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Sustainable Cities and Society 2 (2012) 8-28

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Sustainable Cities and Society

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e i . c o m / l o ~ a t e l ~ ~ ~

Design and low energy ventilation solutions for atria in the tropics

Abd Halid Abdullaha.

Fan

Wangb,*

" Forulty of Civil and Enviionmeorol Engineeting, Univenin Tun Hurrein Onn Moloyiio, 86400 Pont Rojo,Johor, Maioyiio

School of th e BuiitEnvironment, Henor-Wort Univerriry, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. United Kingdom

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: Agenericarrium building was designed to incorporate low energysolutions and features ofboth vernac-

Received 28 July 2011 ular and contemporaly South Asian architecture. To achieve low energy and comfort within the atrium Rece~ved in revised hrm 1 September 2011 space, some key design variables were examined by runninga dynamic thermal model (DTM) for some Accepted26 September2011

representative cares.This DTM model was developed with multiple levels and zones to simulate the heat and air movement throughout the building and validated with the data measured in a real building of Keywords:

Thermal comfort similar form. The modelling study was carried out to investigate the effects of N o roof farms for the

"

. - ~ ~

-~ atrium and three low cost ventilation solutions on indoor the~mal comfort. It reveals that low cost ven- tilation and acceptable comfolt are achievable in this traditional form of architecture and low energy solutions and careful design can complement well its Functional aspects and even enhance its aesthetic Top-lit/ridclit roof and practical qualities.

The solar heat gain, air temperature, and mean radiant temperature in the atrium were used to assess the effectiveness of clerestory windows with opaque rooftop (i.e. side-lit model] as compared to the fully transparent glared rooftop (i.e, top-lit model). Data on cooling loads, indoor air temperature, and mean radiant temperature were used to evaluate the design options with special consideration on local adaptable thermal comfort criteria. The possible effects of the research outcomes on the incorporation of atria are discussed at the end.

Crown Copyright O 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Atria have become verv oooular in modern buildines. oartic-

-

entrance o r as the extension ofthe entry lobby, an atriumprovides a central core circulationarea with feeline of soace and lieht as well

- .

-

as a transition zone between the outdoors and the interior for long stay (Saxon, 1994). Moreover, traditional balconies are adopted as walkways above ground level to maximise the use of the atrium space. This is particularly true in buildings like shopping malls, as a linear atrium create a semi-outdoor environment for the long .

balconies, the key circulation paths in these buildings. Apart from this major attraction, atria have many environmental implications. such as for solar gain, daylight and thermal comfort.They affect the phvsical environmentwithin the void soace and even to the adia-

. .

cent spaces. These environmental conditions in the atria depend directly o n the complex interaction between the buildings' ele- ments (and construction materials), architectural forms and much more the outdoor weather condit~ons (Atif, 1992).

* Corierpondcng authorTei.: +44 131 4514636: fax: 144 131 4513161

E-moil address: ian.wang@hw.ac.uk ( F Wang).

In cold climate the environmental benefits of such void spacer are obvious as they are used as a sunspace during sunny day and buffer zones between harsh external climatic conditions a n d the indoor environment (Hawkes & Baker. 1983; Nelson. 1984). In hot climate, however, the environmental effects are not always desir- able. A typical example of this is that the glazing cover allows deeper penetration of high level natural lighting, a much welcome feature for an interior space, and strong solar radiation, an adverse factor to thermal comfort (Douvlou & Pitts. 2001: Edmonds & Creenup. 2002). In the tropics, solar radiation penetrating through the largeglazedenvelopecanseverely worsen indoor thermalenvi- ronment of a building during the occupied hours, especially the radiations from the high altitude of the afternoon sun and high temperature in t h e high level of the atrium space (Pan, Li. Huang. E Wu, 2010).

An example of such poor indoor conditions is best illustrated by Sandra Day O'Connor United States Courthouse, a glass box build- ing. It is well known that the air temperature inside the atrium can easily go beyond 38°C. Even with Ove Arup's innovative solution the indoor airtemperature rises as highas 33 "Con the ground floor of the atrium under the scorching Arizona Sun (Stephens, 2011)

Unfortunately the problem of overheating is not easily seen until the building is actually occupied and t h e high bill for cool- ing is incurred. Apparently the benefit from t h e abundant natural lights often overshadows the adverse effects of excessive solar 2210-670711 - s e e front matter Cmwn Copyright Q 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.AIl rights reserved.

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type: Offices: Type A=2.21 ach; Type 8 = 2 . 1 5 ach: and Type C=2_21 ach

Infiltratianrate=0.5 ach

.

Occupanty:

Floor space per person=4.5m2. It was assumed that only 84% o f t h e total floor area was occupied while the remaining 16% was used for internal circulation.

Thus, occupancy per office zone=(floor area x 0.84)/4.5. Sensible and latent heat dissipation per person was 8 0 W and 60 W, respectively. It was assumed that the percentage presence for occupants for each office zone was constant a t 84%.

Thus, sensible heat gains per office zone (W/m2)=(no. of per- son x 80 x 0.84)/floor area.

Latent heat gains per office zone (W/m2)=(no. of per- son % 60 x 0.84)/floor area.

T h e produced heat was transferred to the room partlv bv con- vection(50%) and partly by thermal radiation (50%); the thermal radiationwas (homogeneouslv) distributed over all surfaces fac- . . .

ing t h e room. Lighting:

T h e power, including t h e power of the ballast/starter was

.

Main entrances on either sides of the building were assumed to

.

vent) and top-lit model (glass roof vent) was 10.0m2, respec- tivelv. Thus. the openable proportion specified in the Aperture ~ yTable for side-lit andtop-lit models was 0.118 and 0.088, ~ ~ s respectivelv. These outlets were set to be alwavs open.

- .

Theventsforallwindows, internal doors andmainentrancedoors were set to be 100% oDen starting from 1800 t o 0700h the next "

morning for night cooling purposes.

The pressurised air at 23 "C was introduced from the office zones into the atrium zones only during office hours (0800-1800 h).

The air conditioningsystem for the office zones whichwas sched- uled to operate daily from 0700 to 1800 h was set as follows:

- Supply air temperature (TS)=18=C;

- Return air temperature (T,)=23 'C.

The supply mass flow rate (in kg/s) was found by multiplying the volume flow rate, V, (m3/s), by the density of air a t the air-

conditioned spaces. In this case, t h e densih, of air, on& at 23 "C dm- I

V .

1 1 1 a a m1 I w t 0 l 1 I ~ ~ ~ . L ~ l ~ ~ i l ~ p c l . t r ~ ~ ~ i . . s 1.193 .xi 1 1 1 ' . ' l h r 1 ~ c r r h ~ t t h e v n l c n ~ c ilowdoei !vas con5 a:it 3t 84" c h ~ . i ~ e i v ~ t h t e m o e r a r ~ r e . tne io.!\i fl J!V I ~ I I ( . ~ I I I

.

k~ -,

> i ~ ,

, .14 III TAS

Thus, lighting heat gains per office zone= 1 3 x 0.84= program, as it does not change with temperature.

10.92 W/m2. Using the principleofmass balance where the mass flow into the

T h e produced heat was 100% sensible heat and 0% latent heat. zone is equal to the mass flow out of the zone, the return mass flow The h e a t was transferred t o the room partly by convection (72%) rate from the air-conditioned office zone which is equal t o the sup- and partly by thermal radiation (28%): the thermal radiation was ply mass flow rate to the office zone was introduced into the atrium (homogeneously) distributed over all surfaces facing the room. zone to ventilate the atrium space. In order to simulate the pres- Equipment: surised air atrium ventilation, the inter-zone air movement from Iieilr l x o o u i l ~ u ~ ~ l r ~ l n on< 1'C w3s l b D \ V . I1 w3s l j s ~ m e d that the officei.oner t o a t r . u n Z O . ~ P < J S V L C ~ I I , ~ ~ I:IC Iilt~,r-lJnc ,111 IIIOVL..

1hr.r~. iv.llld be 1I'C perin11 p c ~ olfi~-c~7O11'ana swltrllcd-rill LII I I I ~ I I I ~ I I I L I I Y , ~ l l c dlrluln m n r i !v?rP w c r i f i e f l .~rm~c!li~nlv hl\?d centage was constant at 67%.

Thus, equipment heat gains per office zone (W/m)=(no, of

PCx 1 6 0 x 0.67)/floor area.

The produced heat was 100% sensible heat and 0% latent heat. The heatwas transferred t o the roompurely byconvection(100%) and n o t by thermal radiation.

Hence, the internal conditions for all office categories were spec- ified a s follows:

Officerones for OfficeTypeA(floor area=59.23 m2; no. ofaccupants=ll) Infiltration rate=O.S ach(24h) Occupants iensiblegaini=12480W/m Lighting gaini=10.92 W/m2 Occupants latentgains-9.360W/m2 Equipment sensible gains =19.909 W/m2

Office zones for OfficeType B (floor area-49.66m: no, ofoccupantr-9)

Infiltration rate=O.5 ach (24h) Occupantr renriblegainr=12.179 W/m

Lightinggainr-10.92W/m2 Occupanrr latentgaini=9.134W/m2 Equipment sensible gaini=19.428 W/mz

Ofice raner for Office Type 0 (floor area=42.97 m; no, of occupanfs= 8)

lnfiltrarion rate-0.5 ach (24 h) Occupants sensible gains-12.511 W/m

Lightinggainr =10.92W/mZ Occupanti latent gainr=9383 W/mi

Equipment sensible gains-19.958 W/m2

A.2. Pressunsed ventilation simulation

For this simulation, it was assumed that the 23 "Crecycle return serviced air from the adjacent offices was pressurised and intro- duced into the atrium space. The two representative models were simulated with two typ& ofpressurised;entilation: all floors pres- surised and the ground floor only uressurised. These pressurised - . .

ventilation systems were considered as the proposed low-energy ventilation scheme to ventilate the atrium space. particularly in Malaysiawhere the outdoor weather is generaily warm and humid

withlowwindvelocitvformostoartsofthevear.Additional settinas

-.

on the principle of mass balance. ~ a b l e s 3 and 4 show the inter- zonemass aimowrate for simulatingall occupiedfloorspressurised ventilation for the side-lit and top-lit models respectively.

In thecase ofground floor only pressurisedsimulation, theinter- zone airflow was allocated for all the ground floor zones (zone I-zone 11) and zone 17, the centre atrium core on the first floor, to which the air from zone 6 would be forced to flow (Tables 5 and 6). Then. TAS would automatically calculate the inter-zone airflow for other atrium zones on upper 1evels.For these pressurised ventila- tion simulations, the existing hourly wind speed in the 1978 TAS weather file forI<uala Lumpurfor simulationdav80was used.Since the existingweatherfile has no wind direction

6").

the hourly wind direction was purposelv set to 90" to represent the easterlv wind . . .

in March.

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