PV panels lecture

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Introducing

Photovoltaic

Systems

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2 DESIGN ELEMENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION CASE STUDY: FLAT ROOF SYSTEM INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE

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The government has issued the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency law in April 2012

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The government has raised the tariff values since 2013, hence PV Systems have become more feasible than ever

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 A maximum irradiance of 1,000 W/m2 _{of direct sunlight} can reach the earth when it is:

 Normal to the earth’s surface

 At sea level

 On a clear day

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 1st _{practical PV modules were developed in 1954 by} Bell labs

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 There are two types of PV systems:

 Off-grid

 On-grid

 Off-grid PV systems are independent from the electricity grid. They use batteries to store energy for later use or directly for pumping.

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 Examples for systems uses Off-Grid PV Systems

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SOLAR

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E

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MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON THIN FILM

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17 MONOCRYSTALLINE MODULE POLYCRYSTALLINE MODULE THIN FILM MODULE

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25°C

The output power of PV modules at STC is measured in

units of Watt Peak – Wp

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 Mounting systems should be considered carefully to secure PV modules, protect them from wind and snow loads, and to avoid the occurrence of corrosion.

 In most parts of the world, Aluminum, Stainless Steel or Galvanized Steel fixing systems are used

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 DC cables have to be correctly sized to as to reduce cable power losses .

 Mechanical protection must be provided to DC cables by means of electric sleeve pipes and/or

cable trays

 DC cables that are exposed to sunlight have to be UV-resistant to be

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 All inverters contain devices that are known as Maximum Power Point Trackers, or MPPTs

 MPPTs track any changes that occur in the current and voltage of the PV array, and follow up with these changes in order to convert the maximum amount of DC power to AC power

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Use of smart

meters to enable

Net Metering

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

Users are allowed to cover up to 100% of their

annual consumption using PV Systems

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There are two types of PV system applications to

the electric utility companies:

 Small Scale Systems

 1-ph: 3.68 kW

 3-ph: 11 kW

 Large Scale Systems

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The total PV capacity that can be installed on

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

As per the recent Energy Wheeling Regulations,

users are allowed to cover up to 100% of their

annual consumption using PV Systems installed in

remote areas

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How is your customer planning on

covering his/her consumption?

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

Maximum Allowed Capacity by Electric Utilities



100% Coverage of Annual Consumption



Maximum Coverage of Annual Consumption

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Based on the customer’s

consumption levels and tariff type,

is the project going to be

financially feasible?

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Annual Consumption?

Tariff Type?

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35 GENERAL INTRODUCTION DESIGN ELEMENTS CASE STUDY: FLAT ROOF SYSTEM INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE

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There are several approaches for

designing on-grid PV systems, but

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38 GENERAL INTRODUCTION INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE DESIGN ELEMENTS CASE STUDY: FLAT ROOF SYSTEM

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 Define the available area, and draw it based on as-built measurements, including all objects & elevations

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Define the most suitable mounting

system type based on the appropriate

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 Apply shade analysis to all objects to identify the shaded areas

 Seasonal altitude and azimuth angles are used to

determine the distance you need to keep between PV modules and other objects to avoid shade where

possible

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47 12 11 10 9 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 8 7 6 5 21 Jun 21 Mar 21 Sep 21 Dec 180° 270° 90° 315° 225° 135° 45°

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 Shade profiles from different times and seasons are taken into account

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 Shade Analyzers can also help in identifying objects that will potentially cast shade on the modules

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Module Selection:

1.Available Modules

2.Price per capacity

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 Draw the PV layout after excluding the shaded areas that are expected to have a big negative impact on the yield

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 Optimum number of modules in almost every case is determined based on both the available area and the mounting system used

 DC and AC cables are sized according to the local guidelines

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PV:Inverter Ratio

No. of MPPTs

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 Inverter Design

Inverter Minimum & Maximum Voltage Limits

Max Input Voltage 1000V Max MPP Voltage 800V Min MPP Voltage 320V Min Input Voltage 150V Initial Input Voltage 188V

Inverter Maximum Current Limits

MPPT A 22A MPPT B

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59 MPPT A: n String × n Modules n × Inverter MPPT B: n String × n Modules

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Single Line Diagram for Proposed PV System DC Side AC Side Integrated DC Isolator (SMA’s ESS) 10 kW 3-ph Inverter SMA STP 10000 TL-10 8 kW 3-ph Inverter SMA STP 8000 TL-20 Integrated DC Isolator (SMA’s ESS) DC Cables

– Average Single Run Distance

For All Strings is 22 m

– Cable Cross Section is 4 mm2

Integrated DC Isolator (SMA’s ESS) 4-Pole RCCB 25 A (Sensitivity: 300 mA) AC Cables – Distance To Connection Point is15 m

4-Pole MCB 20 A

AC Cables

– Distance To Connection

Point is 15 m

JEPCO AC Disconnect Existing Meter Low-Voltage Grid

Main Distribution Panel

DC Cables

– Average Single Run Distance

For All Strings is 22m

4-Pole RCCB 25 A (Sensitivity: 300mA) 4-Pole MCB 16A 4-Pole MCB 16 A 4-Pole MCB 20 A 11.22 kWp PV Array SolarWorld Sunmodule Protect 255 Wp MONO Input A: 1 Strings × 22 Modules

Input B: 1 String × 22 Modules

9.35 kWp PV Array SolarWorld Sunmodule

Protect 275 Wp MONO Input A: 1 Strings × 17 Modules Input B: 1 Strings × 17 Modules

Existing System

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YIELD (kWh)

vs

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PV Simulation Software

•We use simulation software to predict the system yield for each year in life time of the system , and to help us to study the effect of the shade, changing the azimuth & tilt, effect of soiling, on the system yield.

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 Selecting a PV system with the highest specific yield is not always the best choice for your case in terms of one or more of the following:

 Total Yield Achieved (kWh)

 Yearly Consumption Coverage (%)

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www.marji.jo 66 GENERAL INTRODUCTION DESIGN ELEMENTS CASE STUDY: FREE FIELD SYSTEM INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE

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 Testing & Commissioning

 Electrical Tests:

 Open Circuit Voltage Measurement

 Short Circuit Current Measurement

 Reverse Polarity Test

 Insulation Test

 Continuity Test

 Earth Resistance Test

 AC/DC Power Measurement

 Power Factor Measurement

 THD Measurement

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 Operation & Maintenance

 Plant Owner Responsibilities:

 Daily Check for Inverter Errors

 Daily Circuit Breaker Check

 Daily Yield Check

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PV Systems Must Be Mainly

Evaluated Based on their

ACTUAL YIELD

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