TEXTILE WASTES
-
A B i b l i o g r a p h yC h a r l e s D . Livengood I n s t r u c t o r
Department o f T e x t i l e C h e m i s t r y S c h o o l o f T e x t i l e s
N o r t h C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y R a l e i g h , N o r t h C a r o l i n a
INTRODUCTION
P o l l u t i o n from i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e s i s o n e o f t h e most c h a l l e n g i n g p h a s e s o f t h e N a t i o n a l program f o r w a t e r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l t o d a y .
The t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y , c o g n i z a n t o f t h i s s e r i o u s problem, h a s l o n g
b e e n c o n c e r n e d a b o u t i t s s t r e a m p o l l u t i o n p o t e n t i a l due t o t h e
p r o d i g i o u s q u a n t i t i e s o f w a t e r u s e d i n i t s p r o c e s s e s . To a l l e v i a t e
t h i s problem, many m i l l s have b u i l t t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s which a r e
q u i t e c o s t l y . O t h e r s a r e u s i n g m u n i c i p a l sewage t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m s .
These l a t t e r s y s t e m s , i n many i n s t a n c e s , have become d a n g e r o u s l y
o v e r l o a d e d due t o a s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g p o p u l a t i o n and i n d u s t r i a l
g r o w t h . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e i n d u s t r y i s t u r n i n g more and more t o i n -
p l a n t c o n t r o l s y s t e m s t o r e d u c e i t s t o t a l e f f l u e n t .
S u r v e y s have i n d i c a t e d t h a t more t h a n h a l f o f t h e s t r e a m p o l l u t i o n
p o t e n t i a l i n t e x t i l e f i n i s h i n g p l a n t s e f f l u e n t i s p r o d u c e d by t h e
f a b r i c d e s i z i n g o p e r a t i o n . Based o n t h i s s u r v e y d a t a , i n May 1965 a
f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e c o v e r y o f w a s t e s from t h e
d e s i z i n g o f f a b r i c a s a n a p p r o a c h t o t h e a l l e v i a t i o n o f s t r e a m p o l l u -
t i o n by t e x t i l e p r o c e s s i n g o p e r a t i o n s was i n i t i a t e d a t N o r t h
1
C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , S c h o o l o f T e x t i l e s . The s t u d y was spon-
s o r e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r t h r o u g h t h e
Water R e s o u r c e s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a
a s a u t h o r i z e d u n d e r t h e Water R e s o u r c e s Act o f 1964, P u b l i c Law 8 8 -
379. The o b j e c t i v e s i n i t i a l l y were t o examine t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f
r e c o v e r i n g e x i s t i n g s i z i n g a g e n t s and t o examine t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s
o f u s i n g m a t e r i a l s o f known e a s e o f r e c o v e r y from aqueous s o l u t i o n a s
p o s s i b l e s i z e s . A t t h e same time, a s e a r c h o f t h e c h e m i c a l l i t e r a t u r e
c o n c e r n i n g s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t i o n from t e x t i l e m i l l s , e s p e c i a l l y
s i z e w a s t e s , was made f o r t h e p e r i o d 1954-1964.l I t was found l ~ h e work was c o n d u c t e d by R . N . B e r r i e r and H . Y . J e n n i n g s ,
Department o f T e x t i l e C h e m i s t r y .
warp-
t h a t
e s s e n t i a l l y no e f f o r t had b e e n made d u r i n g t h i s t i m e i n t h e f i e l d o f
r e c o v e r y a n d r e u s e o f c h e m i c a l s a s a means o f a b a t i n g s t r e a m
p o l l u t i o n .
I n 1968, a g a i n u n d e r t h e s p o n s o r s h i p o f t h e Water R e s o u r c e s
Y R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a , t h e S c h o o l
o f T e x t i l e s u n d e r t o o k t o c o r r e c t , u p d a t e , a n d p u b l i s h a b i b l i o g r a p h y
o f l i t e r a t u r e r e f e r e n c e s r e l a t i v e t o t e x t i l e w a s t e s a s s t r e a m
p o l l u t a n t s . No e f f o r t was made t o i n c l u d e a b s t r a c t s o f l i t e r a t u r e
p u b l i s h e d p r i o r t o 1 9 5 4 a s t h e s e were a l r e a d y a v a i l a b l e i n o t h e r
p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h i s s t u d y i n c l u d e s a b s t r a c t s p u b l i s h e d i n t h e C h e m i c a l
A b s t r a c t s , T e x t i l e T e c h n o l o g y D i g e s t , S h i r l e y I n s t i t u t e A b s t r a c t s ,
a n d Water P o l l u t i o n A b s t r a c t s t h r o u g h J u n e , 1 9 6 8 .
T h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y h a s b e e n key-word c o d e d i n a l i m i t e d way a n d z
i n d e x e d t o a i d i n t h e r e t r i e v a l o f i n f o r m a t i o n . The c o d i n g , w h e r e v e r
m
p o s s i b l e , was done a c c o r d i n g t o t h e T h e s a u r u s o f E n q i n e e r i n g Terms,
p u b l i s h e d b y t h e E n g i n e e r s J o i n t C o u n c i l , 345 E a s t 4 7 t h S t r e e t , N e w York, New York. The a b s t r a c t s a r e l i s t e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y by a u t h o r ' s l a s t name and a r e numbered c o n s e c u t i v e l y u n d e r e a c h l e t t e r o f t h e
B l e a c h i n g : C o m p o s i t i o n :
A 2 , A 2 2 , A 3 4 , A 4 7 , A 4 8 , A 5 0 , B 2 9 , A2, A 6 4 , C 1 3 , D l , G 7 , K 1 0 , ~ 6 , C 1 2 , D l , D 8 , H 7 , H 2 5 , K 1 0 , K 3 6 , M 1 2 , N2, N 1 3 , N 2 0 , 06, L 5 , L 9 , N 1 , N 1 7 , P 1 9 , R 1 4 , S53, 0 7 , V L .
S63, V 1 , V4, W 1 6 , 2 3 .
C o n t a m i n a t i o n :
B l e n d i n g : A 4 0 , A 6 3 , B 1 2 , B 3 3 , H 1 2 ,
8 2 9 , C 2 , C 3 , F 7 , D 8 , J5, M32, M17, V 4 , W 3 . W l 6 .
B u t y l a c e t a t e : K 3 2 .
C o n t r o l S y s t e m :
C 1 3 , F8, (36, H 1 0 , H 2 7 . C o s t A n a l y s i s :
C a l c i u m C h l o r i d e : A 2 6 , A 2 9 , A 4 0 , B 4 0 , F 7 , H e , A 3 5 , A 5 4 , A 6 5 , C 5 , F 7 , M2, M 1 7 , H 1 1 , H 2 8 , H 3 0 , K 1 8 , L 7 , L 9 , M38, N8, P 7 , S35, T 6 . ~ 3 , 0 2 , P l 8 , R 8 , S6, 5 7 ,
S 3 7 , S41, 5 4 2 , S53, S55, T l , @ a r b o x y m e t h y l c e l l u l o s e : W13, W 1 8 .
A 2 3 , B 3 6 , C 1 2 , D 5 , H 9 2 , M4, S 3 1 .
C o t t o n :
C e n t r i f u g a l F i l t r a t i o n : ~ 1 7 , A 2 2 , A2.3, 2434, A 4 8 , A 5 7 , A l l , F6, F 7 , 11, 1 3 , K 3 8 , L 1 5 , B 1 , B 3 9 , C Z S C 3 , C 1 2 , D5-9 D 6 ,
P 7 , T 6 . H 7 , H 3 0 , 36, K6, K l O , L 5 , L 8 ,
M17, M20, M 2 1 , M24, N 1 , N 3 , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : N4, N 6 , N 1 2 , N 1 5 , 0 2 , P 1 9 ,
A 1 7 , B 1 3 , 814, B 1 7 , C 1 3 , D l , H 7 , R 1 0 , 5 2 9 , 531, S38, S46, S 5 2 , C 1 7 , K 1 0 , K 1 3 , K 1 8 , K 4 0 , L 4 , L 5 , S53, W 1 1 , Y l , 2 3 .
K 1 5 , 0 2 , 06, V4, W 1 4 , 2 4 .
C o u n t e r C u r r e n t W a s h i n g :
C h e m i c a l P r o c e s s : K 3 8 , S I P .
A3, A 3 4 , G 7 , K 6 , K 1 7 , K 1 9 , M17,
M 2 0 . D a t a :
A l l , B 8 , B 3 4 , H 7 , 1 3 , K 2 6 , M29
C h l o r i d e s : M 2 0 , M24, N 2 0 , P 7 , S4, S30,
C4, K11, M 3 9 , P 1 5 , S 1 7 , S 1 9 , 1 . 2 . S 3 7 , S46, Y 1 .
C l a r i f i c a t i o n : D e c o l o r f n g :
B 3 3 , C 1 4 , F3, F4, I K 1 1 , K 1 7 , A 2 4 , D 8 , H7, I J5, M3, M 1 7 , K 1 8 , K 1 9 , K 4 0 , M 1 5 , M 2 9 , N 1 4 , M 3 3 , N2, N 7 , N 1 4 , N 1 7 , S 7 , N 1 6 , 0 7 , P 2 , P13, S15, S 1 9 , S 2 0 , S 3 7 , S 4 1 .
S 5 5 , V6, Z 1 , 2 2 .
~ e g r a d a t i o n :
C o l o r : A 2 9 , 38, B 1 0 , B 1 1 , B 2 3 , B 3 8 ,
H 8 , H 3 0 , 36, 58, K 3 4 , M17, M47, B 4 0 , H 3 0 , K 1 7 , S 6 4 . N 6 , R 1 3 , S 6 3 .
C o l o r i m e t r y : 11, 1 3 .
D e s i z i n g :
A 2 3 , A 3 4 , A 4 5 , B 3 2 , B 3 3 9 B 3 9 , D 5 , M 2 1 , M 3 6 , 0 2 , R 7 , ~ 1 5 .
c o a g u l a t i o n : D e t e r g e n t s :
C 4 , F6, H 7 , H89 H 3 0 j L l j L 6 , M29 A 2 0 , A 4 0 , B 8 , B 2 6 , (29, fl1, t M3, M38, M 3 9 , R 1 , R 1 2 , R 1 3 3 S 4 9 9 C 1 2 , D 9 , H 2 6 , H 3 0 , 1 5 , J6,
S55, W 1 1 . K 3 , K 1 1 , K 2 1 , K 2 4 , K 3 0 , K 3 7 ,
D i a g r a m s , T a b l e s , I l l u s t r a t i o n s :
AO, A 2 5 , A 4 5 , A 4 7 , A 6 4 , B l , ~ 1 6 , ~ C 1 0 , D 1 0 , G 4 , H2',': K 1 0 , K 3 3 , L 5 ,
M 1 7 , P 1 8 , R 3 , R 8 , W 3 . D i a l y s i s :
H 7 , N 6 .
D r a i n a g e S y s t e m s : E l .
E f f l u e n t s ( c o n t i n u e d ) :
M 1 4 , M 1 5 , M 1 7 , M 1 8 , M 2 0 , M 2 1 , M 2 2 , M24, M 2 5 , M 2 9 , M 3 2 , M33, M 3 7 , M 3 8 , M 4 0 , M 4 2 , M 4 5 , N 8 s N 1 1 , N 1 4 , N 1 5 , N 1 6 , N 1 7 , N 1 9 , N 2 0 , 01, 0 2 , 0 3 , 06, P 9 , P 1 1 , P 1 4 , P 2 0 , P 2 2 , R 4 , R 1 1 , R 1 2 , S l , S 7 , S l 0 , S l l , S l 2 , ,514, 5 2 2 , S 2 8 , S 3 0 , 5 3 2 , 546, S 4 7 , S56, S 6 1 , 563, T 6 , V 2 , V 3 , V 8 , W7, W9, W 1 1 , W17, 2 3 .
D r u m V a c u u m F i l t e r s :
A 5 4 . E n g i n e e r i n g E c o n o m y :
A 9 , A 2 6 , B 2 9 , B 3 9 , D 1 0 , H 2 6 ,
D y e i n g : S 2 8 , S41, S 5 3 , W 1 3 , 2 6 .
A 2 , A 2 4 , A 2 7 , A 4 8 , A 6 0 , B 1 , B 2 5 ,
B 2 9 , C 2 , C 3 , C 7 , D l . D 8 , E 4 , E 5 , E n z y m e s :
F 2 , G 3 , G 7 , G 8 , H 7 , H 9 , H 1 2 , H 2 4 , A 2 9 , A 3 4 , D 5 , M 3 6 , W 1 5 . H 3 0 , 1 4 , K 4 , K 1 0 , K 2 6 , K 2 7 , L 3 ,
L 5 , L 9 , M3, M 4 5 , N 1 5 , N 1 7 , P 9 , E q u i l i z a t i o n :
P 1 9 , S 2 9 , 536, T 1 1 , V 2 , V 3 , W 1 1 , B 2 4 , (212, N 2 1 , P 1 9 , W12, 5 3 0 .
E c o n o m i c F a c t o r s :
A 3 0 , B 1 4 , K 1 5 , T 1 , W2, W 1 8 . E f f i c i e n c y :
A 9 , A l l , A 2 9 , N 3 , R 3 , 5 3 7 , W 1 3 ,
f l u e n t s :
A l , A 1 0 , A l l , A 1 3 , A 2 1 , A 2 2 , A 2 4 , A 2 6 , A 2 7 , A 2 8 , A 2 9 , A 3 4 , A 2 6 , A 3 9 , A 4 0 , A 4 1 , A 4 5 , A 4 6 , A 4 7 , A 5 2 , A 5 3 , A 5 7 , A 5 8 , A 6 0 , A 6 1 , A 6 2 , A 6 3 , A 6 7 , A 6 8 , B 1 , B 6 , B 7 , B 1 3 , B 1 5 , B 1 6 , B 2 4 , B 2 7 , 3 3 2 , B 3 3 , B 3 4 , B 3 8 , C 2 , C 3 , C 5 , C 6 , C 9 , C 1 0 , C 1 3 , D 3 , D 4 , D 8 , E l , E 2 , E 4 , E 5 , F1, F 2 , F6, F 7 , G 7 , G 8 , H 2 , H 7 , H 8 , H 9 , H 1 0 , H 1 2 , H 1 3 , H 1 5 , H 1 6 , H 1 7 , H 1 9 , H 2 1 , H 2 2 , H 2 3 , H 2 4 , H 2 8 , H 3 2 , 1 5 , J19 J 2 , J 5 , J 6 , K 1 , K 5 , K 6 , K 8 , K 9 , K 1 0 , K 1 1 , K 1 2 , K 1 3 , K 1 4 , K 1 6 , K 1 7 , K 1 8 , K 1 9 , K 2 3 , K 2 6 , K 2 9 , K 3 4 , K 3 5 , K 3 6 , K 3 7 , K 3 8 , K 4 0 , L 3 , L 4 , L 8 , L 9 , L 1 0 , L 1 5 , M3, M4, M5, M8, M 1 3 ,
E q u i p m e n t :
A 3 2 , A 3 4 , E l , G 4 , H 9 , H 1 0 , H 3 1 , K 1 1 , K 1 8 , K 2 6 , K 2 7 , P 1 1 , S 2 1 ,
E x p e r i m e n t a t i o n :
A 9 , A l l , A 2 4 , B 2 6 , B 2 9 , B 3 4 , B 3 9 , D 5 , D 1 0 , H 7 , H 3 0 , 1 3 , K 1 0 , K 4 1 , L 5 , L 7 , L 1 5 , M2, M 1 7 , M 3 7 , M 3 9 , N 1 4 , N 2 1 , 0 7 , P 7 , P 1 8 , R 3 , R 1 1 , S 3 7 , S 4 6 , S 5 5 , V l , Y 1 . E x t r a c t i o n :
A 4 0 , M 3 6 , P 1 1 , V 4 . F i b e r s :
A 2 6 , A 3 2 , A 3 6 , A 5 2 , B 4 0 , F3, 1 5 , M 3 2 , S 2 3 , T 4 , T 1 0 , V 4 ,
I t r a t i o n : A 3 , A 7 , A 2 B 3 3 , c 2 , C P6, H 7 , K 9 N 1 8 , P 1 9 , S 3 0 . S 3 6 ,
F i n i s h i n g :
F i n i s h i n g ( c o n t i n u e d ) :
R 1 1 , R 1 3 , S 1 0 , 5 2 7 , S 2 9 , S 3 6 , S 5 2 , T 1 1 , V 3 , W 8 , W11, 2 4 .
F l o t a t i o n :
G a s s i f i c a t i o n : W 1 8 .
G r e a s e s :
I o n E x c h a n g e r s :
A 3 , A 3 1 , A 4 0 , A 6 8 , K 3 7 , M 3 5 , R 1 0 , W9, W17, W 1 8 .
d u s t r i a l Wastes:
A l , A2, A 3 , A 1 8 9 A 2 5 9 A 3 3 3 A 3 7 9 ~ 3 8 , A 4 0 , A 4 8 , A 5 3 , A 6 1 , 2466, B 2 , B 5 , B 1 6 , B 1 7 , B 1 8 , B l 9 , B 2 0 , B 2 1 , $ 2 8 , ~ 3 8 , ~ 4 1 , C l , C 7 ,
c8,
D.2, G 2 , H 4 , H 1 7 , 1 2 9 1 6 , J1- J 2 , 9 3 , J4, K 1 8 , K 2 7 , K 3 6 , L 1 9 L 2 , L 5 , L 1 2 , M26, M30, N 2 , N5, P 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 9 , S 2 , S 8 , S l 8 , T 1 , W 3 , W 1 2 . ~ n s t a l l i n g :A3, A 2 6 , A 5 7 . I r o n :
K 1 6 .
I r o n C o m p o u n d s :
6 2 , C 3 , D 8 , 11, 1 3 , K 1 0 , K 1 7 , K 1 8 , K 2 6 , M 3 3 , M 3 9 , N 1 6 , N 2 1 , W l 6 .
L a g o o n s :
A l l , A 1 3 , A 1 4 ,
L a n o l i n : A 5 9 .
'v
L e g i s l a t i o n :
A 1 4 , A 3 4 , A 3 7 , A 4 1 , A 4 8 , B 3 0 , E 3 , G 6 . G8, H8, 1 7 , K 3 7 , L 9 , M7, 0 2 , P 1 0 , R 2 , R 6 , S1, S 2 1 , S44, S 6 3 , T 1 , T 7 , W1.
L i m e :
D 8 , N 2 1 , 0 2 , P 1 8 . M a g n e s i u m :
N 1 4 , 0 2 . M e a s u r e m e n t :
B 9 .
I . N i t r o g e n :
O r g a n i c A c i d s : A 6 6 , R 3 , W 1 8 . O r g a n i c C h e m i c a l s :
A 1 3 , A 1 4 , A 3 9 , A 6 6 3 B 1 2 , B 3 5 , B 3 6 , C 1 0 , J 3 , K3, K 3 7 , M11, M 4 7 , S5, S50, S55, V 4 , W 3 , 26 O x i d a t i o n :
A 2 9 , A 4 1 , B 3 8 , D 5 , J8, K 4 0 , M38, R 1 1 , S 4 2 , W 1 3 , 2 6 . O x y g e n :
A 1 3 , A 1 4 , A 5 3 , D 9 , G 2 , J8, K 1 7 , L 3 , M 2 6 , M30, M 4 1 , P 3 , S 2 2 ,
v1.
P a p e r :
P e r c u l a t i n g F i l t e r s :
A 2 1 , A 5 4 , A 5 7 , C 1 2 , C 1 4 , D 5 , H 7 , N 1 7 , S 3 7 .
p e r o x i d e : A 3 4 , C 6 .
P i l o t P l a n t :
A 9 , A 2 1 , A 3 5 , B 2 9 , C 1 2 , C 1 4 , D 5 , H 1 1 , H 3 0 , J 5 , K 4 1 , L 7 , M17, N 4 , P 1 8 , R 3 , 5 2 5 , S 2 8 , S 3 0 , S 3 7 , W 1 1 ,
P o l l u t i o n :
A 8 , A 1 4 , A 1 5 , A 1 7 , A 4 9 , A 5 3 , A 5 5 A 5 6 , 2468, B 5 , B 1 4 , B 2 7 , B 3 0 , C 6 , D 8 , G 1 , H 8 , H 3 2 , J 2 , J 9 , K 3 0 , K 3 L 5 , L 9 , L 1 4 , M8, M12, M 2 0 , M 2 3 , M 3 3 , P 2 0 , R 9 , S 4 , S 1 5 , 543, S 4 7 ,
P o l l u t i o n A b a t e m e n t :
A 8 , A 1 3 , A 1 4 , A 3 7 , A 4 0 , A 4 7 , A 4 8 , A 5 0 , A 6 8 , ' 2 1 2 , C 1 3 , G 6 , G 1 0 , H 2 1 , H 2 9 , K 3 1 , K 3 6 , M I , M6, M8, M9, M20, M 2 1 , M 2 2 , M 4 4 , 01, 03, P 5 , R 6 , S 2 9 , 531, 533, 535, 5 3 9 , S 4 1 , S 4 4 , S 5 3 , T 5 , W 1 .
P o t a s s i u m : B 4 0 , N 8 . P r e c i p i t a t i o n :
A 2 9 , A 5 4 , C 2 , C 3 , C 6 , C 1 2 , F 7 , H 1 2 , 111 1 3 , K 1 6 , K 1 7 , K 2 5 , K 4 0 , R 8 , W 1 6 =
P r o c e d u r e s :
H 1 2 , J 5 , R 8 , S 8 , S 3 g 3 S 3 9 . P r o c e s s i n g :
A 1 7 , A 1 9 , A 5 7 , B 1 4 , D 1 0 , F 7 , K 1 1 , K 1 8 , M19, M 2 0 , N 8 , N 1 5 ,
P u r , i f i c a A 3 1 , B 3 3, H 2 8 , K 3 8 , M l 6 , M38, N 2 0 , R 1 4 , S 4 9 , T 1 0 ,
Q u a l i t a t i v e A n a l y s i s :
B 1 4 , C 8 , K 3 1 , M6, M7, N 1 6 . R a d i o - A c t i v e Wastes:
A 1 3 , A 1 4 , H 1 8 . R a g P u l p :
R a y o n :
A 2 , H I , L 2 J L 8 , L 1 1 , P 1 8 , S 4 ,
~ e c o v e r i n ~ :
A 9 , A l l , A 4 0 , A 4 1 , A 4 8 , A 5 4 , A 6 5 , C 1 2 , F 7 , G 1 0 , H 7 , H 3 0 , M 3 2 , K 3 8 , L 4 , L 8 , M 2 5 , N 1 , N 8 . R 3 , R 6 , S 3 9 , S 4 3 , S 5 2 ,
R e d u c t i o n :
B 3 8 , C 1 4 , N 7 . R e s e a r c h :
A l l , A 2 4 , B 2 6 , B 2 9 , B 3 4 , B 3 9 , B 4 0 , D 5 , D 9 , H 5 , H 7 , H 1 2 , H 3 0 ,
R e s i n s :
A 3 1 , A 3 8 , A 5 6 , A 6 8 , R 8 , R 1 0 , S 5 .
R e s u l t s :
S i z i n g :
A 3 2 , E 4 , E 5 , G 1 , S 2 7 . S o r p t i o n :
S p i n n i n g :
L 1 5 , M17, P 1 9 , V 4 . S t a r c h :
A 2 3 , A 3 8 , A 4 5 , B 3 , B 4 , , B 1 3 ,
8 3 2 , B 3 3 , B 3 4 , B 3 6 , B 3 9 , C 1 2 , D 5 , H 3 0 , 1 5 , M4, M5, M 2 0 , M.21, M36, R 7 , S31, V4, 24.
S t a r c h D e r i v a t i v e s : B 1 3 , H 6 , L 7 , M 5 . S t a t i s t i c s :
B 8 , D 1 0 .
S u b s u r f a c e D r a i n a g e : 2422, A 4 1 , C 2 , C 3 , T I . S u b s t i t u t e C h e m i c a l s :
A 4 8 , B 3 6 , D 5 , H 3 0 , M5, mM.20, M 2 1 , M 2 2 , M 2 5 , 5 2 9 , S31, 5.39, 2 4 .
S u l f u r C o m p o u n d s :
S u r f a c t a n t s :
S y m p o s i u m :
A 4 8 , A 5 0 , A 5 8 , A 6 4 , M 1 9 , S 2 7 . S y n t h e t i c F i b e r s :
S y n t h e t i c R e s i n s : K 1 1 , S 2 9 .
S y s t e m s E n g i n e e r i n g :
A9, A 3 4 , A 5 7 , B 1 6 , B 3 0 , B 3 1 , B 4 0 , H 8 , H 9 , H 2 7 , H 2 9 , K 1 1 , K 1 8 , K 2 6 , L 4 , M8, M 1 2 , N 1 8 ,
01, P 1 2 , S 1 0 , 5 2 8 , S 3 2 , T 7 , h W7, W 1 1 .
T i n C o m p o u n d s : A24, N 7 . T r a n s f e r r i n g :
V 1 .
T r i c k l i n q F i l t e r s :
T o x i c o l o g y : _
D l , L 1 4 , P 1 9 . Fl ~ ; a d e fl A s s o c i a t i o n s :
S 3 4 .
U t i l i z a t i o n :
H 6 , K 1 2 , L 8 , S 1 8 .
was
R a y o n :
A 6 8 , B 2 K 4 , K 2 7 ,
M 1 4 , M1 M 3 4 , M4 P 3 , P 1 3 ,
Was
, t e D i s p o s a l :
A 6 , A 1 7 , A 2 5 , ~ 3 0 , ~ 5 0 , ~ 2 4 , B 2 9 , B 3 2 , G 1 0 , H 4 , H 8 , H 9 , H 1 2 H 1 8 , H 1 9 , H 2 0 , H 3 1 , 1 7 , J 6 , K 1 K 1 7 , K 1 8 , K 1 9 , L 9 , M4, M9, N 1 , N 1 3 , 01, P 7 , P 1 2 , R 3 , R 5 , 5 2 4 , S34, 538, S 3 8 , 5 3 9 , S41, S 4 2 , 543, T 1 , T 7 , W2, W 3 , Z 6 .
s t e s :
A 1 8 , A 2 6 , A 2 9 , A 3 6 , A 3 7 , A 3 8 , A 5 8 , A 6 1 , B 5 , B l l , B 1 7 , B 1 9 , B 2 6 , B 2 7 , B 2 9 , B 3 0 , B 3 7 , B 3 8 , ~ 4 0 , C 6 , D l , D 2 , D 5 , D6, F 7 , G I , H 7 , H 9 , H 1 0 , H 1 1 , H 1 2 , H 2 0 , H 3 0 , J 2 , J 6 , J8, K 2 , K 1 7 , K 3 6 , L 8 , M3, M16, M 2 3 , M 3 8 , M 4 7 , N 1 , N 3 , N 4 , N 7 , N 1 6 , N 1 7 , N 1 9 , 05, 06, P 7 , P 1 8 , R 1 0 , R 1 4 , 53, 54, S8, S L 2 , S 1 9 , 5 2 2 , 5 4 2 , 5 4 7 , 5 5 4 , S 6 1 , T 2 , T 7 , T 8 , T 1 1 , V 1 , V 5 , W 1 3 , '26-
, t e T r e a t m e n t :
A 3 , A 4 , A 7 , A 8 , A 1 3 , A 1 5 , A 1 9 , A 2 1 , A 2 2 , A 2 7 , A 2 8 , A 3 4 , A 3 5 , A 4 1 , A 4 6 , A 4 7 , A 5 0 , A 5 4 , A 5 7 , A 6 0 , A 6 7 , B l , B 2 , B 6 , B 7 , B l l , B 1 2 , B 1 5 , B 1 6 , B 2 0 , B 2 1 , 8 2 2 , B 2 6 , B 2 7 , B 3 0 , B 3 7 , B 3 9 , B 4 1 , C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , D 5 , D 7 , D 8 , E l , F1, F8, G 5 , G 7 , H 1 0 , H 1 3 , H 1 5 , H 1 6 , H 1 7 , H 2 1 , H 3 0 , 1 5 , 1 7 , J1, J5, J 6 , J 7 , J 8 , K 6 , K 7 , K 1 0 , K 1 3 , K 1 5 , K 1 8 , K 1 9 , K 2 5 , K 2 6 , K 2 9 , K 3 2 , K 3 5 , K 3 7 , L 1 , L 3 , L 4 , L 6 , ~ 1 0 , L 1 1 , M5, M8, M10, M 1 2 , M 1 7 , M19, M22, M24, M 2 6 , M 2 8 , M 4 0 , M 4 4 , N 2 , N 5 , N 1 4 , N 2 1 , 0 6 , 0 7 , P 1 , P 3 , P 4 , P 6 , P 9 , P 1 0 , P 1 6 , PZO, R 1 , R 2 3 R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 1 1 , 56, 5 7 , 53, S 1 0 , 5 1 2 , S 1 5 , S 1 6 , S 1 8 , S19, S 2 1 , 5 2 4 , 5 2 5 , S 2 6 , 5 2 8 , S33, 536, 5 4 0 , 541, S 4 7 , 5 5 4 , S 5 5 , S 5 6 , S 5 9 , S60, S 6 1 , 563, T 3 , T 4 , T 6 , V 4 , V 5 , V 8 , W2, W 4 , W 5 , W 6 , W7, W 8 , W l l , W 1 6 , W17, 23, Z 5 , Z 6 .
ter: A 2 2 , A 5 6 , B 1 5 , C 1 1 , H 1 8 ,
14,
K 2 3 , M 1 9 , P 4 2
s4, S 5 7 , v 7 ,
W a s t e W a t e r s :
t e r P o l l u t i o n : A 5 , A 1 3 , A 2 3 .
Water R e s o u r c e s :
A 8 , A 3 7 , A 5 3 , A 5 8 , B 1 4 , G 6 , T 5 . Water T r e a t m e n t :
Waxes:
A l l , A 1 9 , B 4 0 , F 7 , D l 0 2 L 1 5 3 M21, M25, N 6 .
Wool:
A 2 , A 1 0 , A 2 6 , A 3 5 , A 5 9 9 A 6 2 9 B 2 6 , C 5 , C 9 , 04, E 4 , 56, K 3 0 , K 3 8 9 L 8 9 M2, M3, M17, M25, N 2 1 , 04, 0 7 . W o o l G r e a s e :
W o o l S c o u r i n g :
A 9 , A 1 0 , A l l , A 1 9 , A 2 8 , A 5 4 , A 6 5 , B 1 9 , B 2 6 , 84-09 C 5 , C 9 , E 4 9 F6, ~ 1 5 , H 1 6 , H 1 7 , H 1 9 , H 2 0 , H 2 1 , M2, 0 2 , P 7 , S 2 , S56, 5 5 7 9 S63, T 2 , T 6 , T 9 , V 4 , W 1 2 .
T e x t i l e Waste B i b l i o g r a p h y
1. Abson, 3 . W . and M. H. Totihunter. " B i o l o g i c a l T r e a t m e n t o f H n d u s t r f a l Wastes"'. E f f l u e n t and Water T r e a t . J., p . 154-165,
c 1962. O u t l i n e i s g i v e n o f b i o l o g y , b i o c h e m f s t r y and
b f o e n g i n e e r i n g p e r t i n e n t t o t r e a t m e n t o f i n d u s t r a 1 w a s t e s . 56 r e f e r e n c e s .
2 , Adam, F . ""The P r e s e n t P o s i t i o n o f t h e E f f l u e n t Problem i n
Switzerland." T e x t ~ B - R d s c h . ,
2
( P I ) , p . 563-569, 1954. I nGerman. The a u t h o r d e a l s w i t h t h e t r e a t m e n t o f d o m e s t i c sewage i n b i o l o g i c a l p l a n t s and t h e e f f e c t o f i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e w a t e r s on s u c h p l a n t s , and d i s c u s s e s t h e c o m p o s i t i o n and n e c e s s a r y p r e l i m i n a r y t r e a t m e n t o f w a s t e w a t e r s from b l e a c h i n g , wool washing, d y e i n g , and r a y o n m a n ~ f a c t u r e .
3 . Aftken, I a n M. E . , and E . L e s l i e S t r e a t f i e l d . ""Plant I n s t a l l a t i o n s f o r I n d u s t r i a l E f f l u e n t T r e a t m e n t " . E f f l u e n t and Water T r e a t . J.,
2
( 5 & p . 253-256 and 320-324, 1965. A comprehensive r e p o r t-
on t h e i m p o r t a n c e and n e c e s s i t y t o d a y o f i n d u s t r i e s h a v i n g a n e f f l - d e n t t r e a t m e n t p l a n t t h a t c a r r i e s o u t i t s f u n c t i o n s . The a r t i c l e c o v e r s t r e a t m e n t methods: I
-
S e d i m e n t a t i o n , 2-
F r S t r a t i o n , 3-
F l o t a t i o n , 4-
Chemical r e a c t i o n ( i n c l u d i n g ion-exchange], 5-
B ~ o b o g i c a l a c t i o n ; t h e s l u d g e problem, a b s t r a c t i o n o f sokf d s , r e c i r c u l a t i o n , f l o a t i o n methods,.
f n s t r r u m e n t a t i o n and zsatomatfsn, and p l a n n i n g p l a n t i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
4. Akhmedov, K, M., and 1, M, G a r i b o v . "Nethods f o r Removing S u l f u r Dyes from Wastes f r o P l a n t o f t h e V ,
L e c i n Bakin T e x t i l e Works. ( 5 1 3 p . 41-43> 1966. ( I n R u s S f a n ) E x p e r i m e n t s were made w i t h w a s t e s c o n t a i n i n g 600 rng./l. s u l f u r d y e s . A 10% W2SD4 s o l u t i o n (250-750 m g . j / l . ) and
0,1% s o l u t i o n o f p o l y a c r y l a m l d e ( 2 m g , / l .
1
were added t o t h e sewage, s t i r r e d 2 m i n ~ t e s , and l e f t t o s e t t l e f o r 0 . 5 h r . The r e s f d a a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u l f u r d y e s was 0-100 rng,/l.5 . A l l e n , E, " " T e x t i l e I n d u s t r y Wars on S t r e a m Waste PoPPutfon: An STN I n d u s t r y S u r v e y . " S o u t h e r n T e x t i l e News, 22, p . 1, 2, 10, 11, (August 1, 19661, T e x t i l e ~ n d u s t r y e f f o r t s t o combat s t r e a m w a s t e p o l l u t i o n a r e ~ L P u s t r a t e d w i t h s p e c r f i c examples.
6 . A l l e n , L. A. ""Sludge D i s p o s a l - A e r o b i c and A n a e r o b i c D i g e s t i o n
-
B a s i c C o n c e p t s w \ E f f l u e n t and Water T r e a t . 3." $ 7 1 p . 388-392, 1962. The b a s i c p r i n c ~ p l e s o f a e r o b i c a n & a n a e r o b i c
d i g e s t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d and t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o s l u d g e d i s p o s a l i s c r i t i c a l l y examined.
I 7 . Alspaugh, T. A. ""Progress and e v e l o p m e n t s i n T r e a t m e n t o f I n t e g r a t e d T e x t i l e M i l l W a s t e s . " P r o c . 1 2 t h s t h . munic.
i n d u s t r . Waste Con£,, p . 46-62, 1963. F o l l o w i n g s t u d i e s on modi f i c a t i o n s o f t h e a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e p r o c e s s s u i t a b l e f o r u s e w i t h ~ n t e g r a t e d t e x t i l e w a s t e w a t e r s a t t h e Cone M i l l s C o r p o r a t i o n , Greensboro, N. C,, a f ~ l l - s c a l e p l a n t was c o n s t r u c t e d t o t r e a t
c o n e . i n t h e a e r a t l o n t a n k b o t h a s s i s t i n removing t h e h i g h l y - s o l . BOD o f t e x t l l e w a s t e w a t e r s , b u f f e r i n g shock l o a d s , a n d p r o v i d i n g e f f i c i e n t t r e a t . a s r e g a r d s removal o f c o l o u r a n d BOD.
A s shown i n a f l o w dragram, t h e t e x t i l e w a s t e w a t e r s p a s s t h r o u g h two s t o r a g e l a g o o n s l n s e r i e s ( t o p r o v l d e e q u a l i z a t i o n a n d some removal o f l i n t and dye p a s t e ) and a r e mixed w f t h 10% o f s c r e e n e d and d e g r i t t e d d o m e s t i c sewage b e f o r e e n t r y i n t o t h e a e r a t i o n
t a n k , which i s e q u i p p e d w i t h V o r t a i r s u r f a c e t u r b i n e a e r a t o r s . f i
A f t e r f i n a l s e d i m e n t a t i o n t h e e f f l u e n t i s c h l o r i n a t e d a n d r e - a e r a t e d b e f o r e d i s c h a r g e t o a c r e e k , w h i l e s l u d g e i s r e t u r n e d t o
t h e a e r a t i o n t a n k , t h e e x c e s s b e i n g b l e d o f f t o a g r a v i t y t h i c k e n e r id b e f o r e c h a r g e t o t h e c i t y sewer. O p e r a t i n g d a t a a r e t a b u l a t e d ,
showing a n a v e r a g e BOD r e m o v a l o f 89-90% and c o l o u r r e m o v a l o f 50- 75%. F u r t h e r s t u d i e s a r e i n p r o g r e s s t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m s o f f o a r n n g i n t h e a e r a t i o n t a n k s ; l i g h t , p o o r l y - s e t t l i n g s l u d g e ; d i s p o s a l o f e x c e s s s l u d g e ; a n d removal o f e o l o u r . The p r o b l e m o f foaming i s a c c e n t u a t e d b y t h e h i g h c o n c . o f s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s En t e x t i l e w a s t e w a t e r s , and o f v a r i o u s methods o f c o n t r o l t e s t e d t k e most s u c c e s s f u l a p p e a r t o b e s p r a y i n g w i t h c r u d e w a s t e w a t e r , a l o n e o r w i t h t h e a d d i t l o n o f a n t i - f o a m i n g a g e n t s ( t h e s e a g e n t s b e i n g u s e d i n r o t a t i o n t o overcome l o s s o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s ) ;
s p r a y i n g w l t h w a s t e w a t e r combined w i t h t h e d r i p p i n g o r s p r a y i n g o f a n t r - f o a m i n g a g e n t on t o t h e r o t o r b l a d e s ; a n d p o s s f b l y t h e removal a n d d e s t r u c t i o n o f foam by a vacuum pump (whfch m i g h t a l s o p e r m i t t h e c o n e , a n d r e c o v e r y o f d e t e r g e n t ) . The p o o r l y - s e t t l i n g s l u d g e wklch o c c u r r e d d u r i n g c e r t a i n p e r f o d s o f o p e r a t i o n was found t o c o n t a i n h e a v y g r o w t h s o f a l g a e , s i m i l a r t o f i l a -
mentous f o r m s o f S p h a e r o t i l u s _ , which were f a v o u r e d b y a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s in t h e r e t u r n s l u d g e . The p r o b l e m c o u l d b e overcome b y a l l o w i n g t h e s l u d g e t o become s e p t i c b e f o r e r e t u r n t o t h e
a e r a t i o n t a n k , o r b y i n t r o d u c i n g a s h o c k l o a d o f o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l ( b y c u t t i n g o u t some o f t h e a e r a t i o n r o t o r s f o r a p e r i o d ) ; b o t h t h e s e methods r e d u c e t h e c o n c . o f oxygen a n d d e s t r o y t h e a l g a e . However, t h e s e a l g a e h a v e good c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r r e m o v a l o f
BOD a n d c o l o u r , and i t might b e p o s s i b l e t o d e s r g n t h e t r e a t . p l a n t t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s , a l t h o u g h t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n t a n k s would n e e d t o b e v e r y l a r g e . E x c e s s s l u d g e from t h e t r e a t . o f t e x t i l e w a s t e w a t e r s i s d i f f i c u l t t o s e t t l e a n d c o n c e n t r a t e . R a t e s o f vacuum f i l t r a t i o n a n d c e n t r f f u g a t i o n a x e low compared w i t h sewage s l u d g e a n d b a r g e d o s e s o f c h e m l e a l s a r e r e q u i r e d . A t
p r e s e n t t h e s l u d g e i s d i s c h a r g e d t o t h e m u n i c i p a l sewer t o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t s l t w ~ l l h a v e o n t h e a n a e r o b i c d i g e s t i o n a n d vacuum f i l t r a t i o n o f domestks w a s t e s . Okher promf s m g methods o f d i s p o s a l a p p e a r t o b e vacuum f i l t r a t i o n a n d c e n t r i f u g a t i o n , i n e a c h c a s e f o l l o w e d b y l n c r n e r a t i o n . En s t u d i e s on methods f o r
i m p r o v i n g t h e r e m o v a l o f c o l o u r , t r a c e amounts o f ~ e ~ ( S 0 ~ ) ~ were
ineffective a s a c a t a l y s t f o r removal o f c o l o u r i n t h e a e r a t i o n
p r o c e s s ; f u r t h e r t e s t s a r e t o b e c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g c h l o r f n a t i o n .
8 . Alspaugh, T . A. " I n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p s Among Water R e s o u r c e s ,
P o l l u t i o n o n t r o l and Growth o f t h e T e x t i l e I n d u s t r y i n t h e t S o u t h e a s t . " ' r o c . 1 3 t h s t h . m u n K i n d . Waste Conf., p . 167-
283, 1 9 6 4 . A f t e r r e v i e w i n g t h e w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s , b o t h q u a l i t a - ?
t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e , o f t h e t e x t l l e i n d u s t r y a n d t h e a v a i l a b l e w a t e r r e s o m c e s o f t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n s t a t e s o f U,S.A., t h e a u t h o r df s c u s s e s t h e methods u s u a l l y employed i n c o t t o n , wool, a n d
by r e d u c i n g t h e volume o f t h e w a s t e w a t e r s a n d b y t r e a t m e n t . The n e e d f o r improved management o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e s t o p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e s u p p l s e s f o r g r o w m g i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t i s s t r e s s e d . Anderson, C . A . " A e r a t i o n R e c o v e r y o f L a n o l i n f r o m Wool S c o u r
L r q u o r s " " . ( f l o w s h e e t s a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s ) T e x t i l e Res. J . ,
-,
30 p . 51-57, 1 9 6 0 . I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e a e r a t ~ o n p r o c e s s h a sr e s u l t e d i n a n improved d e s i g n f o r a c o n t r n u o u s r e c o v e r y p l a n t . On a p l l o t s c a l e t h e d e s i g n h a s p e r m i t t e d t h r o u g h p u t r a t e s a b o u t
2% t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n p r e v i o u s d e s l g n s , w i t h e q u a l r e c o v e r y e f f l c i e n c i e s .
Anderson, C . A , " C o l l o q u i u m o n Wool S c o u r i n g . P a r t 4 . Wool G r e a s e Recovery a n d E f f l u e n t T r e a t m e n t i 3 ' , Textile 9. A u s t r a l i a , L O , p, 11-14, 1 9 6 5 . Methods o f g r e a s e r e c o v e r y from a q u e o u s
wool s c o w l i q u o r s a n d s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n l i q u o r s a r e compared.
Anderson, C . A . q s F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g Recovery o f Wax from Wool
S c o u r f n g L i q u o r s " . T e x t i l e I n s t . , 53, p. 401-409, 1 9 6 2 . I n t h e c e n t r i f u g a l method f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o f wax from wool s c o u r f n g l i q u o r s , y l e l d s a r e u s u a l l y low a n d e x p e r i m e n t s have t h e r e f o r e b e e n e a r r F e d o u t o n f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g r e c o v e r y o f t h e wax. I t was f o u n d t h a t r e c o v e r y , whrch i s r e d u c e d w f t h i n c r e a s e d o x i d a t i o n o f t h e wax, i s g r e a t e r from t h e s c o u r i n g o f b a s e p o r t i o n s o f t h e
f l e e c e t h a n from t i p p o r t i o n s . More wax 1s r e c o v e r e d from l i q u o r s from t h e s c o u r b n g o f lambs, l o c k s a n d c r u t c h i n g wools t h a n from
t h e f l e e c e w o o l s . I n many l i q u o r s , t h e l a r g e r d r o p s i n t h e d i s p e r s e p h a s e a r e n o t p r e f e r e n t i a l l y r e c o v e r e d b y c e n t r i f u g i n g ; however, v i g o r o u s a g f t a t i o n , which r e d u c e s t h e d r o p s i z e , a l s o r e d u c e s r e c o v e r y a n d i n p r a e t f c e , c a r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o a v o f d e x c e s s i v e pumprng a n d a g f t a t i o n o f t h e l i q u o r s . E x c e s s i v e u s e o f s o a p i n
s c o u r f n g r e d u c e d t h e y i e l d o f wax; t h i s a p p e a r s t o b e d u e t o a l t e r n a t f o n s i n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e d r o p s a n d n o t t o any c h a n g e l n s r z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e d b s p e r s e p h a s e . S t o r a g e o f t h e l ~ q u o r s was f o u n d t o have no a d v e r s e e f f e c t o n wax y i e l d , a l t h o u g h r n some c a s e s t h e r e i s a c h a n g e i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f wax b e t w e e n t h e e f f l u e n t a n d s l u d g e p h a s e s .
Anderson, 6. A . a n d G . F. Wood. " I n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e C e n t r i - f u g i n g o f Wool-Scourlng E l q u o r s f o r Wool-Grease Recovery. I. The P r i m a r y Centrifuge." J J . T e x t . P n s t . , 57, p . T55-T64, 1 9 6 6 . C e n t r i f u g e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y u s e d f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o f g r e a s e from w o o l - s c o u r i n g l i q u o r s , a n d e x p e r f m e n t s were c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g a n A l f a - L a v a 1 s l u d g e - d f s c h a r g e c e n t r i f u g e , t y p e FVK4, t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e e f f e c t o f v a r r o u s f a c t o r s o n g r e a s e r e c o v e r y . I t was f o u n d t h a t p e r c e n t a g e r e c o v e r y was i n d e p e n d e n t o f temp, i n t h e r a n g e 5 7 " - 8 2 ' ~ . a n d o f f e e d r a t e f n t h e r a n g e 1008-1400 g a l . / h r . , b u t was i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e g r a v l t y - d i s k d i a m e t e r . I n
g e n e r a l t h e centrifuge was f n e f f i c i e n t a t s e t t i n g s t h a t g a v e v e r y low o r v e r y h i g h c o n c . o f g r e a s e i n t h e p r o d u c t , t h e o p t i m a l c o n c . b e ~ n g l 5 + 5 %; p r o c e d u r e i s described f o r a d j u s t i n g t h e c e n t r i f u g e
f o r o p t i z a l p r o d u c t i o n .
Anon. "A Review o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e o f 1 9 6 3 o n Waste Water a n d Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l s '
-
C U . S . Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l F e d e r a t r o n .J.
-Wat. P o l l u t . C o n t r o l F e d . , 36, p . 535-572, 659-711, a n d 791-863, 1 9 6 4 , I n a r e v i e w o f ~ f t e r z u r e p u b l f s h e d d u r i n g 1 9 6 3 on t h e
t o p l c s a r e d i s c u s s e d : methods o f a n a l y s i s , i n c l u d i n g d e t e r m f n - a t i o n o f m e t a l s , n i t r o g e n , oxygen, BOD, o r g a n i c compounds,
s u l p h u r compounds and suspended s o l i d s ; l a b o r a t o r y c o n t r o l o f sewage t r e a t . ; t r e a t . o f sewage by p h y s i c a l and c h e m i c a l methods, b i o l o g i c a l f i l t r a t i o n , and a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e p r o c e s s ; d i s i n -
f e c t i o n o f sewage; e f f e c t s o f d e t e r g e n t s i n w a t e r and sewage, and s t u d i e s on d e g r a d a t i o n o f d e t e r g e n t s ; s l u d g e d i g e s t i o n ;
d i s p o s a l and u t l l i z a t f o n o f s l u d g e ; l a g o o n s f o r sewage a n d w a s t e w a t e r s ; r e - u s e o f sewage-works e f f l u e n t s ; t r e a t . o f w a s t e w a t e r s from c a n n e r i e s , s u g a r r e f i n e r i e s , d a i r i e s , meat p a c k i n g , fermen- t a t i o n , p h a r m a c e u t i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l works, c o a l m i n i n g and
p r o c e s s i n g , m e t a l p f c k l i n g , o f 1 r e f i n e r i e s , p l a t i n g o f m e t a l s , p u l p a n d p a p e r m i l l s , t a n n e r f e s and t e x t i l e and wool i n d u s t r y ; methods o f t r e a t . and d i s p o s a l o f r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s ; b i o l o g y o f p o l l u t e d w a t e r ; b i o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t o r s o f p o l l u t i o n , micro- b i o l o g y o f p o l l u t e d w a t e r s ; p o l l u t i o n by c h e m i c a l s ; oxygen s a g a n d s e l f - p u r i f i c a t i o n ; s t r e a m s t a n d a r d s ; s u r v e y s o f s u r f a c e w a t e r s ; l e g i s l a t i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f p o l l u t i o n ; e f f e c t s o f p o l l u - t i o n o n w a t e r s u p p l y ; and p o l l u t i o n o f e s t u a r i n e and s e a w a t e r .
1 4 . Anon, "A Review o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e o f 1964 on Waste Water a n d Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l " '. U . S . Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l F e d e r a t i o n . J. Wat- P o l l u t . C o n t r o l F e d . , 37, p . 587-646,
735-799, and 887-979, 1965. I n a r e v i e w o f l i t e r a t u r e pub- l i s h e d d u r i n g 1964 on t r e a t . o f sewage and t r a d e w a s t e w a t e r s and on t h e c o n t r o l o f w a t e r p o l l u t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b j e c t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d : g e n e r a l a n a l y t i c a l methods; d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o r g a n i c c a r b o n , p e s t i c i d e s , p h e n o l f c compounds, o r g a n i c com- pounds, m e t a l s , m o r g a n i c a n i o n s , n i t r o g e n compounds, a n d d i s - s o l v e d oxygen; l a b o r a t o r y c o n t r o l o f sewage t r e a t . ; b i o l o g i c a l f i l t r a t i o n ; t h e a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e p r o c e s s ; d i s i n f e c t i o n o f sewage and w a t e r ; e f f e c t s o f s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s and removal o f d e t e r g e n t s from w a s t e w a t e r s ; s l u d g e d i g e s t i o n ; d i s p o s a l and u t i l i z a t i o n o f s l u d g e ; l a g o o n s ; r e - u s e o f sewage e f f l u e n t s ; c o m p o s t i n g o f g a r b a g e ; t r e a t . o f w a s t e w a t e r s from c a n n e r i e s , s t a r c h and s u g a r f a c t o r i e s , d a i r i e s , meat p a c k i n g , f e r m e n t a t i o n , p h a r m a c e u t i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r i e s , c o a l f n d u s t r y , m e t a l p i c k l i n g and p l a t i n g ,
.
o f l f n d u s t r y , p u l p and p a p e r m i l l s , t a n - n e r i e s , and t e x t i l e and wool i n d u s t r y ; methods f o r t r e a t . o f r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e w a t e r s and r e c o v e r y o f r a d i o n u c l i d e s ; removal o f r a d i o a c t ~ v i t y from w a t e r and sewage; underground and m a r i n e d i s p o s a l c f r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s ; u p t a k e o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y by b o t t o m d e p o s i t s and a q u a t i c o r g a n i s m s ; measurement o f r a d i o - a c t i v i t y and methods f o r c o n t i n u o u s m o n i t o r i n g ; b i o l o g y o f p o l l u t e d w a t e r s ; w a t e r q u a l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r f i s h ;b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f p o l l u t i o n by sewage, d e t e r g e n t s ,
. o f p a l l u t w c on
water
s u p p l i e s ; p o l l n t i o n o f ground w a t e r and p o l i z t i n g e f f e c t s o f ground-water r e c h a r g e ; p o l l u t i o n o fe s t u a r i e s a d s e a waiter: 2nd d i s p o s a l o f w a s t e w a t e r s a t s e a .
1 5 . Anon. "A S i m p l b f f z a t i o n o f T e x t i l e Waste S ~ r v e y and T r e a t m e n t " .
,,
H a l l L a b o r a t o r y o f8
1 6 , Anon, " A e r a t e d Lagocn Handles 1 0 - M r l i i s n G P D m " , T e x t f l e World,
w
-
116, p, 86-87, 1966. The a e r a t e d l a g o o n o f S p r i n g s C o t t o n M i l l s "race B l e a c h e r y ss b r s e f l y d e s c r s b e d . P h o t o s .1 7 , Anon, t L A n H n d u s t r l a l Waste G ~ i d e t o t h e 0ttoT-l T e x t i l e H n d u s t r ~ " -
AATCC, Eat. S t r e a m S a n i t a t i o n coma^, ar,d N a t , Tech, Task Corn,
on P n d u s t r s a P W a s t e s , P u b l , H e a l t h S e r v , pub. 677
-
a v a i l a b l e from S u p t . o f Documents, Washington 2 5 , D. C". T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n i s i n t e n d e d p r i m a r i l y t o a s s i s t t h e o p e r a t o r s and managers o f c o t t o n t e x t i l e p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s t o u t i l i z e , r e d u c e and o t h e r - w i s e s u i t a b l y d i s p o s e o f t h e i r w a s t e w a t e r s . C o n t e n t s :i n t r o d u c t i o n , d e s c r i p t i o n o f p r o c e s s ; s o u r c e s ; c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t s o f p r o c e s s w a s t e s ; r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s ;
t h e s o i u t f o n o f s p e c l f i c w a s t e p r o b l e m s ; summary and b i b l i o g r a p h y .
Anon, "An I n d t r i a l Waste g i d e t o t h e S y n t h e t i c T e x t i l e
I n d u s t r y B 3 .
TCC
Corn. on S t r e a m S a n i t a t i o c T e c h n o l . P r e p a r e d l n c o o p e r a t l s n w r t h t h e N a t i o n a l Tech, Task Corm. on I n d u s t r i a l Wastes. 3. S. P u b l . H e a l t h S e r v . , Washington, D. @ . 1965.2 3 p a g e s . Pzb. S o . P320, A v a i l a b l e from S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f Documents, U,
-
Governmerit P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , Washfngton, D. C -2 0 4 0 2 , 2 5 $ .
Anon. "2412 I n d u s t r i a l Waste Guide t o t h e Wool P r o c e s s i n g I n d u s t r y " .
.,
44, p a 655-661, 1955. AATCC S t r e a m P o l l u t i o n Abatement C o n m i t t e e . S ~ m a r i z e s t h e s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t b o n i n t h e wool p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r y , t h e p o l l u t i n ge f f e c t s o f woolen-mill w a s t e s , a z d i n f o r m a t i o n oh t h e rnekhods o f d e a l i n g w i t h t h e w a s t e problems o f t h e i n d u s t r y . 58 r e f e r e n c e s .
Anon, "Biodegradabbe D e t e r g e n t s : R e c e n t Problems and P r o g r e s s " . T e x t i l e Mfr,
pl,
p , 472-4'73, 1965,Anon, nJBlologPcal T r e a t m e n t o f H i g h l y - A l k a l i n e T e x t i l e M i l l
Waste-Sewage Msxture"". " 4 -9 81
( 4 5 0 ) , 4 p a g e s , 1955. P e o n t h e b i o l o g i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f a m i x t u r e o f t e x t i be manuf a c t u r e w a s t e w a t e r s as;d sewage on p e r c o l a t i n g f i l t e r s , w i t h o u t p r e v i o u s n e u t r a k i z a t i o n o f t h e h i g h a l k a l i n i t y . The w a s t e w a t e r s , w i t h a pM v a l u e o f 1 0 . 5 , were msxed w i t h sewage i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f 4 p e r e e n t w a s t e w a t e r t o 96 p e r c e n t sewage, t h e
amount s f w a s t e water g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s e d t o 40 p e r c e n t , and t h e m i x t u r e a p p l i e d t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l f i l t e r a t a BOD l o a d i n g o f 2 - 7 3 I b s . / s q . y d . E x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e f i l t e r e f f l u e n t showed
a r e d u c t i o n x t BOD o f 51. p e r c e n t , and i n cobor o f 4 2 - 5 p e r
Anon. " B l e a c h e r y Wastes T r e a t e d b y N u t r i e n t s and High-Rate F i l t e r P l a n t " . Wastes Enq., 26, p , 452-453, 1955. A t r e a t m e n t p l a n t was c o n s t r u c t e d f n 1948 a t M a n s f i e l d B l e a c h e r y , M a n s f i e l d ,
M a s s a c h u s e t t s , t o p r o v i d e t r e a t m e n t f o r t h e g e n e r a l m i l l w a s t e s and t h e a l k a l i n e and a c i d p r o c e s s w a s t e s t h a t a r e d i s c h a r g e d from t h e c o t t o n - f i n i s h i n g m i l l . The p l a n t i s d e s i g n e d t o t r e a t a maximum f l o w o f f mgd by p r i m a r y s e d i m e n t a t i o r , , a e r a t i o n ,
h i g h - r a t e b i o b o g i c a l f f l t r a t i o n and s e c o n d s e d i m e n t a t i o n , C r e c i r c u l a t e d t o t h e a e r a t i o n t a n k , The f i n a l e f f l u e n t c a n b e
d i s c h a r g e d t o t h e r f v e r , o r s t o r e d i n a l a g o o n from which f t 1
s e e p s i n t o t h e g r o u n d , I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o add s u p p l e m e n t a r y
N
and P t o t h e w a s t e w a t e r s . S l u d g e i s d f s p o s e d o f i n a l a g o o n . 23. Anon. T'CMC! Kayoed S t r e a m P o l l u t f o n K B ' . T e x t i l e Hnd.,a,
(101,p . 161-162, 1960. A t t h e Dan R i v e r M i h h s , I n c . , V i r g i n i a , 50- 60% o f t h e p o l l u t i o n l o a d d i s c h a r g e d t o t h e Dan R i v e r r e s u l t e d from t h e c o t t o n d e s i z i n g w a s t e s , and p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e summer w i t h low f l o w s and h i g h w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e r i v e r was r e d u c e d below s t a t e s t a n d a r d s . E x p e r i m e n t s showed t h a t t h e BOD o f t h e w a s t e w a t e r s c o u l d b e r e d u c e d by . u s i n g @MC i n s t e a d o f s t a r c h i n t h e s i z i n g p r o c e s s , and t h i s h a s now b e e n u s e d i n f u l l - s c a l e o p e r a t i o n f o r o v e r a y e a r .
24. Anon. " C o l o r Removal from Azo Dye Works"". P r o c . Amer. S o c . C i v . E n q r s . , 84, bSA2ffi3 Pap. No. 1611, 4 p a g e s , 1958. I n t h i s
r e p o r t o f t h e S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h Committee, I n d u s t r i a l Wastes S e c t i o n o f t h e American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , t h e r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n o f e x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t e n t y p i c a l azo d y e s which a r e f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n t h e t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y , w i t h s t a n n o u s c h l o r i d e . The c o l o r o f t h e d y e s was c o m p l e t e l y d e s - t r o y e d by h e a t i n g a t 212°F'. f o r 2 h o u r s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s m a l l amount o f s t a n n o u s c h l o r i d e ,
2 5 . Anon. ""Disposal o f I n d u s t r i a l Waste M a t e r i a l s " . Soc. o f C h e m .
I n d . , London, 157 p a g e s , 1957. P a p e r s r e a d a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e a t S h e f f i e l d U n i v e r s i t y , A p r i l 17-19> 1956, w i t h t h e d i s c u s s i o n s t h a t f o l l o w e d . X l l u s t r a t f o n s , map, d i a g r a m s , and t a b l e s .
26. Anon. " E f f l u e n t T r e a t m e n t a t a Y o r k s h i r e M i l l m , T e x t i l e Weekly,
6$,
( 1 1 ,
p . 509-510 and 533, 1964. The F l y g t pumpingi n s t a l l a t i o n d e s c r f b e d i s s a i d t o b e a b l e t o move w a t e r h e a v i l y l a d e n w i t h t e x t i l e f i b e r s a n d h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d i n
B r i t a i n by a woolen and w o r s t e d m a n u f a c t u r e r , d y e r , and f i n i s h e r . H n s t a E l a t i o n and r u n n i n g c o s t s were found t o b e low. I n 1 8
months o f o p e r a t i o n i t i s c l a i m e d t h a t no r e p a i r o r s e r v f c i n g c o s t s have o c c u r r e d ,
27, Anon. " E f f l u e n t T r e a t m e n t i n Dyeworks." S h i r l e y Hnst. I n t e r n . Dyer, 134, p, 871-873, 1965. A b r i e f r e v i e w o f t h e work re-
Anon. ""Effkuent T r e a t m e n t P l a n t s , I n s t a l l a t i o n a t S p i n n i n g
Works i n Devon."
,,
6%, p . 115, 1964. Thei m p o r t a n t d e s i g n and o p e r a t i n g f e a t u r e s o f t h e new p l a n t i n s t a l l e d t o t r e a t w a s t e w a t e r s from t h e s c o u r i n g o f w o o l l e n y a r n and c l o t h a t t h e works o f t h e B u c k f a s t S p i n n i n g Company L t d . , Devon, a r e d e s c r i b e d . The w a s t e w a t e r s a r e d i s c h a r g e d
t o a h o l d i n g t a n k where t h e pH v a l u e i s a d j u s t e d and t h e
e m u l s i o n i s t h e n pumped to a n a u t o c l a v e where it i s s u b j e c t e d t o s t e a m h e a t i n g , p r e s s x i z i n g , and c r a c k i n g . The d i s c h a r g e from t h e a u t o c l a v e i s c o l l e c t e d i n a n o t h e r t a n k , t h e o i l s , f a t s and g r e a s e s r i s i n g t o t h e t o p and b e i n g d e c a n t e d , s t o r e d , and e v e n t u a l l y r e p r o c e s s e d , The pH v a l u e o f t h e r e m a i n i n g l i q u o r i s ad-justed b e f o r e d i l u t i o n w i t h o t h e r w a s t e w a t e r s and d i s c k a r g e t o t h e m u n i c i p a l s e w e r .
Anon. "'How t o T r e a t T e x t i l e Wastes'" Wastes Enq.,
-
32( 1 1 ,
p , 188-989, 1961. Remarks from two r e p o r t s : 1) "AS f m p l i f f c a t i o n o f T e x t i l e Waste S u r v e y and Treatment"', by N, England I n t e r s t a t e Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l Commission;
o t t o n T e x t i l e I n d u s t r y a 8 , by P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e , F a c t o r s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f w a s e t r e a t m e n t i s n e c e s s a r y and which t r e a t m e n t i s b e s t .
Anon. * % a t e s t Word on LOW-Cost Mrll-Waste D i s p o s a l " '. T e x t i l e
World,
G,
(61, p. 71-75> 1960. Emphasis i s on d i s c h a r g e o fm i l l and dyehouse w a s t e s i n t o s t r e a m s ; s u g g e s t i o n s a r e made
f o r h a n d l r n g w a s t e by c u t t i n g w a s t e volume, c h a n g i n g p r o c e s s , s e p a r a t i n g w a s t e s , b u i l d i n g a e r a t i o n system, o r u s i n g
b i s o r p t i o n s y s t e m ,
Anon, "Mew Ion-Exchange R e s i n s f o r P u r i f y i n g Water".
-
Wool Record,107,
p. 35-36, 1965. P e r m u t e t Co., L t d . New r e s i n s f o r u s e i n anion-exchange s y s t e m s f o r w a t e r p u r i f i c a t i o n a r e d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y .Anon. ""164 T e x t i l e S l a s h i n g Manual.". Auburn U n i v e r s i t y ,
Department o f T e x t i l e Technology, Auburn, Alabama, 194 p a g e s , 1 9 6 4 , $ 5 . 0 0 . Contents: T e x t i l e f i b e r s ; s l a s h i n g equipment; m a t e r i a l s f o r s i z i n g ; s f z e p r e p a r a t i o n , h a n d l i n g , and
a p p l i c a t i o n ; common s i z ~ n g p r o b l e m s .
Anon. 'I1966 Book o f ASTM S t a n d a r d s . P a r t 2 3 . I n d u s t r i a l W a t e r ;
Atmospheric WnaLysisU", P
848 p a g e s , 1966 (3-916 Race S t r e e t , P h i l a d e l p h r a , P a . , 3 3
$ 1 5 . 0 8 ) , ASTM s t a n d a r d s r e l a t i n g t o i n d u s t r i a l w a t e r ,
f n d u s t r f a l w a s t e w a t e r , and a t m o s p h e r i c a n a l y s i s a r e i n c l u d e d .
ur
S p e c i a l C o r r e s p o n d e n t R e p o r t s on Water Supply and E f f l u e n t w " . E f f l u e n t and Water T r e a t . J.,3,
( 1 I r
p . 29, 1963. Under t h e e f f l u e n t s e c t i o n a r e p o r t o f t h e c o n f e r e n c eo r g a n i z e d by t h e T e x t i l e F i n i s h i n g g r o u p o f t h e T e x t i l e
I n s t i t u t e on t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d d i s p o s a l o f t e x t i l e e f f l u e n t s . I n c l u d e d a r e :
1 , Southway
-
s p e c i a l problems i n B r i t a i n .sewage s y s t e m . B e s t p l a c e f o r t e x t i l e e f f l u e n t was i n t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t y sewer a l t h o u g h p r e t r e a t m e n t m i g h t b e n e c e s s a r y .
Chesner and R o b e r t s
-
" E f f l u e n t s t u d i e s w i t h b l e a c h i n g l i q u o r s u . 70 t o 90% o f BOD l o a d from m i l l due t op r o c e s s f n g c h e m i c a l s and o n l y 1 0 t o 30% due t o t h e f i b e r . Enzyme d e s i z i n g f o l l o w e d by a c a u s t i c b o i l
p r o d u c e d f o u r t i m e s t h e BOD l o a d o f p e r s u l f a t e d e s i z i n g f o l l o w e d by p e r o x i d e b l e a c h .
L. J. Smith
-
o u t l i n e o f p l a n t t y p e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e p u r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e e f f l u e n t l i k e l y t o b e d i s c h a r g e dfrom t e x t i l e m i l l s .
Anon. " P r e t r e a t m e n t P l a n e f o r Wool F a c t o r y E f f l u e n t ; Wear a n d Tees R i v e r B o a r d t E , E n q f n e e r ,
214,
p . 601, 1962. A newt e c h n i q u e u s f n g c a l c f u m c h l o r f d e a s t h e r e a g e n t r e d u c e s t h e BOD l o a d t o a b o u t 1500 l b . / d a y i s d e s c r i b e d . I n o p e r a t i o n a t Head
Wr
i g n t s o n r o c e s s e s L t d . , I m p e r i a l Chemical I n d u s t r i e s L t d . , and P a t o n s and Baldwins L t d .Anon. "Problem o f S i s a l E f f l u e n t " . E f f l u e n t a n d Water T r e a t . J . ,
3,
p . 643, 1963. A new p l a n t f o r s e p a r a t i n g l i q u i d a n d s o l i ds i s a l w a s t e s i s d e s c r i b e d .
Anon, " P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e T h f r t e e n t h S o u t h e r n M u n i c i p a l and I n d u s t r i a l Waste C o n f e r e n c e r r . ( A p r i l 1 6 and 17, 1 9 6 4 ) Duke
U n i v e r s i t y , Durham, N. C . 2 1 2 p a g e s , $5.00. Of t e x t i l e i n t e r e s t a r e a symposium ( a n a p p r a i s a l o f r e g u l a t o r y s t a t u t e s r e l a t i n g t o c o n t r o l o f p o l l u t i o n ) and t h e f o l l o w i n g p a p e r : " I n t e r - r e l a t ~ o n s h i p s Among Water R e s o u r c e s , P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l , and Growth o f t h e T e x t i l e I n d u s t r y i n t h e S o u t h e a s t ( 3 5 r e f s . ) ,
by T . A. Alspaugh, p . 167-203.
Anon. " P r o c e e d f n g s o f t h e 2 l s t I n d u s t r i a l Waste C o n f e r e n c e " . P a r t s l and 2 . S p o n s o r e d by Purdue Univ, and I n d . S t a t e Board o f H e a l t h . May 3-5, 1966. Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , L a f a y e t t e , I n d . P017 p a g e s . Eng, E x t e n s i o n S e r i e s N o . 1 2 1 , $13.50. The
f o l l o w i n g p a p e r s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o t h e t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y a r e i n c l u d e d :
1) " B i o l o g i c a B T r e a t m e n t o f Waste Water from S y n t h e t i c R e s m M a n u f a c t u r e u B by K . 6 . S i n g l e t o n (Ciba ( A , R , L , )
L t d . ) , p. 62-71.
2 ) "Mechanism o f S t a r c h Removal i n A c t i v a t e d S l u d g e P r o c e s s " by S . K,' B a n e r j f , B . B . Ewing, It. S . E n g e l b r e c h t , and R . E . Speece, p , 84-102.
3 ) "Sodium Hydroxide Recovery f n t h e T e x t i l e I n d u s t r y " by @ . S . C a r r i q u e and L , U. J a u r e q u i (Univ. o f Buenos A f r e s ] , p. 861-868,
39. Anon. "'Process f o r T r e a t i n g Water". B r i t i s h P a t e n t 9 5 5 , 3 2 1 t o " Esso R e s e a r c h and E n g i n e e r i n g Company, A p r o c e s s i s c l a f m e d
f o r removing w a t e r - s o l u b l e o r g a n i c compounds from sewage-works e f f l u e n t s and t r a d e w a s t e w a t e r s which a r e f r e e from s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s . High-molecular compounds, p a r t i c u l a r l y low c o n c e n t r a - t i o n s o f n o n - b i o d e g r a d a b l e w a t e r - s o l u b l e compounds, s u c h a s s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s , a r e removed by foam f r a c t i o n a t i o n , and low-molecular o r g a n i c compounds a r e t h e n removed by e l e c t r o - d i a l y s i s o r a d s o r p t i o n on a c t i v a t e d c a r b o n , A d e s i g n i s a l s o c l a i m e d f o r a t r e a t m e n t p l a n t i n c o r p o r a t i n g a n a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e u n i t , f o a m - f r a c t f o n a t i o n column, and a p p a r a t u s f o r c o l l a p s e o f foam by h e a t i n g o r a g i t a t i o n . E f f l u e n t from t h e a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e t a n k i s p a s s e d t o t h e f o a m - f r a c t i o n a t i o n
column, o r , a l t e r n a t i v e l y , i f foam i s p r e s e n t i n t h e a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e t a n k i t may b e skimmed o f f and p a s s e d d i r e c t t o t h e
f o a m - c o l l a p s i n g a p p a r a t u s . Gas i s t a k e n from t h e a e r a t i o n t a n k and s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h a i r f o r u s e i n foaming. F i n e b u b b l e s a r e u s e d and t h e b u b b l e s i z e and a c i d i t y must b e c o n t r o l l e d c a r e f u l l y . The r a t e o f g a s s i n g must b e a d j u s t e d t o m a i n t a i n a d i s t i n c t f o a m - l i q u i d f n t e r f a c e a n d a s t a b l e foam must a l s o b e m a i n t a i n e d ( b y u s i n g a foam column o f n a r r o w d i a m e t e r and, i f n e c e s s a r y , a d d i n g a s m a l l amount o f a l k y l b e n z e n e - s u l p h o n a t e t o i n c r e a s e t h e foam s t a b i l i t y o f weakly s u r f a c e - a c t i v e con- t a m i n a n t s ) . The c o l l a p s e d foam c a n b e r e c i r c u l a t e d t o t h e f o a m - f r a c t i o n a t i o n column t o f u r t h e r c o n c e n t r a t e t h e o r g a n i c i m p u r i t i e s which a r e s u b s e q u e n t l y o x i d i z e d t o c a r b o n d i o x i d e and w a t e r a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , o r g a n i c compounds, s u c h a s p h e n o l , c o u l d b e r e c o v e r e d from t h e c o l l a p s e d foam b y s o l a r e v a p o r a t f o n , When u s e d t o t r e a t s e c o n d a r y sewage e f f l u e n t s , t h e p r o c e s s removed 8 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e a l k y l b e n z e n e s u l p h o n a t e ( l e a v i n g a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 mg. p e r l i t r e ) and 32 p e r c e n t o f t h e c h e m i c a l oxygen demand. The p r o c e s s h a s a l s o been u s e d t o remove o r g a n i c
w a t e r - s o l u b l e d y e s from t e x t i l e i n d u s t r y w a s t e w a t e r s .
40. Anon. "Removing D e t e r g e n t s from Waste W a t e r s ; New Low-Cost 44
( l o $ ,
p . 44, 1963. AMethodss'. Mod. T e x t i l e s Maq,, -3
new " l i q u i d i o n e x c h a n g e m p r o c e s s d e v e l o p e d b y G e n e r a l M i l l s i s d e s c r i b e d . Cook Machinery Company i s t o m a r k e t t h e new s y s t e m t h a t makes p o s s i b l e t h e r e c o v e r y o f t h e r e a g e n t f o r c o n t i n u o u s u s e . The p r i n c i p a l c h e m f c a l s consumed a r e
s u l f u r i c a c i d and sodium h y d r o x i d e . T h i s s y s t e m c a n b e a d a p t e d t o many a r e a s where removal o f c o n t a m i n a n t s i n d i s - c h a r g e w a t e r i s i m p o r t a n t .
41. Anon. "Review o f P a p e r s P r e s e n t e d a t t h e 1965 E f f l u e n t and
Water T r e a t m e n t
onv vent ion"
, E f f l u e n t and Water T r e a t . J.,2,
(31, p . 134-136, 1965. Reviewed a r e e i g h t a r t i c l e s by t h e f o l l o w i n g p e r s o n s : M . A , Kershaw, A . S. Wisdom, 6. Rhodes and&
o t h e r s , Pan
M.
A i t k e n , "I". G . Noble, S . E. P u n t a n d W. J. M . Cook, l?. A , L. N o r t h c o t t , a n d J . F . W i l k e s a n d H . K e r s t .4 2 . Anon. "Review o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e o f 1964 on Waste-Water and Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l " . J . Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l
F e d e r a t i o n , 37, p . 887-979, 1965.
43. Anon. l t R e p o r t s on t h e P r o g r e s s o f A p p l i e d C h e m i s t r y " .
-
Soc. o f Chemical I n d u s t r y , Vol. X L V I I I , 800 p a g e s , 1963. London. P r o g r e s s i n t h e v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s o f a p p l i e d c h e m i s t r y i sreviewed, w i t h a comprehensive l i s t o f r e f e r e n c e s appended t o e a c h c h a p t e r . The f o l l o w i n g a r e among t h e s u b j e c t s c o n s i d e r e d .
1) "Sewage, T r a d e Wastes and R i v e r P o l l u t i o n ' \ J . McNicholas. p . 322-333. T h i s r e v i e w c o v e r s l e g i s l a t i o n t o c o n t r o l p o l l u t i o n o f s u r f a c e w a t e r s and b e a c h e s , and s t u d i e s on r i v e r p o l l u t i o n ; e f f e c t o f p o l l u t i n g m a t e r i a l s o n f i s h ; s t o r m sewage; p e r c o l a t i n g f i l t e r s , a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e p r o c e s s ; s l u d g e t r e a t m e n t ; e f f e c t s o f s y n t h e t i c d e t e r - g e n t s ; t r e a t m e n t o f t r a d e w a s t e w a t e r s ; and i n s t r u m e n t s f o r t h e c o n t r o l and m o n i t o r i n g o f s e w a g e - t r e a t m e n t
p r o c e s s e s .
2 ) l r B i o d e g r a d a b i l i t y o f D e t e r g e n t s u . D . W. G . D i c k e r . p . 334-342. C u r r e n t p r o g r e s s i n t h e development o f " b i o - l o g i c a l l y - s o f t " a n i o n i c d e t e r g e n t m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e con- t r o l o f " h a r d " m a t e r i a l s i s o u t l i n e d , f o l l o w e d by a r e v i e w o f work on t h e measurement o f b i o l o g i c a l d e g r a d a b i l i t y and i t s r e l a t i o n t o m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; s t u d i e s on non- i o n i c d e t e r g e n t s , s i n c e t h e i r r e l a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o p o l l u t i o n w i l l i n c r e a s e a s b i o l o g i c a l l y - s o f t a n i o n i c d e t e r g e n t s come i n t o g e n e r a l u s e ; and s t u d i e s on t h e t o x i c i t y o f s u r f a c e - a c t i v e a g e n t s and t h e removal o f a l k y l b e n z e n e s u l p h o n a t e s from w a s t e w a t e r s .
3 ) microbiology o f Water, Sewage and I n d u s t r i a l E f f l u e n t s m .
L . A . A l l e n . p . 532-541. T h i s c h a p t e r c o v e r s t h e m i c r o - b i o l o g y o f w a t e r , e s p e c i a l l y s e w a g e - p o l l u t e d w a t e r , and o f w a s t e - t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e v a r i o u s m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e a c t i v a t e d - s l u d g e p r o c e s s and t h e
t r e a t m e n t o f c a r b o n i z a t i o n , c y a n i d e , c e l l u l o s e - m a n u f a c - t u r e and o t h e r t r a d e w a s t e w a t e r s .
4 ) "Sampling f o r B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l E x a m i n a t i o n " . B . M . G i b b s . p . 541-549. I n c l u d e d i n t h i s r e v i e w a r e s a m p l i n g
d e v i c e s and t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l exami- n a t i o n o f w a t e r and mud. O t h e r c h a p t e r s o f t h e r e p o r t c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e d i s i n f e c t i o n o f w a t e r by c h l o r i n a t i o n ( p . 566) o r o z o n a t i o n ( p . 6021, deminer- a l i z a t i o n o f s e a w a t e r u s i n g s o l u b l e p h t h a l o c y a n i n e d y e s t o i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f s o l a r e v a p o r a t i o n ( p . 541, and t h e u s e o f p l a s t i c p i p e s f o r d r i n k i n g w a t e r ( p . 6 2 2 ) .
44. Anon. " R e p o r t s on t h e P r o g r e s s o f A p p l i e d C h e m i s t r y
-
1 9 6 3 " .-
Soc. o f Chemical I n d u s t r y , 795 p a g e s , 1964. A v a i l . from Gordon & aBreach, 150 F i f t h Ave., New York 11, New York. $30.00. C o n t e n t s i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g r e v i e w s : D y e s t u f f I n t e r m e d i a t e s a n d
F l u o r e s c e n t B r i g h t e n i n g Agents, by M. C . C l a r k a n d E . B r u n n e r , t