Performance and Emission Analysis of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel added with Al2O3 Nanoadditive using VCR Engine

Performance and Emission Analysis of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel added with Al2O3 Nanoadditive using VCR Engine

Gaikwad Pradeep Uttam¹, G.SenthilKumar², Supriya N. Bobade³

1Research Scholar, ²Professor,

1,2 Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. ³Research Associate at Indian Biodiesel Corporation, Baramati, Maharashtra, India.

Abstract

This research work reveals the effect of biodiesel Unsaturation on its fuel properties and thereby on combustion, performance and emissions characteristics. Major part is focused on keeping the compression ration constant at 18 and analyzing different parameters of compression ignition engine.

Also added the Al2O3 Nanoadditive in the produced biodiesel.

Keywords: Nanoadditive, Transesterification, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT), Engine Efficiency, Pollutants.

1- Introduction

Transport sector is the major consumer of diesel accounting for 70% of the total Diesel sales. The share of Diesel consumption by cars, utility vehicles and 3-wheeler sector is highest 28.48%.The agriculture sector is a major consumer of Diesel with about 13% of the total consumption accounted for by it. Diesel consumption by other segments is 17%. This comprises of industry 9.02% mobile towers (1.54%) and others (6.45%) comprising of gensets for non-industrial purposes, civil construction, etc.

Table 1. Quantity of waste cooking oil produces in selected countries.

Country Quantity (million tones/year)

China 4.5

European 0.7 – 1.0

United States 10.0

Japan 0.45-0.57

Malaysia 0.5

Canada 0.12

Taiwan 0.07

2- METHODOLOGY 2.1 Production process

2.2.1 Esterification and Transesterification Process

Transesterification is otherwise known as alcoholics. It is the reaction of oil with an alcohol to form esters and glycerin. A catalyst is used to improve the reaction rate and yield.

Figure 1. Transesterification Setup 2.2.2 Transesterification reaction

Triglyceride is obtained from animal fats and vegetable oils. Biodiesel is produced from this triglycerides through chemical reaction called as transesterification.

Oil or Fat Alcohol Glycerin Biodiesel

Figure 2.Esterification Figure 3.Trans-esterification 3 ENGINE ANALYSES

Description Specification

Make Engine. Setup-Kirloskar single cylinder,

4 stroke CI engine.

Rating(Power) 3.5 KW

Speed 1500 RPM

Cylinder bore 87.50mm

Stroke Length 110mm

Swept volume 661.45cc

Coolant type Water cooled

Compression ratio VCR

Pump Type Monoblock

Overall Dimension W2000* D2500 * H1500 mm

3.2 Actual Engine setup

Figure 5. Engine setup

3.3 Blends

Table 4. Blend Preparation

Sr.no Blends Detailed description

1 B100 Pure biodiesel

2 B15% + 60ppm AL2O3 + Diesel

150 ml of Waste cooking oil+60ppm AL2O3+ 850 ml of pure diesel

3 B20% + 25ppmCNT + diesel 200ml of biodiesel+25ppm CNT+800 ml of Pure diesel

4 B20% + 50ppm CNT + Diesel

200 ml of biodiesel+50ppm CNT+800 ml of pure diesel

5 B30% + 25ppm AL2O3 + 25ppm CNT + Diesel

300 l of biodiesel+25ppm of AL2O3+25ppm of CNT + pure diesel

4 OBSERVATIONS, GRAPHS WITH RESULT AND DISSCUSSION 4.1 Performance parameter

The engine performance parameters such as brake power (BP),Indicated power (IP), Friction power (FP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and Mechanical Efficiency (ME),Volumetric efficiency (VE), obtained with different blends were discussed in the following sections.

4.1.1 Mechanical efficiency (18 CR)

Table 5. Mechanical efficiency for 18CR

load in kg B00

B15+60PP M AL2O3

B20+25PP M CNT

B20+50PP M CNT

B30+25PP M AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 7.06 6 7.96 8.16 7.36

3 45.33 46.5 51.55 53.08 50.4

6 70.76 76.8 74.64 80.3 78.6

9 89.73 85.4 86.87 94.64 95.03

Graph 1. Load v/s ME

In case of 18 CR the mechanical efficiency increases as compared to the diesel fuel but it is slightly less when compared with the 16 CR. The maximum mechanical effieciency obtaine at B30+25ppm CNT+25ppm Al2O3 and it Is 12.73% more than that of diesel fuel.

4.1.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency (18 CR)

Table 6. Brake Thermal Efficiency for 18 CR

load in kg B00

B15+60PPM AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PPM CNT

B30+25PP M AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 2.64 2.65 2.72 2.41 2.69

3 13.11 13.22 14.16 13.42 12.99

6 20.79 20.51 21.18 20.9 20.14

9 25.22 25.23 25.45 25.65 25.91

Graph 2. load vs. BTE

In case of CR 18 as the load increases the BTE comes in concurrent with the diesel fuel. There is no much variation is observed in between the entire blend. Here in this case the BTE comes nearer to one another.

4.1.3 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (18 CR)

LOAD VS ME IN CR 18

100 _B00

80

B15+60PPM AL2O3

60

40 B20+25PPM CNT

20 B20+50PPM CNT

0

0 3 _{LOAD IN KG}6 9 12 B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM

CNT

30 25 20

LOAD VS BTE IN CR 18

B00

B15+60PPM AL2O3

15 ^B20+25PPMCNT

10

B20+50PPM CNT

5

0 B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM

CNT

0 3 LOAD IN KG 6 9 12

Table 7. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption for 18 CR

load in kg B00

B15+60PPM AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PPM CNT

B30+25PPM AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 3.25 3.24 3.15 3.55 3.19

3 0.65 0.65 0.61 0.64 0.66

6 0.41 0.42 0.4 0.41 0.43

9 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33

Graph 3. LOAD VS BSFC

In case of 18 CR as the load increases the BSFC decreases for higher load. The BSFC is similar to the diesel fuel for all blends. For blend B20+50PPM CNT which is increases up to 6 % by the addition of CNT.

4.1.4 Indicated Power (18CR)

Table 8. Indicated Power for 18 CR

load in kg B00 B15+60PPM AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PPM CNT

B30+25PP M AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 1.58 1.5 1.41 1.33 1.51

3 1.98 2.28 1.85 1.75 1.82

6 2.53 2.4 2.39 2.25 2.96

9 2.89 2.57 2.98 2.79 3.18

Graph 4. LOAD VS IP

For compression ratio 18 the Indicated Power decreases for all blends except B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM CNT the indicated power increased by 5.45%. In case of B30 blend the indicated power first decreases and then increases at a sufficient level.

4 LOAD VS BSFC IN CR 18 _B00

3 B15+60PPM AL2O3

2 B20+25PPM CNT

1 B20+50PPM CNT

0

0 3 6

LOAD INKG 9 12 B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM CNT

LOAD VS IP IN CR 18

4 ^B00

3 B15+60PPM AL2O3

2 B20+25PPM CNT

1 B20+50PPM CNT

0

0 3 LOAD6IN KG 9

B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM

12 ^CNT

4.1.5 Friction Power (18CR)

Table 9. Friction Power for 18CR

load in kg B00

B15+60PPM AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PPM CNT

B30+25PPM AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 1.47 1.34 1.29 1.22 1.4

3 1.08 1.29 0.9 0.82 1

6 0.74 0.77 0.61 0.44 0.65

9 0.3 0.32 0.39 0.15 0.26

Graph 5. Load Vs FP

In case of 18 CR the friction power decreases for blend B20+50PPM CNT up to 26.84 %. The friction power for CR18 as compared to CR 16 the CR 16 is efficient for all blends. Friction power is very less in 16CR as compared to 18CR.

4.2 Emission Parameters

4.2.1 Nitrogen oxide (18 CR)

Table 10. Nitrogen oxide for 18 CR load in kg

B00

B15+60 PPM AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PP M CNT

B30+25PPM AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 50 47 46 52 31

3 99 89 99 102 91

6 196 183 192 190 201

9 299 299 285 265 284

2 LOAD VS FP IN CR18

B00

1.5 B15+60PPM AL2O3

1 B20+25PPM CNT

0.5 B20+50PPM CNT

0 B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM CNT

0 3 6 9 12

LOAD IN KG

Graph 6. LOAD VS NOx

In case of 18 CR the NOx emission is sufficiently reduced up to 6% for all the blends as compared to diesel fuel. In case of NOx emission B30 is an effective blend. 4.2.2 Oxygen (18 CR)

Table 11. Emission of Oxygen at 18 CR

load in kg B00 B15+60PP M AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PPM CNT

B30+25PP M AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 19.25 19.3 19.24 19.06 20

3 18.18 18.27 18.14 17.99 19.47

6 17.47 17.59 17.39 17.76 17.64

9 16.81 17.03 17.01 17.2 16.94

Graph 7. Load vs. oxygen

In case of 18 CR there is a proper combustion taking place inside the engine cylinder so due to this the oxygen emission becomes less as compared to 16 CR. initially it is higher in case of pure diesel and then decreases with the increase in load.

325 LOAD VS N0X IN CR 18

B00

275

B15+60PPM AL2O3

225

175 B20+25PPM CNT

125 B20+50PPM CNT

75 25

B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM CNT

0 3 6 9 12

LOAD IN KG

LOAD VS O2 IN CR 18

20.5 B00

20

B15+60PPM AL2O3 19.5

19

B20+25PPM CNT 18.5

18 B20+50PPM CNT

17.5

17 B30+25PPM AL2O3+

25PPM CNT 16.5

0 3 6

LOAD IN KG

9 12

4.2.3 Carbon Dioxide (18 CR)

Table 12. Emission of Carbon dioxide for 18CR

load in kg

B00 B15+60PPM AL2O3 B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PPM CNT

B30+25PPM AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 1.23 1.22 1.18 1.44 0.89

3 1.96 1.91 1.96 2.19 1.16

6 2.43 2.36 2.38 1.65 2.49

9 2.76 2.74 2.74 1.54 2.65

Graph 7. LOAD VS CO2

The carbon dioxide maximum reduced for 18 CR up to 18.62%. For blend B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM CNT is reduced by 14.21% and for blends B20+50PPM CNT is reduced by 18.62%. Here by using AL2O3 and CNT which helps to combustion process and reduced the carbon dioxide.

4.2.4 Carbon monoxide (18 CR)

Table 13. Emission of Carbon monoxide for 18CR

load in kg

B00

B15+60PPM AL2O3

B20+25PP M CNT

B20+50PP M CNT

B30+25PPM AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01

3 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03

6 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03

9 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03

Graph 8.Load VS CO 3 LOAD VS CO2 IN CR18

B00

2.5

B15+60PPM AL2O3

2

B20+25PPM CNT

1.5 1

B20+50PPM CNT

0.5

0 3 6

LOAD INKG 9 12

B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM CNT

0.06 LOAD VS CO IN CR 18

B00

0.05

0.04 B15+60PPM AL2O3

0.03 B20+50PPM CNT

0.02

0.01 B30+25PPM AL2O3+

For compression ratio 18 the amount of carbon monoxide is reduced up to 33.34% by using AL2O3 and CNT additives. For blend B20+50PPM CNT the carbon monoxide is reduced by 6.67% and for blend B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM CNT the amount of carbon monoxide is reduced by 33.34%.

4.2.5 Hydrocarbon (18 CR)

Table 14. Emission of hydrocarbon at 18 CR

load in kg B00

B15+60PPM AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50P PM CNT

B30+25PPM AL2O3+ 25PPM

CNT

0 11 10 13 11 6

3 11 11 11 12 11

6 13 13 15 13 12

9 17 13 14 12 9

Graph 8. Load vs. Hydrocarbon (HC)

Hydrocarbon are having harmful affect on human being as it causes very dangerous diseases so that we need to control it before gets emitted into atmosphere. Here HC is getting sufficiently reduced by the use of biodiesel and nano-additive in suitable proportion. In case of HC we get the better results from the B30 blend and by this blends it is reduced by 26.93%.

5 CONCLUSIONS

A single cylinder engine was run using waste cooking oil with different blends. Performance and emission parameter were measured at different engine loads of 0, 3, 6, 9 and engine speed of 1500 rpm. Mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, BSFC, BTE, indicated power, Brake power were measured.

And in emission parameters NOX, HC, CO, CO2, O2 were measured.

Following conclusions can be summarized by using following data. Considering NOx emission At CR 18:

B15+60PPM AL2O3: NOx is decreased by 4.04%

B20+25PPM CNT: NOx is decreased by 3.42% B20+50PPM CNT: NOx is decreased by 5.44%

B30+25PPM AL2O3+25PPM CNT: NOx is decreased by 5.75%

Based on table

6

8 10 12 14 16 18

0 3 6 9 12

LOAD IN KG LOAD VS HC AT CR 18

B00

B15+60PPM AL2O3

B20+25PPM CNT

B20+50PPM CNT

B30+25PPM AL2O3+

25PPM CNT

At compression ratio 18 blend B30+25PPM AL2O3+25PPM CNT emits less % of NOx.

Based on Graph

At compression ratio 18 blend B20+50PPM CNT emits less % of NOx.

6 FUTURE SCOPE

7 In comparison with individual biodiesel, the performance of hybrid biodiesel was better. But in its performance was found slightly poor than diesel fuel at higher loads while its gives optimum outputs at higher CR. The performance was getting down due to the higher viscosities and masses of biodiesels as well as its respective blends. The further research work was planned to reduce these physical parameters with the help of chemical additives such as n-butanol and ethanol. They can be blended with biodiesel and diesel fuel in some extent. As they are well known used as a fuel itself and has higher calorific values than biodiesel. So that it will help to improve the performance parameters such as BP, BTE, SFC and VE etc.

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