoWjfl'apha
are a
prime IIoutce ofinformatioh
on ttlrrain and enemyimltallatlon'
and aclivitlel.Dettllled
photo interpretationan
dillCiMehidden
eM!my poIIitlonll and ('amplI not vjllible totnt air
oburver, Theile plfotographll can allo be «!red IU a mean!! 01 locatinlf lIuitaWe helicopter landin. aollU for friendly toncellL Deaptive air reCoil-naiuanc~ mult be practiced during sUl!h IUghta110 that enemy tOr«JS are not warned of imp41nd. il1K &<'tionl.
fM 21--lS f', Oth", H"i'fIlHIIIIMR(lllCf' Ad{otlll,
(I t Uuonml'HIIIlIICi' 111
/mv;r,
PrmciplNI andIN'hJI!tj!l<''' !If thill bill' (If rocI>llUniM;l;l1c\'I ar(' <Jrt!'J) 111'111 I ... ! in jIHl;rIt> Illwrationll. One dilltinl't
'·hllrm·l\'ri~ll( (,f Yt>t .. !I1Il11I;{:iHlwe in forrt' ln the
jtllll.rle I" t.lw drvplopmt'nl ,,( mor!' and "muller mll.IWUVef ",a.·ment!' thall 1;< ch .. racleridir flf such IIperHliom'lI'\ nonjunjflt' arfl'U!
(2) RF(mllilfii!H~ItU:I' /IJI fir', This type of
re-\'()mll.till~lllwe iH made II.l tht' rillk of Io~in;r /lur, \lriH{" !tl JI111Kle Opt'fM\ionll. H rnlty be Ul'l('(1 .. n'oc· tivel,v tll ti!'lrrmtul' th1' fhulks
ur
gaplI In enemylinr!' Itff\>l\l\nlH.IIlI.uo:'e hy I1rt' from armed atlll("k helil'ojltt'I")I till l\1J1lpt'd UI'{'U!! ill lin effective meaIll' of 100'Utilll{ well.t;ooC'('aleti t'llenlY troops, Recoll-nlli!l;llHlre by ';n> mny ahn tw employed effP<'hvely
by trill'ked vehidell mnviug j\l'r-.", l'l)untry and by all \'ehic18 In march ('nillmll _lolli( Jungle roadA, Such I1r('X will _id in lhl' ellrly idi'ntlfkatio!l
of
f'fi('My "trouJ( point." gull Jl.mbuKh loratio!ls 8ndWill I\i'lp I1r.'vellt ~urpt!lW gnd dOlle·III alt.at:k by
the Plle-m,v. When m'liug r«<H'lnaillllan('f'- by fin, "Ollllider&tion must be gi'.'en
to
the larlff! quanti. tie!' of nmmunitiml expended and the difficult!ell"f tt'llupply,
$-6,
Sur",.illance
O~fl. (;n,I'ntl, Rllr\1e!lhlllC(' operatioh! In the jun· Kle !'IWUmpllM .. I! t('('hlllilue~ ot Ilt't'omJlllabin)l! • NllItinuOUll ~YHtem.tk watC'h nver ge!leral junale MH", ns well 11M IWlected areal! lIueh lUI tralla, . .;;treamll. an~l jlllll(it' dt'Hringt Ln ;\ete('t th,' prell. ell!'. or absence 01 lh(' enett'ly. They art" usu.lly t'arril'd Hut tn Sllppnrt nther miuiOfla or forees, Whl!lI planning Ilurvellllllll'(! IJperations. the ta~ «Irll of Mf<~TT will govern the orKaniution and dillprn5ltwn of farrell.
b. Ground Surw-illancf. r;mployment of «round
aurvril~am'v deviceM IU JOIlKles ill limited
to
tbnlleMrcaM wht.rt' Q'>fetJitHtI1 ill)!! u!l'rtun d(> !lot
h'->liriei htw·of-lIll{ht. Tht' romplexlty ul ~~'rr,jtjll and the envirohment mtt'ke
it
diflkoltt.o
diMplace andmove
t!'lec-tronk lI~nllorK intime
to be-rellp4l1t1iv .. 1.0 immediate n!quirement.[l, Higb temperaturell and hlKh humidity have an adverse elfeelon the life of the power eOON:e tor theee de ... ke~,(1) Shurt rangt' KtOlll1d 8urVl!iHanct. radars,
niKht ohflervati£l!l de ... it~, and \Jnattended jlTound aenllOrH un prnvlde information on ent"tny mavt'_ mellt. estimalt!d sixe, dirution, and raw of movt!'-ment, Tlte radar Ilnd unattended «round lIenllOtli
flft! equally effective d.y and ni«ht while
