FLOOD MAPPING USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
AZURA BINTI MD ZAHRI
A project report submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Master in Engineering (Civil)
Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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To my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman,
my lovely children Firash Fitri, Firash Fikri, Firash
Fathi and Firash Fahmi. To my friends and
wonderful classmate Pn Yuhani Bt Jamian, Pn
Munirah Bt Dawi Saifudin, Cik Canarisa Nipi Ah
Lian, Mr Lim Che Chien, Mr Tang Hing Kwong, Mr
Chai Teck Jung, Mr Engku Shahrulerizal B Engku Ab.
Rahman, Mr Norasman, Pn Mimi Sulastri Bt Jeman,
Mr Tan Kheng Wee, Mr Loo Khee Hui. Thank you for
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I was really appreciated to many people that contribute towards my understanding and thoughts in order to finish my dissertation. I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Zulhilmi B Ismail for his guidance, motivation and encouragement. Also to Dr. Mohamad Hidayat B. Jamal for his critics, advise and guidance.
My appreciation also goes to Urban Section Of DID Sarawak for their cooperation in order to obtain the information.
My sincere appreciation to my colleague Pn Azrina Bt Zolkipli, Mdm Pang Siow Juen ,Mr Thiong Hua Sang and Pn Norina Bt Omar for their guidance, knowledge and assistance to finish this report. Special thanks to my classmate for their supportive, motivation, guaidance and friendship.
Appreciation and special thank you to my lovely friends Pn. Mazlin, Pn Nurazura, Pn Mardiana, Pn Sezee and Pn Yuhani for their motivation, love, guaidance and advise.
Last but not least, to my beloved husband Mr Azlan Shah B Katiman, my lovely child Firash Fitri, Firash Fikri, Firash Fathi and Firash Fahmi, thank you for being such a lovely, understanding and supportive along my journey. Also to my family and family in law for their support.
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ABSTRACT
Naturally Malaysia facing with flood problem all over the country. This problem will make worst loses to property and life. Sarawak is one of the state in Malaysia which facing with this problem. In 1963,2004 and 2009, Sarawak experience the worst flood event all over the year. Hence the flood mitigation rush to built in order to control the flood. However before the flood mitigation plan is built, there are several information need to be develop in order to predict the flood area. Several research had been done in order to develop the flood hazard mapping. Certain use InfoWorks RS and other use Autocad 3D associate with Google Earth. In this study, the main aim is to provide flood hazard mapping and identify the rivers that contribute to flood. The flood map was evaluated based on areas and perimeter of the floodplain. The data was collected from Urban Section of DID Sarawak. The digitizing process was used in order to complete the flood mapping process. GIS application also used to achieve other objectives. The analysis show the flood prone area in Sarawak include the river that contribute to floodpain. It was 5163.6 km2 and 9442.8 km of floodplain in Sarawak. Usually there were 550km2 and 600km was cover with flood. For the conclusion Samarahan and Mukah was the division that always experience with the flood problem due to the number of river that contribute to flood and percentage of area that covered by flood. This research can help people to understand and get informed the frequent flood area and being prepared for the flood occurrences.
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ABSTRAK
Malaysia merupakan sebuah negara yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir. Masalah ini membawa kepada kemusnahan harta benda dan juga nyawa. Sarawak merupakan salah satu negeri yang sering berdepan denga masalah banjir. Pada tahun 1963, 2004 dan 2009, Sarawak mengalami banjir yang teruk di dalam sejarah negeri Sarawak. Bertitik tolak daripada masalah tersebut, tebatan banjir telah di bina untuk mengawal masalah ini daripada berulang. Walau bagaimanapun, pembinaan tebatan banjir memerlukan beberapa informasi bagi menjangkakan kawasan yang kerap berlakunya banjir. Beberapa kajian telah dijalankan bagi membina peta banjir untuk membantu dalam pembinaan projek tebatan banjir. Terdapat beberapa kaedah yang digunakan untuk membina peta banjir antaranya dengan menggunakan ‘InfoWorks RS’ dan menggunakan ‘Autocad 3D’ bersama ‘Google Earth’. Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti sungai-sungai yang merupakan penyumbang kepada masalah banjir. Keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir akan ditaksir melalui peta banjir yang dihasilkan. Menggunakan data yang diambil daripada Bahagian Urban, DID Sarawak, proses pendigitalan telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta banjir ini. Aplikasi GIS juga digunakan untuk mengetahui keluasan dan perimeter kawasan banjir. Analisis menunjukkan 5163.6 km2 kawasan yang mengalami masalah banjir dengan perimeter 9442.8 km di seluruh Sarawak. Pada kebiasaannya keluasan dan perimeter kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir adalah 550km2 dan 600km. Kesimpulan daripada penilaian yang dilakukan mendapati bahagian Samarahan dan Mukah merupakan bahagian yang sering berdepan dengan masalah banjir. Ianya berpandukan jumlah sungai di bahagian tersebut dan juga peratusan kawasan yang dinaiki air. Kajian ini akan membantu penduduk di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir untuk memahami dan mendapatkan maklumat mengenai banjir. Selain itu mereka juga boleh membuat persiapan untuk menghadapi banjir.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Background 1
1.3 Research Problem 2
1.4 Research Aim and Objective 3
1.5 Research Scope 3 1.6 Significant of Research 4 1.7 Hypothesis 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Flood 6
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2.3 Flood Mapping 9
2.4 Flood Modeling 11
2.5 Geographical Information System (GIS) 15 2.6 Flood Modeling using GIS 16
2.7 Summary 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.1 Area of study 21
3.2 Digitizing process 25
3.2.1 Digitizing process for the base map
(Hardcopy to Softcopy) 26
3.2.1.1 Open Base Map 27
3.2.1.2 Gridlines 28
3.2.1.3 Georeferencing 30 3.2.1.4 Create Shape File 32 3.2.1.5 Start digitizing process 34 3.2.1.6 Convert Polyline to polygon 35
3.3 Calculating on flood area 38
3.3.1 Open attribute table 38
3.3.2 Add field 40
3.3.3 Calculate Geometry 41 3.4 Evaluate frequencyfor flood area and perimeter 42
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4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 To produced Flood Map Areas and show the river
That contribute to flood 45
4.2 To calculate the area and perimeter that effect
by floodplain 51
4.2.1 Kuching Division 51
4.2.2 Samarahan Division 52
4.2.3 Sri Aman Division 53
4.2.4 Betong Division 54 4.2.5 Sarikei Division 55 4.2.6 Sibu Division 56 4.2.7 Kapit Division 57 4.2.8 Mukah Division 58 4.2.9 Bintulu Division 59 4.2.10 Miri Division 60 4.2.11 Limbang Division 61
4.3 To evaluate flood mapping based on area
and perimeter 62
4.4 Conclusion 68
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 69
5.1 Conclusion 69
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REFERENCES 73
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2.1 List of critical information in the catchment 17 3.1 List of twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 23 3.2 Easting and Northing Coordinate 30 4.1 List of river for each division 46
4.2 Table of area, perimeter and percentage of flood for
each division 62
4.3 Perimeter and area of floodplain 63
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LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Pacific Ring Of Fire 6
2.2 Flood Prone in Malaysia 7
2.3 Flood at Kg. Gita Laut 8
2.4 Flood at Siniawan, Kuching 8
2.5 Flood Inundation map 10
2.6 Flood Hazard map 10
2.7 Flood Risk map 11
2.8 Flood mapping area by Mah 2011 12
2.9 Flood mapping area by Hii,2009 12
2.10 Comparison srea of flood mapping between Mah,2011
And Kuok, 2013 13
2.11 Comparison area of flood mapping between Hii,2009
And Kuok, 2013 14
2.12 Climate Change using GIS 16
2.13 Areas of cadastral lots that effect by floodplain 18 2.14 Areas of landuse that effect by floodplain 19 2.15 Illustrated river network that contributes to flood 20
3.1 Eleven division in Sarawak 22
3.2 The twenty two(22) major river basin in Sarawak 24
3.3 Step in digitizing process 26
3.4 ArcGis9 27
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3.6 Base Map 28
3.7 Create New Shapefile box 29
3.8 Editing Base Map 29
3.9 Grid Line for longitude and latitude 29 3.10 BRSO convertion Coordinate Software 30 3.11 Easting and Northing coordinate in the link table 31
3.12 Save Georeferencing 31
3.13 New Base Map with Coordinat 32
3.14 Editing the coordinate system in shape file 33 3.15 Editing the coordinate system 33 3.16 Timbalai 1948 RSO Borneo meters.prj 34
3.17 Data of shape file 34
3.18 Complete digitizing process 35
3.19 To change polyline to polygon 35
3.20 insert data into feature class 36
3.21 Division Map 36
3.22 River Map 37
3.23 Flood Map 37
3.24 Calculating on flood area 38
3.25 Open attribute table 39
3.26 Attribute table of flood polygon 39
3.27 add file to attribute table 40
3.28 Table for Area are created 40
3.29 Calculate the area using square kilometers (km2) 41
xv 3.31 Perimeters for flood area in km 42 3.32 Step in calculate the statistic 42 3.33 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood area 43 3.34 Using statistic icon to calculate frequent flood perimeter 44
4.1 Sarawak flood prone area 47
4.2 Flood prone area for Kuching, Samarahan, Betong
and Sri Aman 48
4.3 Flood prone area for Sarikei, Sibu and Mukah 49 4.4 Flood prone area for Bintulu, Kapit, Miri and Limbang 50
4.5 Kuching Division 51
4.6 Samarahan Division 52
4.7 Sri Aman Division 53
4.8 Betong Division 54 4.9 Sarikei Division 55 4.10 Sibu Division 56 4.11 Kapit Division 57 4.12 Mukah Division 58 4.13 Bintulu Division 59 4.14 Miri Division 60 4.15 Limbang Division 61
4.16 Histogram of frequency area 64
4.17 Area of frequent flood 65
4.18 Histogram of frequency area 66
4.19 Area of frequent flood 67
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LIST OF SYMBOL
DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department GIS - Geographic Information System ARI - Annual Recurrence Interval km2 - Kilometer square
km - Kilometer
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consist of introduction , research problem, research aim and objectives, research scope, significant of research and hypothesis.
1.1 Introduction
Some said “ Flood is too much water in the ‘wrong place’ ”. The fact is
flood is one of the oldest natural disaster that happened in the world. Flood also the most frequent hazard in Malaysia. Flood can occur in any region in countryside or in cities. Due to data recorded by DID Malaysia in 2014, there are is over 30,000km2 flooded area and 9% of the total area in Malaysia. Also 4.8 million (20%) people affected by the flood (Bibi Zarina,2014). Flood can cause by many reason. In Malaysia the flood occurrences always related to natural phenomenon and human activities. Natural phenomenon like heavy rainfall and high tides. Therefore the human activities related to change in land used, rapid uncontrolled development, effect of urbanization, inadequate drainage facilities, obstruction in rivers and solid waste debris (Keizrul,2004).
1.2 Problem Background
Sarawak is located on Borneo island which is the third largest island in the world. Also as the largest of Malaysia’s thirteen states. Sarawak also known as a
2 state with longest river in Malaysia and having plenty of river basin. In each basin boundary, there are several main river. There are 22 major river basin all over the state. In each major river basin boundary there are plenty of main river. These rivers plays many roles to the environment and the main source for water supply. In other hand, the rivers also as one of the main source for the flood problem.
Sarawak always facing with flood problem when ever there is rainy season or during North East Monsoon in November to Februari. The worst flood event was in 1963, 2004 and 2009. But in previously 10 years, Sarawak experience almost flooded event every year whether it is worse or normal flood. Flood occurrence in Sarawak also related to the natural phenomenon and human activities.
Due to natural phenomenon, Sarawak which is located immediately north of the equator and it experiences two monsoons yearly. The North East Monsoon, which usually occurs between November to February, brings with it heavy rainstorms. The annual average rainfall is above 3,000 millimeters. During these rainstorms, flooding in the low-lying areas and natural floodplains along many rivers and even in some urban areas are common. Some said the high tides also cause for the flood occurrence in Sarawak River, but due to DID Sungai Sarawak tides is fully controlled by Kuching Barrage and Shiplock.
1.3 Research Problem
Sarawak facing with the worst flood event in Sarawak’s history beginning in the year 1963. Then Sarawak facing with this natural disaster more often until year 2013. Even though there are many mitigation flood have been planned all over Sarawak, but the flood matter still not conquer. Every year we still heard about flood occurrence in every division in Sarawak.
In order to evaluate the floodplain, the flood prone map was develop by DID to shows the area that affected by flood. But the flood prone mapping is only a flood forecasting based on the previous flood data (Jones,2004). This flood prone area was used to develop an early warning of the flood occurrence. According to DID Sarawak (DID,2014), the flood
3 prone mapping that they develop is for 100 years ARI and updating the flood prone mapping whenever there is a flood event.
1.4 Research Aim and Objective
Research aim and objectives of this study can showed the importance of this study. It also related to the problem statement above. Hence the objectives of this study are :
i. To produce a flood mapping areas and identify the river that contribute to flood.
ii. To evaluate the flood mapping based on areas and perimeter.
1.5 Research Scope
This study was conducted at Sarawak as the biggest state in Malaysia. Consist of eleventh (11) division, Sarawak having the most river stream in Malaysia. There were thirty five (35) gazette river all over division. These river was the main contributed of flood occurrences.
Using GIS application to achieve all the objectives especially in order to produced floodplain area. The hardcopy data that obtained from DID was transferred into digital form with additional other hydrology data such as flood history.
Evaluate the data using GIS application like calculate the areas and perimeter of the floodplain from the flood map. The frequency of the flood area and perimeter also calculated and appear in histogram chart.
4 The benefits and expectation from this study are :
i. The data analysis can give appropriate information to the villagers and concern bodies
ii. These analyse data can educate people about flood and preparation on facing flood problem.
iii. The Flood Hazard Mapping area will give the appropriate information on how far the flood can reach.
1.7 Hypothesis
The research will shows the affected area by flood due to the flood data that recorded by DID Sarawak. But the flood data only show the water level at several areas. So the flood prone mapping will be show the appropriate areas that affected by the flood.
The GIS tool can calculate the affected areas in kilometer square (km2). Also it will gave a result on how far the flood can reach based on measurement in meter (km). The frequency areas and perimeter also calculated so that we can evaluate the most comment areas and perimeter that affected by flood.
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