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PHASE I: Final Retrospective Analysis PHASE II: 2‐YR Results on New Installations Mark Kimsey 2008 IFTNC Annual Meeting

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Goal ‐ Evaluate the effects of silvicultural practices on forest  nutrient status and subsequent forest growth and yield.

Objective – Two phase examination of forest nutrient 

status and productivity with Phase I being “retrospective” 

on sites that were previously harvested at various levels of  biomass removal and Phase II on new sites to be harvested.

Nutrition Effects on Future Forest 

Productivity

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Final Retrospective Analysis 

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Treatment 1 – Undisturbed

No mechanical disturbance

Fire exclusion

Treatment 2 – Undisturbed/Burn

No mechanical disturbance

Broadcast burned

Treatment 3 – Scalp

Dozer slash, litter, surficial soil removal

Competing vegetation “rooted out”

Fire exclusion

Treatment 4 – Pile/Burn

Dozer pile & Jackpot burn

Treatment 5 – Skid Trail

TRT 1 TRT 2

TRT 3 TRT 4

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2006 Soil‐Site Findings

Basal area gained 10‐15% on burn treatments after 14 and 24  yrs, but  showed a significant loss of ~ 35% on scalp and 

skid trails after 24 yrs.

y Burn treatments show no overall significant increase in  height growth 6, 14, and 24 yrs post‐planting. Scalp and  skid trail treatments show >40% and >10% decrease in  height growth over 6 and 14 yrs, respectively, but showed  no treatment effect after 24 yrs. 

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Questions – 25 yrs later

When did treatment effect begin?

y How long did treatment effect persist?

y Is there still a treatment effect?

y What is the long‐term consequence of site disturbance?

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Scalp/Skid Trail Effect Pile/Burn Effect

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Bertha Hill – Basal Area Growth

Undisturbed Burn/       

Undisturbed Scalp Pile/Burn Skid Trail

02‐06 0.020 0.023 0.014 0.025 0.021

97‐01 0.030 0.035 0.021 0.033 0.032

92‐96 0.041 0.047 0.026 0.048 0.034

87‐91 0.034 0.030 0.025 0.03 0.021

0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160

Basal Area (ft2 )

* *

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Diameter

Low Elevation 23‐yrs old

6.4 6.0 6.1

4.9

3.2

4.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mound Scalp Undisturbed

DBH (in)

W.pine D. fir

Graham, 2007

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Bertha Hill – Soil Bulk Density

Undisturbed Burn/       

Undisturbed Scalp Pile/Burn Skid Trail

88 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.4

96 0.9 0.9 1.1 1 1.6

06 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Bulk Density (g/cm3 ) Growth Limiting B.D.: 1.45 g/cm3

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Site Prep Effect Summary – 25 yrs later

The removal of site nutrient capital – forest floor, topsoil, vegetation – has resulted in a 10 yr (~40%) reduction in basal area on scalped sites y What is the long‐term consequence of site disturbance?

y For example, if 20% of the stand was scalped, this will translate to an 8% 

overall reduction in stand basal area

Changes in soil physical properties (i.e., bulk density) are less of an  issue than changes in soil micro‐site conditions.  Scalped sites are  subject to a wider range in soil moisture/temperature fluctuations

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In general, nutrient levels did not consistently show strong  associations with the different silviculture or utilization  treatments  

Nutrient levels did tend to differ between treatments at the  extreme ends (ie. – burn ‐v‐ no burn, scraped –v‐

undisturbed, low utilization –v‐ high utilization…)

Growth response differences between treatments were expressed  early for all study sites, but differences did not always continue  over time

All three retrospective studies did show significant growth 

response treatment differences between the extreme ends (ie. – whole tree –v‐ bole only, low utilization –v‐ high 

utilization, undisturbed –v‐ scalped) for the first 5‐10 years

Phase I – Retrospective Comments and 

Conclusions

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Retrospective case studies supplied a wide array of 

information from different silviculture, harvest, and site  prep types

Case studies supplied immediate information on nutrient  capital and stand growth over time

Realize that site variation is dependent on many factors  such as rock type, vegetation series or species mix

Although there appears to be common trends in the  studies, these are case studies and that limits statistical  analysis

Phase I – Retrospective Comments and 

Conclusions

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y Establishment of long‐term experiments coordinated with  existing and planned harvest activities

y Allow replicated statistical design associated with rock and  vegetation series 

y Can be used to supply immediate information on nutrient  capital in harvested areas

y Monitor changes in stand growth over time between  harvest types

Phase 2 – New Sites

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2‐YR Results From New Nutrient Management Installations

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Experimental Design

y Experimental Forest:

y 3 harvest treatments x 2 blocks x 2 site prep’s

y Control (2)

y Cut‐to‐Length – No Burn, Burn (2)

y Whole Tree – No Burn, Burn (2)

y Potlatch – Scared Turkey:

y 3 harvest treatments x 2 blocks x 3 site prep’s

y Control (2)

y Cut‐to‐Length – No Burn, Pile, Burn (3)

y Whole Tree – No Burn, Pile, Burn (3)

y Site prep treatments delayed one‐year

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Experiment Forest: Hatter Creek

Two pits installed per  treatment

Total  pits: 20

Two resin capsules per horizon per pit

Total capsules: 160 No Burn

Broadcast Burn

WT1 CTL1 CTL 2 WT2

Control

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Exp. Forest – K by Depth & Trt

0

6

12

18

24

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Depth (in)

K (μg/cm2)

CONT‐YR1 CTL_N‐YR1 CTL_BB‐YR1 WTR_N‐YR1 WTR_BB‐YR1

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Exp. Forest – NO 3 ‐N

CONT CTL_None CTL_BB WTR_None WTR_BB

NO3‐YR1 5.4 6.4 34.8 4.6 8.1

NO3‐YR2 4.7 51.3 32.9 14.8 14.8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

NO3 (μg/cm2)

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Exp. Forest – K

CONT CTL_None CTL_BB WTR_None WTR_BB

K‐YR1 172 605 416 234 235

K‐YR2 108 358 205 132 146

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

K (μg/cm2)

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Exp. Forest – S

CONT CTL_None CTL_BB WTR_None WTR_BB

S‐YR1 27.7 143.4 129.8 79.0 57.4

S‐YR2 25.2 61.9 45.2 44.2 33.0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

S (μg/cm2)

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Exp. Forest – B

CONT CTL_None CTL_BB WTR_None WTR_BB

B‐YR1 0.131 0.343 0.144 0.181 0.132

B‐YR2 0.108 0.173 0.117 0.132 0.103

0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400

B (μg/cm2)

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Two‐Year Summary – Exp. For.

y Plant available soil nutrients are typically greater in the  upper soil profile 

y Cut‐To‐Length/No Site Prep showed higher soil solution  nutrient concentrations than CTL/Broadcast Burn

y Without Broadcast Burning, movement of N from slash to  soil solution required 2 overwintering periods 

y Soil nutrient concentrations were lower following whole  tree removal than CTL, and were not affected by broadcast  burning

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Future Work

y Establish long‐term growth plots – Spring 2008 y Foliar Nutrient Status

y Of Residual Trees at Experimental Forest – Fall 2008

y Of Seedlings at Both after two years – Fall 2008

y Continue monitoring soil nutrient status – Fall 2009 & Fall  2014

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Acknowledgements

y Potlatch Corp.

y Dan Miller

y Shayne Watkins

y University of Idaho

y Ross Appelgren

y IFTNC Field Crew

y Carly Stutzman

y Colby Statler

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Critical Soil Temperatures

Nutrient, Physical, & Vegetation Impacts

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Temperature C

Tissue death Water loss

Seed death Fungal death

Organic matter distilled (water repellency) Amino acid loss

Organic matter charred Nitrogen volatilized Potassium volatilized

Sulfur volatilized

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