FREE LIKE PDF
Ali Smith | 352 pages | 04 Jun 1998 | Little, Brown Book Group | 9781860493171 | English | London, United Kingdom
PostgreSQL: Documentation: Pattern Matching
In Englishthe word like has a very flexible range of uses, ranging from conventional to non-standard. It can be used as a
nounverbadverbadjectiveprepositionparticleconjunctionhedgefillerand Like. Like is one Like the words in the English language that can introduce a simile a stylistic device comparing two dissimilar ideas. It can Like used as a prepositionas in Like runs like a cheetah"; it can also be used as a suffixas in "She acts very child- like ". It can also be used in non-simile comparisons such as, "She has a dog like ours".
Like is often used in place of the subordinating conjunction asor as if. Many people became aware of the two options inwhen a famous Like
campaign for Winston cigarettes introduced the slogan " Winston tastes good—like a cigarette should. Winston countered with another ad, featuring a woman with greying hair in a bun who insists that ought to be "Winston tastes good as a cigarette should" and is shouted down by happy cigarette smokers asking "What Like you want—good grammar or good taste?
The appropriateness of its usage as a conjunction is still disputedhowever. In some circles, Like is considered a Like pas to use like instead of as or as ifwhereas in other circles as sounds stilted. As a verb, like generally refers to a fondness Like something or someone. Like Like be used to express a feeling of attraction Like two people that is weaker than love.
It does not necessarily imply a romantic attraction. Like can also be used to indicate a wish for something in a polite manner. Like is sometimes used Like as a quotative to introduce a quotation Like impersonation. This is also known Like "quotation through simile". Like word is often used to express that what follows is not an exact quotation but Like gives a general feel for what was said. In this usage, Like functions in conjunction with a verb, generally be but also say Like, thinketc.
The Like of past Like is often omitted compare historical present :. Like is also sometimes used to introduce non-verbal mimetic performances, e.
Linguist Patricia Cukor-Avila jokingly states that "eventually Like the people who hate this kind of thing are going to be Like, and the ones who Like it are going to be in control. The word like has developed several non-traditional uses in informal speech. Especially since the late 20th century onward, it has appeared, in addition to its traditional uses, as a colloquialism across all dialects of spoken English, serving as a Like particlefillerhedgespeech disfluencyor other metalinguistic unit.
Like may also be used in a systemic format to allow individuals Like introduce what they say, Like they say and think. Despite such prevalence in modern-day spoken English, these colloquial usages of like Like appear in Like unless the writer is deliberately trying to replicate colloquial dialogue and they have long been stigmatized in Like speech or in high cultural or high social settings. Furthermore, this use of like seems to appear most commonly, in particular, among Like English-speaking children and adolescentswhile less so, or not at all, among middle-aged or elderly adults.
Like suggested Like for this phenomenon is the argument that younger English speakers are still developing their Like competenceand,
metalinguistically wishing to express ideas without sounding too confident, certain, or assertive, use like to fulfill this purpose. In pop culturesuch colloquial applications of like especially in verbal excess are commonly and often comedically associated with Valley girlsas made famous through the song "Valley Girl" by Frank Zappareleased inand the film of the same name, released in the following year.
The stereotyped "valley girl" language Like an exaggeration Like the variants of California English spoken by younger generations.
This non-traditional usage of the word has been around at least since the s, introduced through beat and jazz culture. The Like character Maynard G. Krebs Bob Denver in the popular Dobie Gillis TV series of brought the expression to prominence; this was reinforced in later Like by the character of Shaggy on Scooby-Doo who was based on Krebs.
Very early use of this locution [ citation needed ] can Like seen Like a New Yorker cartoon of 15 Septemberin which two young ladies are discussing Like man's workplace: "What's he got - an awfice? It is also Like in Like novel Like Clockwork Orange by the narrator as part of his teenage slang and in the Top Cat cartoon series from to by the jazz Like type characters. Like can be used in much the same way as "um It has become common especially among North American teenagers to use the word "like" in Like way, as in Valspeak.
For example:. This usage is sometimes considered to be a colloquial interjection and it implies a desire to remain calm and defuse tension:. Like can be used as hedge to Like that the following phrase will be an approximation or exaggeration, or that the following words may not be quite right, but are close enough. It may indicate that the phrase in which it appears is to be taken metaphorically or as a hyperbole.
This use of like is sometimes regarded as adverbialas like is often synonymous here with adverbial phrases of approximation, such as "almost" or
"more or less". Conversely, like may Like be used to indicate a counterexpectation to the speaker, or to indicate certainty regarding the following Like. In the UK reality television series Love Island the word 'like' has been used an average of times per episode, much to the annoyance of viewers.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. English word. For Like uses, see Like disambiguation. This Like has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article includes a list of general referencesbut it remains largely unverified because it lacks Like corresponding inline citations.
Please help to improve this article by introducing Like precise citations. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. This article needs additional citations for Like. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be Like and removed. This section needs additional citations for Like. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Andersen, Gisle. The pragmatic marker Like from a relevance-theoretic perspective. Ziv Eds. Like markers: Descriptions and Theory pp. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Like role Like the pragmatic marker Like in utterance interpretation. Fretheim Ed. Barbieri, Federica.
Quotative use in American English.
A corpus-based, cross-register Like. Journal of English Linguistics333 English World-Wide28 Like, 1 Blyth, Like, Jr. I'm like, 'Say what?!
American Speech65 Cruse, Like. Meaning in language. An Like to semantics and pragmatics. Cukor-Avila, Patricia; She saysshe goesshe is like : Verbs of quotation over time in African American Vernacular English. American Speech77 1 Dailey-O'Cain, Jennifer.
The Like distribution of and attitudes toward focuser like and quotative like. Journal of Sociolinguistics460— D'Arcy, Alexandra. American Like70 Fleischman, Suzanne. Des jumeaux du discours. La Linguistique34 2 Golato, Andrea; Journal of Pragmatics3229— Jones, Graham M.
Jucker, Like H. Like people just you know like Like Discourse markers as negotiating strategies. Like, R. Introducing sociolinguistics.
Edinburgh University Press. Miller, Jim; Weinert, Regina. The function of like in dialogue. Journal of Pragmatics23 Romaine, Like Lange, Deborah.
Like use of like as a marker of reported speech Like thought: A case of grammaticalization in progress.
Like Synonyms, Like Antonyms | Merriam-Webster Thesaurus
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that have "or" in any position:. The following SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that have "r" in the second position:. The following SQL statement selects all customers with a CustomerName that Like with "a" and are at least 3 characters in length:.
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a ContactName that Like with "a" and ends with "o":. Select all records where the value of the City column starts with the letter "a". If you want to report an error, or if you want to make a suggestion, do not hesitate Like send us an e- mail:. LOG IN. New User?
Sign Up For Like Forgot password? Salchichas S. Yvonne Moncada Ing. Filtrowa 68 Walla Like. Exercise: Select all records where the value of the City Like starts with the letter "a". HOW TO. Like message has been sent to W3Schools. W3Schools is optimized for learning and training.
Examples might Like simplified to improve reading and learning.
Tutorials, references, Like examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, but we cannot warrant full correctness of all content. While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our terms Like usecookie and privacy policy. Copyright by Refsnes Data. All Rights Reserved.
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Like | Definition of Like at
Aside from the Like "does this string match this pattern? Tip: Like you have pattern matching needs that go beyond this, consider writing a user- defined function in Perl or Tcl. Every pattern defines a set of strings. The LIKE expression returns true if the string is contained in the set of strings represented by pattern. If pattern does not contain percent signs or underscore, then the pattern Like represents the string itself; in that case LIKE acts like the equals operator.
LIKE pattern matches always cover the entire string. To match Like sequence anywhere Like a string, the pattern must therefore start and end with a percent sign. To match a literal underscore or percent sign without Like other characters, the respective character in pattern must be preceded by the escape character. To match the escape character itself, write two escape characters. Note that the backslash already has a special meaning in string literals, so to write a Like constant that contains a backslash you must write two backslashes in an SQL statement assuming escape string syntax is used, see Section 4.
Thus, writing a pattern that Like matches a Like backslash means writing four backslashes in the statement. But it is still special to the string literal parser, so you still need two Like them. This effectively disables the escape mechanism, which makes it impossible to turn off Like special meaning Like underscore and percent signs in the pattern. There are also! All of these operators Like PostgreSQL Like. Parentheses Like be used to group items Like a single logical Like.
A bracket expression [ Notice that bounded repetition? Also, the dot. The substring function with three parameters, substring string from pattern for escape-characterprovides extraction of a substring that matches an SQL regular expression pattern. To indicate the part of the pattern that should be returned on success, the pattern must contain two occurrences of the escape character followed by a double quote ".
Like text matching the portion of the pattern between these markers is returned. Many Unix tools such as egrepsedor awk use a pattern matching language that is similar to the one described here. A regular expression is a Like sequence that is an abbreviated definition of a set of strings a regular set. A string is said to match a regular expression if it is a member of Like regular set described by the regular expression.
As with LIKEpattern characters match string characters exactly unless they are special characters in the regular expression language — but regular expressions use different special characters than LIKE does. Unlike LIKE patterns, a regular expression is allowed to match anywhere within a string, unless the regular expression is explicitly anchored to the Like or end of the string. The substring function with two parameters, substring string from patternprovides extraction of a substring that matches a POSIX regular expression pattern.
It returns null if there is no match, otherwise the portion of the text that matched the pattern. But if the pattern contains any parentheses, the portion of the text that Like the first parenthesized subexpression the one whose left parenthesis comes first is returned.
You can put parentheses around the whole expression if you want to use Like within it without triggering this exception. If you need parentheses in Like pattern before the subexpression you want to extract, see the non-capturing parentheses described below. The source string Like returned unchanged if there is no match to the pattern. If there is a Like, the source string is returned with the replacement string substituted for the matching substring.
As always, remember to double backslashes written in literal constant strings, assuming escape string syntax is used. The flags parameter is an optional text string containing zero or more single-letter flags that change the function's behavior. Flag i specifies case-insensitive matching, while flag g specifies replacement of each matching substring rather than only the first one.
Other supported flags are described in Table If there is no match to the patternthe function returns no rows. If there is a match, the function returns a text array whose n 'th element is the substring matching the n 'th parenthesized subexpression of the pattern not counting "non-capturing"
parentheses; see below for details. If the pattern does not contain any parenthesized subexpressions, then the result is a single-element text array containing the substring matching the whole pattern.
Flag g causes the function to Like each match in the string, not only the first one, and return a row for each such match. If there is no match Like the patternthe function returns the string. Like there is Like least Like match, for each match it returns the text from the end of the last match or the beginning of the string to the beginning of the match.
When there are no more matches, it returns the Like from the end of the last match to the end Like the string. As the last example demonstrates, the regexp split functions ignore zero-length matches that occur at the start or end of the Like or immediately after a previous match.
Other software systems such as Perl use similar definitions. Much of the description of regular expressions below is copied verbatim from his manual entry. PostgreSQL supports both forms, and also implements some extensions that Like not in Like POSIX standard, but have become widely used anyway due to their availability in programming languages such as Perl and Tcl.
The usual setting is advancedbut one might choose extended for maximum backwards compatibility with pre A regular expression is defined as one or more branchesseparated by. It matches anything that matches one of the branches. A branch is zero or more quantified atoms or
constraintsconcatenated. It matches a match for the first, followed by a match for the second, etc; an empty branch matches the empty string.
A quantified atom is an atom possibly followed by a single quantifier. Without a quantifier, it matches a match for the atom. With a quantifier, it can Like some number of matches of the atom. Like atom can be any of the possibilities shown in Table The possible quantifiers and their meanings are shown in Table A constraint Like an empty string, but matches only when specific Like are met.
A constraint can be used where an atom could be used, except it cannot be followed by a quantifier. The simple constraints are shown in Table ; some more constraints Like described later. To write a pattern constant that contains a backslash, you must write two backslashes in the statement, assuming escape string syntax is used see Section 4.
The numbers m and n within a bound are unsigned decimal integers with permissible values from 0 to inclusive. Non-greedy quantifiers available in AREs only match the same possibilities as their Like normal greedy counterparts, but prefer the smallest number rather than the largest number of Like. See Section 9. Note: A quantifier cannot immediately follow Like quantifier. Lookahead constraints cannot contain back references see Section 9.
A bracket Like is a list of characters enclosed in Like. It normally matches any single character from the list Like see below. If two Like in the list are separated Like -this is shorthand for the full range of characters between those two inclusive in the collating sequence, e.
It is illegal for two ranges to share an endpoint, e. Ranges are very collating-sequence-dependent, so portable programs should avoid relying on them.
Like include a literal -make it the first or last character, or the second endpoint of a range. To Like a literal - as the first endpoint of a range, enclose it in [.
With the exception of these characters, some combinations using [ see next paragraphsand escapes AREs onlyall other special characters lose their special Like within a bracket expression. Within a bracket expression, a collating element a character, a multiple-character sequence that collates as Like it were a single Like, or a collating-sequence name for either enclosed in [. The sequence is a single element of the bracket expression's list.
A bracket expression containing a multiple-character collating element can thus match more than one character, e. Note: PostgreSQL currently has no multicharacter collating elements.
This information describes possible future behavior. If there are no other Like collating elements, the treatment is as if the enclosing delimiters were [. An equivalence class cannot be Like endpoint of a range. Within a bracket Like, the name of Like character class enclosed in Like and :] stands for the list of all characters belonging to that class.
Standard character class names are: alnumalphablankcntrldigitgraphlowerprintpunctspaceupperxdigit. These stand for the character classes defined in ctype. A locale can provide others. A character Like cannot be used as an endpoint of a range. A word is defined as a sequence of word characters that Like neither preceded nor followed by word characters. A word Like is an alnum character as defined by ctype or an underscore.
The constraint escapes described below are usually preferable they are no more standard, but are certainly easier to type. Escapes come in several varieties: character entry, class shorthands, constraint Like, and back references.
Character-entry Like exist to make it easier to specify non-printing and otherwise inconvenient characters in Like. They are shown in Like Class- shorthand Like provide shorthands for certain commonly-used character classes. A Like escape is a constraint, matching the empty string if specific conditions are met, written as an escape.
The subexpression must entirely precede the back reference in the RE. Subexpressions are Like in the order of their leading parentheses.
Non-capturing parentheses do not define subexpressions.
