© 2017, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 1
ISSN 2395-1621
Optimization of Performance &
Emission Characteristics of
Compression Ignition Engine Operated on Simarouba Biodiesel Using Taguchi and Multiple Regression Analysis
#1Kale Shriraj Anil, #2Salunke Pratik Sanjay, #3Sayyad Almuddin Rustum,
#4Zore Arun Krushna
#1234Mechanical Engineering Department SVPM’s College Of Engg Malegaon(Bk), Baramati, India
ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO
The objective of this work is to optimize the single cylinder diesel engine with respect to performance and emissions through experimental investigations and DOE methods. Four parameters such as Static injection pressure (IP), Injection timing (IT), %Blend and Compression ratio (CR) was varied at four levels and the response for performance and emissions were investigated. Taguchi method and multiple regression analysis is used to design the experiment for optimization of operating parameters of engine.
Keywords: Taguchi method, Simarouba Biodiesel, optimization, compression ratio, injection pressure, injection timing, blend.
Article History
Received: 24rd March 2017 Received in revised form : 24rd March 2017
Accepted: 26th March 2017 Published online : 27th March 2017
I. INTRODUCTION
World is on the verge of energy crisis as the conventional fossil fuels will last only for few years biodiesel is one of the best opinion to tackle this situation. There are various oils that can be used as biodiesel for engine to conserve the sources of fossil fuels.
When we are using biodiesel as a fuel there is also need to make changes certain parameters of engine like injection pressure, compression ratio, injector nozzle geometry, etc.
Hence in this experiment we are using various combinations of these parameters and finding the performance of engine which will be better than the conventional one.
Instead of one factor at a time, all factors are varied simultaneously as per the design array and the response values are observed. Optimization technique has the ability to evaluate several factors in a minimum number of tests.
Design of experiments (DOE) approach is cost effective and the parameters are varied simultaneously and then through statistical responsible for the engine emissions and fuel analysis the contribution of individual parameters towards the response value observed also could be found out. The design and operating parameters are the main factors for
economy. The parameters like compression ratio, injection pressure, injection timing and fuel % blend have influence on emissions and fuel economy. In this work, DOE approach is used to find the effect of design and operating parameters on, CO and HC emissions and brake thermal efficiency. The improvement of fuel properties essential for suppression of pollutant and optimization of engine performance. The conventional CI engine is designed for operating diesel as fuel, but some cases its performance is not efficient so that we are using optimization tool to find out various optimum operating parameters of the engine which can be useful in that cases. The aim of this project is to identify and quantify those parameters having the greatest potential for reducing exhaust emissions and to optimize selected operating parameters for low emissions.
The objective of this work is to optimize the control parameters of the direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel engine with respect fuel emissions through experimental investigations.
Conventional design of experiments deals with the averages only. While Taguchi design of experiments deals with averages and variability. Diesel engines must be designed and developed to meet emission values below the
© 2017, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 2 standards, more output power with minimum consumption
of fuel, BSFC, efficiencies to allow for variability in manufacturing processes and for deterioration during useful engine life. Taguchi method can be used to identify those factors which affect the various output parameters.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Physical-chemical Characterization of Simarouba Biodiesel
The calorific value is a measure of energy content of the fuel and is a very important property of biodiesel, which determines its suitability as an alternative to mineral Diesel.
Calorific value of Simarouba biodiesel (SB) is 38.6 MJ/kg, which is almost 90.82% of the diesel value (42.5 MJ/kg).
The lower calorific value of SB is because of the presence of oxygen in the molecular structure, which is confirmed by elemental analysis also. The flash point and fire point were tested with a closed cup Pensky Marten’s apparatus. The flash point is the measure of the tendency of a substance to form flammable mixtures when exposed to air. This parameter is considered in the handling, storage and safety of fuels. The high value of flash point and fire point in the case of this represents it is a safer fuel to handle.
B. Engine Testing Method
The engine was provided with a hemispherical combustion chamber with overhead valves operated through push rods. Eddy current dynamometer has been used for measurement of output. The injector opening pressure and the static injection timing as specified by the manufacturer was 205 bar and 23°BTDC respectively. The Cooling of the engine was accomplished by circulating water through the jackets on the engine block and cylinder head.
TABLEII
EXPERIMENTAL ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
A piezoelectric pressure transducer was mounted with the cylinder head surface to measure the cylinder pressure.
Engine performance tests were performed on a single- cylinder, constant-speed (1500rpm), four-stroke variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine fitted with an eddy current dynamometer as shown in Figure 1. The specifications of the engine are given in Table II.
Fig.1 Experimental Setup
The experiments were performed at different loads with various combinations of input parameters like % blend, compression ratio, injection pressure, injection timing.
Engine performance parameter such as the brake thermal efficiency was measured at full load after ensuring stable engine condition whereas emission parameters carbon monoxide (CO), un-burn hydrocarbons measured using AVL exhaust gas analyzer (See Table VI for specifications).
Each test run was replicated three times for 16 runs.
C. Design of experiments
Taguchi method was used to optimize the engine operating parameters. Orthogonal L16 array was used to design the experiment. The factors for which the engine is optimized are: compression ratio, injection pressure, biodiesel fuel fraction and injection timing. Four levels of each factor are considered hence L16 array was suggested and most suitable array. Levels of each factor and design of experiment (DOE) are shown in Table IV and V.
Engine Type Single-cylinder, 4-stroke, constant speed (1500 rpm), variable compression ratio (VCR) CI engine Make and Model Kirloskar, TV1
Ignition System Compression Ignition
Bore 87.5 mm
Stroke 110 mm
Displacement Volume 660 cc Range of Compression
Ratio
12:1 to 18:1 Arrangement of Valves Overhead Cooling Medium Water Cooled Rated Power 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm Fuel Injection Timing 24° before TDC Type of Combustion
Chamber
Hemispherical Open TABLEI
COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL KEY PROPERTIES OF SIMAROUBA BIODIESEL WITH DIESEL AND JATROPHA BIODIESEL
Property Test Method Diesel Jatropha Biodiese
l
Simarouba Biodiesel
Density at 15oC (Kg/m3)
ASTMD 1298 832 880 865
Kinematic viscosity @ 40°C
(cSt)
ASTM D445 4.7 4.84 4.68
Calorific Value (MJ/kg)
ASTM D240 42.49 35.2 38.6
Flash Point(°C) ASTM D93 53 103 165
Fire point(°C) ASTM D93 58 132 175
Cloud Point (°C)] ASTM D2500 -2 11 19
Pour Point(°C) ASTM D2500 -5 6 14.2 TABLEIII
GAS ANALYZER SPECIFICATIONS
Measured Parameter
Measuring Range Accuracy
CO 0-10% vol ±0.03% vol
±5% of value
CO2 0-20% vol ±0.5% vol
±5% of value HC 0-20,000 ppm
vol
±10 ppm
±5% of value NOx 0-5,000 ppm vol ±50 ppm
± 10% of value
O2 0-22% vol ±0.1% vol
±5% of value
2
© 2017, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 3 TABLEIV
LEVELS OF FACTORS FOR ENGINE TESTING
Parameters Levels
Fuel fraction (%
volume)
0 10 20 30
Compression Ratio 15 16 17 18 Injection Pressure
(Bar)
210 230 250 270
ITE 22 23 24 25
In the present study, the optimization of multiple performance characteristics of the diesel engine is done on the basis of a single grey relational grade rather than complicated performance characteristics. Equal weightage was assigned to each output variable (performance and emission). The BTHE was selected as performance variable and CO and HC, were selected as emission variables.
TABLEV
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT FOR ENGINE TESTING
D. Blends Used for the test
Fuels used for the test include Simarouba oil and its blends. diesel blends were prepared on the basis of percentage volume basis of diesel and biodiesel for net unit volume. The combination of B00, B10, B20, and B30 were selected for the optimization.
III. RESULTSDISCUSSION
The result obtained with L16 array is shown in Table VII the result is for 100% loading of the engine. The result table shows the BTHE, CO and HC results for each test. These results were analysed with Taguchi. The regression analysis is also done to form a linear model of the obtained results.
The ranking of each factor is also described by the response of each factor. Table VII shows the results of test conducted with diesel with same physical parameters instead of biodiesel blends.
TABLEVI OBSERVATION DATA
Run BTE (%) CO
(%vol)
HC (ppm)
1 27 0.065 30
2 26.94 0.050 15
3 27.09 0.055 25
4 26.22 0.030 19
5 25.93 0.054 22
6 26.96 0.057 23
7 27.33 0.057 25
8 28.77 0.037 22
9 27.14 0.045 25
10 27.28 0.042 21
11 27.61 0.035 16
12 27.7 0.032 28
13 27.19 0.068 30
14 27.29 0.054 23
15 26.85 0.051 31
16 27.78 0.045 26
The results of diesel and biodiesel were compared and it is found that the results obtained with biodiesel are in the same range as that for diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel is nearly the same as that of diesel. For some tests the results are better for biodiesel. The maximum difference is within 2%. The emission parameters are within range with the diesel. Hence it can be concluded that the Simarouba biodiesel have given improved results.
A. Effect of operating parameters on brake thermal efficiency
The response obtained from each level of all factors is shown in the Table IX. The given for each parameter for its significance on the basis of its deviation from mean of response. It can be observed from the deviation that Injectiom Timing is most significant parameter for BTE which is followed by compression ratio, Injection Pressure, % blend A multiple regression using least count is done to find the relation between the factors and BTE. The obtained equation is given as below
Fig. 2. Effect of operating parameters on BTHE TABLEVII
RESPONSE FOR MEANS OF BTHE Run Fuel
fraction (%)
Compression Ratio
Injection pressure (Bar)
Injection timing (btdc)
1 0 15 210 22
2 0 16 230 23
3 0 17 250 24
4 0 18 270 25
5 10 15 230 24
6 10 16 210 25
7 10 17 270 22
8 10 18 250 23
9 20 15 250 25
10 20 16 270 24
11 20 17 210 23
12 20 18 230 22
13 30 15 270 23
14 30 16 250 22
15 30 17 230 25
16 30 18 210 24
© 2017, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 4
% BTHE = 28.37 + 0.0158 % Blend + 0.251 CR- 0.00140 IP - 0.222 IT
D. Effect of Operating Parameters on HC
The response of factor for HC is shown in the Table XII.
Compression ratio is most significant factor for HC emission. Which is followed by injection timing % blend and injection pressure.
The obtained equation is given as below
HC = 38.1 + 0.153 % Blend - 0.53 CR - 0.0013 IP - 0.33 IT
Fig.3. Effect of operating parameters on HC emission
Effect of operating parameters is shown in a figure 5.
Formation of HC is lowest for 16 compression ratio. The HC emission is nearly constant for all pressure values. The HC emission is lowest for 100 % diesel and is nearly equal to 20 % blend. The lowest HC emission is at 23 injection timing.
E. Effect of Operating Parameters on CO
The response of factor for CO is shown in the Table XII.
Compression ratio is most significant factor for CO emission. Which is followed by % blend, injection timing and injection pressure
Effect of operating parameters is shown in a figure 5.
Formation of CO is lowest for 18 compression ratio. CO emission remains nearly constant with increase or decrease in injection pressure and it is lowest at 230 bar. The CO emission is lowest at 20 % blending. The lowest CO emission is at 25 injection timing which is nearly equal to 23.
G. Summary
Design of experiments was done by using Taguchi method for optimization of diesel engine for Simarouba oil.
The results obtained with Simarouba oil biodiesel were compared to that of diesel. It was found that Simarouba biodiesel has given nearly same results as those diesel readings.
The result obtained with optimize condition are given in Table X
The diesel engine operating parameters was optimized are: % blend, compression ratio, injection pressure, and injection timing with four levels of each factor by using L16 orthogonal array. The optimized engine conditions are;
20 % blend ,18:1 compression ratio. 270 bar injection pressure and 25 injection timing
Level %BLEND CR IP IT
1 26.81 26.81 27.34 27.33 2 27.25 27.12 26.86 27.63 3 27.43 27.22 27.57 27.02 4 27.28 27.62 27.00 26.79 Delta 0.62 0.80 0.72 0.84
Rank 4 2 3 1
TABLEVIII
RESPONSE FOR MEANS OF HC EMISSION
Level % BLEND CR IP IT
1 22.25 26.75 23.75 26.50 2 23.00 20,50 24.00 20.75 3 22.50 24.75 23.75 23.50 4 27.50 23.75 23.75 24.50 Delta 5.25 6.25 0.25 5.75
Rank 3 1 4 2
Fig. 4. Effect of operating parameters on CO emission
CO = 0.2046 + 0.000060 % Blend - 0.00665 CR - 0.000015 IP - 0.00180 IT
TABLEIX
RESPONSE FOR MEANS OF CO EMISSION
Level % BLEND CR IP IT
1 0.05000 0.05925 0.05175 0.05350 2 0.05125 0.05200 0.04825 0.04875 3 0.04375 0.05075 0.04900 0.05025 4 0.05450 0.03750 0.05050 0.04700 Delta 0.01075 0.02175 0.00350 0.00650
Rank 2 1 4 3
TABLEX
RESULTS FOR OPTIMUM CONDITION
Test No.
BTE (%)
CO (%vol)
HC (ppm) 1 27.17 0.03705 17.82
© 2017, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 5 IV. CONCLUSION
The world is facing the energy crisis hence it is necessary to find the different energy resources, due to this the use of non-renewable energy sources is new trend in the energy world. One of the alternative renewable energy resource options is the use of biodiesel. Concept of use of biodiesel is there from the invention of the diesel engine. But due the large prize, unavailability the concept was not developed.
Government of India has taken an initiative to mainstream the biofuels. Use of biofuels will be beneficial for country to become energy independent. In national biofuel policy, the use of edible oils for the use of biofuel production is prohibited. It is mentioned to focus on the local feedstocks for the biofuel production which gives direction to the research. Simarouba seed is available in plenty of amount in our country; it can be large source of biodiesel.
Operating parameters of diesel engine were optimized for the Simarouba oil. L16 orthogonal array was selected for experiment with four factors and four levels. The operating parameters optimized are: % blend, compression ratio, injection pressure, injection timing. The results of combustion and emission were obtained and compared with the results of diesel for same parameters. It was found that Simarouba oil with additive has given results similar to the diesel. Results obtained were analysed using Taguchi.
Optimum operating parameters are: 20 % blend,18 compression ratio, 270 bar injection pressure,25 injection timing. Further test was taken at optimum conditions. The obtained results are: 27,17% BTE, 17.82 ppm HC, 0.03704% vol CO At optimum conditions the engine performance is improved and emissions are reduced as compared to diesel.
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