Atomic Structure BFF: Homework Helper and Test Prep Guide for HS Chemistry

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for

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7 7 – – 2222 23 23 – – 3434 35 35 – – 5252 53 53 – – 7070 71 71 – – 8686 87 87 – – 110202 1 103 – 03 – 111188 1 1119 – 9 – 113232 1 133 – 33 – 115252 1 153 – 53 – 117070 1 17171– – 119292 1 193 – 93 – 212122 21 213 – 3 – 220220 2 22211– – 223311 23 233 – 3 – 232366

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(planetanetarary)y) modemodell

(electron-cloud) model (electron-cloud) model

The basic unit

The basic unit of matter.

of matter.

John Dalton John Dalton

No internal structure.

J.J. Thomson J.J. Thomson

Electrons and positive charges

disperse throughout the atom.

Ernes

Ernestt RuthRutherforderford

A small and dense posit

A small and dense positive (+)

ive (+)

nucleus.

Most of atom is empty space.

Electrons revolve around the

nucleus.

N

Neiei_{ls Bohr}_{ls Bohr}

Electrons in specific orbit .

Orbits have fixed energy.

Orbits are the electron shells.

Work of many Scient

Work of many Scientists overists over hundreds of years.

hundreds of years.

The current mod

The current model of the atom.

el of the atom.

Small, dense, positive nucleus.

Proton

Protons and

s and neutrons in the nucleus.

neutrons in the nucleus.

Electrons in orbital outside

Electrons in orbital outside the nucleus.

the nucleus.

Probable location of finding an ele

Probable location of finding an electron with a

ctron with a

specific energy.

+ +

-+ - -+ - -+

+ - + - +

- + - + - +

+

empty space empty space

+

Earliest model

current model

e-orbit (electron shells) orbit (electron shells)

Orbital

(4)

9 9.. EErrnneesstt Rutherford: Rutherford: The Setup The Setup Result 1 Result 1 Conclusion 1 Conclusion 1 Result 2 Result 2 Conclusion 2 Conclusion 2 8.

8. J.JJ.J. . ThoThomsmson:on:

Result 1 Result 1 Conclusion 1 Conclusion 1 Result 2 Result 2 Conclusion 2 Conclusion 2

A cathode ray tube con

A cathode ray tube containing two metal diskstaining two metal disks waswas connected to the + and – ends of an el

connected to the + and – ends of an electrical source.ectrical source. A positive

A positive (+) and negative(+) and negative (-) plates were plac(-) plates were placed aboveed above and bel

and below the cathow the cathode rayode ray tube.tube. A beam of light (ray) tra

A beam of light (ray) travels from the cathovels from the cathode disk (-) tode disk (-) to the anode disk (+).

the anode disk (+). The beam is

The beam is compocomposed of particles.sed of particles. The beam was def

The beam was deflected toward the polected toward the positive plate.sitive plate. The particles in the b

The particles in the beam are negatively chaream are negatively charged (electrons).ged (electrons).

were fired at a gold fo were fired at a gold foil.il. A fluorescent scree

A fluorescent screen detects paths on detects paths of the alphf the alpha particlesa particles once

once they had they had hithit the gold the gold foil.foil. Most particles went straight

Most particles went straight through the gold foilthrough the gold foil undeflected.

undeflected.

An atom is mostly emp

An atom is mostly empty space ( ty space ( Empty Space TheoryEmpty Space Theory ) ) Very few particles we

Very few particles were deflected straight back or re deflected straight back or atat angles.

angles. The cen

(5)

The inner cor

The inner core of an atom.

e of an atom.

Dense, small, and positive.

Contains the protons and neutrons.

Accounts for most of an atom’s mass.

Protons (+ charge)

Electrons (- charge)

Neutrons (no charge)

+1 charge

1 ato

1 atomic mass

mic mass unit (1

unit (1 amu)

amu)

Located in the nucleus

0 charge

1 amu

Located in the nucleus

-1 charge

0 mass (

11

/

18361836thth

of a proton’s mass)

Located outside the nucleus in orbitals

Identifies each

Identifies each element

element..

The same value as the number of prot

The same value as the number of protons.

ons.

The overall charge of th

The overall charge of the nucleus (+).

e nucleus (+).

The same value as the number of prot

The same value as the number of protons (or the

ons (or the

atomic number).

Identifies isotopes of an

Identifies isotopes of an element.

element.

The sum of proton

The sum of protons plus

s plus neutro

neutrons.

ns.

Particles in the nucleus.

Protons and neutrons.

Protons(+) Protons(+) Neutrons Neutrons

Electrons (-)

nucleus

(6)

Nuclide names Nuclide names Nuclide symbols Nuclide symbols Isotope notations Isotope notations Nuclear diagrams Nuclear diagrams

Atoms of the same element

Atoms of the same element..

••

Same numb

Same number of

er of prot

protons (same

ons (same atomic

atomic #)

#)

••

Different numbers of neutrons (different mass #’s)

The average mass of an element’s natura

The average mass of an element’s naturally

lly occurring

occurring

isotopes.

Can b

Can be foun

e found on

d on th

the Per

e Period

iodic

ic Tab

Table

le

or

Can be calculated from

mass numbers and mass numbers and percent percent abundances of

abundances of

an element’s natural is

an element’s natural isotope

otopes.

s.

1 amu =

11

_/

12

12thth

the mass of Carbon–12

Energy levels of a

Energy levels of an atom.

n atom.

Atomic model of an elemen

Atomic model of an elementt

that shows all the electron shells.

Bohr’s diagram for Sodium (Na) Bohr’s diagram for Sodium (Na)

is shown on the right.

The arrangemen

The arrangement of electrons

t of electrons

in the electron shells of an atom.

22.898 22.898

Na

23

3 3rdrd _shell_shell 2 2ndnd_shell_shell 1 1stst_shell_shell 2 2 ee- -8 8 ee- -1 1

e-2

2 –

– 8

8 –

– 1

1

# of e-# of e-1 1stst ₂₂ndnd ₃₃rdrd _shell_shell

Mass Numbers (different)

Atomic Nu

Atomic Number (sammber (same).e).

Number of Protons.

# of Neutrons (different)

((Mass#Mass#-- Atomic # Atomic #)) 11

11 p p 11 11 pp

12

(7)

Key Concept Concept DefinitiDefinitions ons and and facts facts ExamplesExamples

22

ndnd rdrd

33

rdrd ndnd

(Bright-line Spectrum) (Bright-line Spectrum)

The lowest energy and most stable state o

The lowest energy and most stable state of an atom.

f an atom.

Electrons are in order from lowest to highest s

Electrons are in order from lowest to highest shell.

hell.

Ground state

Ground state electron

electron configurations

configurations are given on

are given on the

the

Periodic Table.

For

For sodiusodium (Nam (Na): ): 2 –2 – 8 8 – – 11

The high energy and unstable state of an

The high energy and unstable state of an atom.

atom.

Electrons are not in order.

Excited state electron configuration of an atom is

diffe

differen

rentt from wh

from what is

at is given on the Periodic

given on the Periodic Table.

Table.

For

For sodiusodium (Nam (Na): ): 2 –2 – 7 7 – – 22

(may vary, but the

total e- must be 11)

An electron can move from o

An electron can move from one shell to another

ne shell to another

depending if energy is

depending if energy is absorbed or released.

absorbed or released.

From low

From low (ground) stat

(ground) state to

e to high (e

high (excited) state:

xcited) state:

The electron absorb

The electron absorbs energy

s energy

From high (excited) state to

From high (excited) state to low (ground) state:

low (ground) state:

The electron releases energy

Band of colors produced when an

Band of colors produced when an excited electron

excited electron

releases energy as

releases energy as it

it returns fro

returns from a high t

m a high to low state.

o low state.

The electron transition fro

The electron transition from

m 3rd shell

3rd shell

ndnd

_shell

will produce bright-line spect

will produce bright-line spectrum.

rum.

Shows line of

Shows line of colors produced at specific wavelengths

colors produced at specific wavelengths

Pattern of colors is unique f

Pattern of colors is unique for each element, and can

or each element, and can

be fo

be forr ident

identificat

ification.

ion.

A lab procedure in which compound

A lab procedure in which compounds of metallic ions

s of metallic ions

are heated to produce u

are heated to produce unique flame colors (light

nique flame colors (light energy).

energy).

It can be used to mak

It can be used to make a rough identification of the

e a rough identification of the

metallic ion that is present in a sample.

H H Li Li Na Na Unknown Unknown

The unknown sam

The unknown sample contains H anple contains H and Na.d Na.

I

I I I I I I I I I II

wavelength

(8)

Key

Key Concept Concept DefinitiDefinition on and and facts facts Key Key examplesexamples

Sulfur

Sulfur 2 2 – – 8 8 –– 66

Na atom

Na atom NaNa++ ionion

S atom

S atom SS2-2- ionion

Electrons in the outermost level of an atom.

The

The last number

last number

in a

in a configuration is always

configuration is always

the number of valence electrons (for s

the number of valence electrons (for sulfur:

ulfur:

66

).

A neutral atom may lose or share its valen

A neutral atom may lose or share its valence e-, or

ce e-, or

gain e- to fill up i

gain e- to fill up its valance shell during bonding.

ts valance shell during bonding.

Atoms with equal number of proto

Atoms with equal number of protons to electrons.

ns to electrons.

A neutral S atom has:

A neutral S atom has: 16 proton

16 protons (+)

s (+)

16 electrons (–)

Charged atoms with u

Charged atoms with unequal numbers of protons

nequal numbers of protons

to electrons.

Formed by a neutral (metal) atom losing e-.

Na

Na++ ion is formed when Na atom (a metal) ion is formed when Na atom (a metal) loses 1 electron.

loses 1 electron.

A +ion always has fewer e- than th

A +ion always has fewer e- than the atom.

e atom.

Na

Na++ has 1 fewer electron than Na atom. has 1 fewer electron than Na atom.

A +ion always has more pro

A +ion always has more protons than electron

tons than electrons.

s.

Na

Na++_has_{has more protons (11+) than electrons (10e-).}_{more protons (11+) than electrons (10e-).}

A +ion is

A +ion is always smaller

always smaller than the atom.

than the atom.

Na

Na++ is smaller than Na atom. is smaller than Na atom.

Formed by a

Formed by a neutral (nonm

neutral (nonmetal) atom gaining

etal) atom gaining e-.

e-.

S

S2-2- ion is formed when S atom (a nonmetal) ion is formed when S atom (a nonmetal) gains 2 electrons.

gains 2 electrons.

A

–

ion always has more e- than the atom.

S

S2-2-_{has 2 more electrons than S atom.}_{has 2 more electrons than S atom.}

A –ion

A –ion always has fewer

always has fewer proto

protons than electrons.

ns than electrons.

S

S2-2-_has_{has fewer protons (16+) than electrons (18e-).}_{fewer protons (16+) than electrons (18e-).}

A –ion is always larger than the ato

A –ion is always larger than the atom.

m.

S

S2-2-_{is larger than S a}_{is larger than S atom.}_tom.

11+ 11+ protons protons 11+11+ 11 11 e- e- electrons electrons 10 10 e- e-2–8–1 2–8–1 electron electron 2–82–8 configurations configurations 16+ 16+ protons protons 16+16+ 16 16 e- e- electrons electrons 18 18 e- e-2–8–6

2–8–6 electelectron ron 2–8–82–8–8 configurations configurations 11+ 11+ 2 2 8 18 1 11+ 2 8 11+ 2 8 16+ 16+ 2 2 8 8 6 6 16+16+ 2 8 82 8 8

(9)

To

To find

find

Key

Key relationships

relationships

Examples

(in neutral atoms) (in neutral atoms)

(in ions) (in ions)

= atomic # of the element = atomic # of the element = #

= # of eof electrolectrons (inns (in a nea neutral utral atomatom)) =

= =

= nucleon nucleon – – neutronsneutrons = mass # – neutrons = mass # – neutrons = = = protons = protons = nuclear charge = nuclear charge = mass # – neutrons = mass # – neutrons =

= atomic atomic # # charge charge of of the the ionion =

=

= nuclear charge – charge of the ion = nuclear charge – charge of the ion

= m = m =

= mass mass # # – – atomic atomic ## = mass # – electrons

= mass # – electrons(in neutral atoms)(in neutral atoms) = nucleons – protons

= nucleons – protons = protons

= protons = electrons

= electrons (in neutral atoms)(in neutral atoms) =

= nuclear nuclear chargecharge =

=

= neutrons + protons = neutrons + protons =

= ( ( neutral atoms neutral atoms ) )

=

= nuclear charge nuclear charge + + neutronsneutrons = nucleons = nucleons = = mass #mass # = protons + neutrons = protons + neutrons = n

= neutrons eutrons + + electronselectrons

= nuclear charge + neutrons = nuclear charge + neutrons

= protons = protons = electron (in

= electron (in neutral atom)neutral atom) =

= mass mass # # neutronsneutrons

An atom with a An atom with a

+30 +30 andand 33 neutrons has 33 neutrons has 30 protons. 30 protons. A neutral atom o A neutral atom off

has has 35 electrons. 35 electrons. A charged atom A charged atom with

with and and has

has 42 electrons42 electrons An atom with a An atom with a has has 125 neutrons. 125 neutrons. An atom with a An atom with a

and and has an

has an atomic #atomic # of 52.

of 52. The atom The atom isis tellurium.

tellurium. An atom with An atom with and and has a has a mass # of 122

mass # of 122 amu. amu. An atom with a An atom with a 65 neutrons 65 neutrons has a total of has a total of 113 nucleons. 113 nucleons. An a

An atom of argontom of argon with a mass of 4 with a mass of 400

amu has a nuclear amu has a nuclear charge of

(10)

protons = atomic num

protons = atomic number = nuclear chaber = nuclear cha rge = electrons rge = electrons = = mass # - mass # - neutrons = nucleoneutrons = nucleo ns ns - neutronsneutrons

mass

mass # # = = nucleonnucleons s = = protonprotons s + + neutrons neutrons = = nuclear nuclear charge charge + + neutrons neutrons = = electronelectrons s + + neutronsneutrons

neutrons

neutrons = = mass mass # # - - protons protons = nu= nucleons cleons – – protonsprotons

Atomic mass is the calculated average mass

Atomic mass is the calculated average mass of all of an ele

of all of an element’s naturally

ment’s naturally

occurring isotopes.

An example problem and solution (

An example problem and solution (steps and setup) for calculating an atom

steps and setup) for calculating an atomic

ic

mass is given

mass is given below.

below.

A sample of an unknown element, X, cont

A sample of an unknown element, X, contains the following isotop

ains the following isotopes:

es:

80 % of

6464

_{X, 15% of}

6565

_X,

_{X, and}

_{and 5%}

_{5% of}

_of

6666

_X.

What is the average atomic

What is the average atomic mass of element X?

mass of element X?

Step

Step 1

1 Step

Step 2

2 Step

Step 3

3 Step

Step 44

(%

(% toto decimal) x decimal) x (mass (mass #) = #) = (product) (product) (add (add all all products)products)

80% of

6464

_X

_.80

_x

₆₄

₌

_51.2

+

15% of

6565

_X

_.15

_x

₆₅

₌

_9.75

₌

+

5% of

6666

_X.

_.05

_x

₆₆

₌

_3.3

(.80)(64)

+

(.15)(65)

+

+ (.05)(66)

(.05)(66) =

=

64.25

amuamu

64.25

amuamu atomic

(11)

1. Which Which conconclusioclusion was an was a direct direct result result of thof the gold foe gold foil expil experimeriment?ent? 1)

1) AAnn atatoomm isis cocommppoosseded ooff atat lleaeasstt ththrreeee ttypypeses ooff susubabattoommicic papartrtiiclcleses.. 2)

2) An atom An atom is mostlis mostly empty spay empty space with a ce with a dense, positidense, positively chargvely charged nucleus.ed nucleus. 3)

3) An eleAn electron has ctron has a positive a positive charge and is charge and is located inside located inside the nuthe nucleus.cleus. 4)

4) An eleAn electron hctron has propas properties oerties of both wavf both waves and pares and particlesticles.. 2.

2. In the wIn the wave-mechanave-mechanical model ical model of the of the atom, orbatom, orbitals are ritals are regions of the egions of the mostmost probable locations of

probable locations of

11)) pprroottoonnss 22)) ppoossiittrroonnss 33) n) neeuuttrroonnss 44)) eelleeccttrroonnss 3.

3. What iWhat is the chs the charge arge and maand mass of ass of an electron electron?n? 1)

1) CChahargrge oe off +1 +1 anand a d a mamass ss of of 1 a1 ammuu 3)3) CChhararge ge of of +1 +1 anand d a ma masass os of 1f 1/1/18836 36 aamumu 2)

2) CChhaarrge ge ooff -1 -1 aannd a d a mamasss os of f 11 aammuu 44)) CChhaarrge ge oof f -1 -1 aannd d a a mamasss os of f 11/1/18836 36 aamumu 4.

4. Which Which phraphrase desse describes cribes an an atomatom?? 1)

1) a posia positiveltively chargy chargeded electelectron cloron cloud surroud surrounding a punding a positivositively chargely charged nucled nucleuseus 2)

2) a posia positiveltively chargy chargeded electelectron cloron cloud surroud surrounding a nunding a negativegatively chargely charged nucled nucleuseus 3)

3) a nea negatively gatively charged electrocharged electron cloud n cloud surrounding surrounding a poa positively chargsitively charged nucleused nucleus 4)

4) a nea negatively gatively charged electrocharged electron cloud n cloud surrounding surrounding a negata negatively charively charged nucged nucleusleus 5.

5. Which Which totatotal masl mass is ts is the smhe smallallest?est? 1)

1) ththe mase mass os of 2 elf 2 electectronronss 2)

2) ththe mae mass oss of 2 nf 2 neutreutronsons 3)

3) the mathe mass of 1 ss of 1 electrelectron plon plus the mus the mass of 1 pass of 1 protorotonn 4)

4) the mathe mass of 1 nss of 1 neutron peutron plus the mlus the mass oass of 1 electf 1 electronron 6.

6. Which statWhich statement ement concerning elemconcerning elements is truents is true?e? 1)

1) Different Different elements elements must hamust have different ve different numbers numbers of of isotopes.isotopes. 2)

2) Different Different elements elements must hamust have different ve different numbers numbers of nof neutrons.eutrons. 3)

3) All atoAll atoms of ms of a given a given element melement must havust have the same e the same mass nmass number.umber. 4)

4) All atoAll atoms of ms of a given a given element melement must havust have the same e the same atomic atomic number.number. 7.

7. Which value Which value of an elemof an element is calculatent is calculated using both thed using both the mass and the mass and the relativee relative abundance of each of the naturally occurring isotopes of this element?

abundance of each of the naturally occurring isotopes of this element?

11)) AAttoommiic c nnuummbbeer r 22) ) AAttoommiic c mmaassss 33)) HHaallff--lliiffee 44)) MMoollaar r vvoolluummee 8.

8. Which sequWhich sequence represents ence represents a correct orda correct order of her of historical devistorical developments elopments leading toleading to the modern model of the atom?

the modern model of the atom? 1)

1) Atom Atom is is a a hard hard sphere sphere atom atom is is mostly mostly empty empty space space electrons electrons exist exist inin orbitals outside the nucleus

orbitals outside the nucleus 2)

2) Atom Atom is is a a hard hard sphere sphere electrons electrons exist exist in in orbitals orbitals outside outside the the nucleusnucleus atom is mostly empty space

atom is mostly empty space 3)

3) Atom Atom is is mostly mostly empty empty space space atom atom is is a a hard hard sphere sphere electrons electrons exist exist inin orbitals outside the nucleus

orbitals outside the nucleus 4)

4) AtoAtom m is is emptempty y spaspace ce electrons electrons exist exist in in orbitorbitals als outsidoutsidee the the nuclnucleuseus atom is a hard sphere

atom is a hard sphere 9.

9. AnAn atom atom is is electelectricarically lly neutrneutral al becbecause ause thethe 1)

1) numnumber of prober of protontons equals ths equals the number oe number of electf electronsrons 2)

2) numnumber of prober of protontons equals ths equals the number oe number of neutrf neutronsons 3)

3) ratio oratio of the numf the numberber of nof neutroneutrons to the ns to the numbumber of eleer of electroctrons is 1:1ns is 1:1 4)

4) ratio oratio of the numf the numberber of nof neutroneutrons to ths to the numbe number of prer of protonotons is 2:1s is 2:1

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10.

10. How do the enHow do the energy and the most probergy and the most probable location of an electron in thable location of an electron in the thirde third shell of an atom compare to the energy and the most probable location of an shell of an atom compare to the energy and the most probable location of an electron in the first shell of the same atom?

electron in the first shell of the same atom? 1)

1) In the third In the third shell, an electron shell, an electron has morhas more energy and is e energy and is closer to thcloser to the nucleus.e nucleus. 2)

2) In the third In the third shell, an electron shell, an electron has morhas more energy and is e energy and is farther from farther from the nucleus.the nucleus. 3)

3) In the thIn the third shell, an ird shell, an electron has electron has less energy anless energy and is cd is closer to loser to the nucleus.the nucleus. 4)

4) In the third In the third shell, an electron shell, an electron has less enhas less energy and is farthergy and is farther from ther from the nucleus.e nucleus. 11.

11. During a fDuring a flame test, ions of a lame test, ions of a specific metal are heatspecific metal are heated in the flame oed in the flame of a gasf a gas burner. A characteristic color of light is emitted by these ions in

burner. A characteristic color of light is emitted by these ions in the flamethe flame when the ele

when the electronsctrons 1)

1) gain engain energy as tergy as they rethey return to lourn to lower wer energenergy levelsy levels 2)

2) gain engain energy as tergy as they mohey move to hve to higher enigher energy lergy levelsevels 3)

3) emit enemit energy as tergy as they rethey return to lourn to lower enwer energy levergy levelsels 4)

4) emit enemit energy as tergy as they mohey move to hve to higher eigher energnergy levelsy levels 12.

12. A A particle of an particle of an atom containatom contains 26s 26 protons, protons, 23 electrons, 23 electrons, and 56 and 56 neutrons.neutrons. What will

What will be the correct atombe the correct atomic number for this paic number for this particle?rticle?

11)) 2266 22)) 2233 33)) 5566 44)) 3333 13.

13. An atAn atom with om with 21 neutrons and 21 neutrons and 40 nucleons has40 nucleons has

11)) A A nnuucclleeaar r cchhaarrggee oof f ++1199 33)) A A mmaasss s nnuummbbeer r oof f 6611 22)) A A nnuucclleeaar r cchhaarrggee oof f ++4400 44)) A A mmaasss s nnuummbbeer r oof f 1199 14.

14. Which element couWhich element could have a mass number of 86 atomic mald have a mass number of 86 atomic mass units and 49ss units and 49 neutrons in its nucleus?

neutrons in its nucleus?

11)) IInn 22)) RRbb 33)) RRnn 44)) AAuu 15.

15. Which coWhich correrrectly represctly represents twoents two isotoisotopes of elempes of element X?ent X? 1)

1) 226226 _{X and}_{X and} 226226_X_X ₃₎₃₎ 227227_{X and}_{X and} 227227_X_X

91

91 91 91 91 91 9090

2)

2) 226226 _{X and}_{X and} 227227_X_X ₄₎₄₎ 226226 _X_{X and}_and 227227_X_X

91

91 91 91 90 90 9191

16.

16. Which atoWhich atom is an m is an isotope of isotope of oxygen?oxygen? 1)

1) 1414_N_N ₂₎₂₎ 1616_N_N ₃₎₃₎ 1414_O_O ₄₎₄₎ 1717_O_O

7

7 8 8 7 7 88

17.

17. WhaWhat is the tott is the total numbal number of nucler of nucleons in theons in the nuclide nuclidee 6565_Zn?_Zn? 30 30

11)) 6655 22)) 3300 33)) 3355 44)) 9955 18.

18. In which pair of atoms do the nuclei contain tIn which pair of atoms do the nuclei contain the same number of neutronshe same number of neutrons?? 11)) CCaallcciiuumm--440 0 aannd d CCaallcciiuumm--4422 33)) BBrroommiinnee--883 3 aannd d KKrryyppttoonn--8833 22)) CChhlloorriinnee--335 a5 annd Sd Suullffuurr--3344 44)) IIooddiinnee--11227 7 aanndd BBrroommiinnee--8800

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19. Which is a ground sWhich is a ground state electron configuration otate electron configuration of an atom in the fourth pf an atom in the fourth perioderiod of the periodic table

of the periodic table 1)

1) 22 – – 8 8 – – 44 33)) 2 2 –– 8 8 – – 118 8 – – 118 8 – – 44 22)) 2 2 – – 8 8 – – 118 8 – – 44 44)) 2 2 –– 44

20.

20. The totaThe total number l number of electrons of electrons found in found in the elthe electron configectron configuration ofuration of a neutrala neutral chromium atom is

chromium atom is

11)) 2244 22)) 66 33)) 1133 44)) 5522

21.

21. The highest amount of energy wThe highest amount of energy will be emitted by an electron when it moves fromill be emitted by an electron when it moves from the

the 1)

1) 44thth_{to 1}_{to 1}stst_e_elleeccttrro_on_n_ssh_heellll _{33)) 11}stst_{to 5}_{to 5}thth_{electron shell}_{electron shell}

2)

2) 11stst_{to 4}_{to 4}thth_e_elleeccttrro_on_n_ssh_heellll _{44)) 55}thth_{to 4}_{to 4}thth_{electron shell}_{electron shell}

22.

22. What is thWhat is the total numbe total number of electrons er of electrons in a Crin a Cr3+3+_ion?_ion?

11)) 33 22)) 2211 33)) 2244 44)) 2277

23.

23. Which symbol Which symbol represents a particle witrepresents a particle with a total of 10 electrh a total of 10 electrons?ons? 11)) NN 22)) AAll 33)) NN3+3+ ₄₎_{4) A}_All 3+3+

24.

24. Which electron Which electron configuration represents an atconfiguration represents an atom of aluminom of aluminum in an excitedum in an excited state?

state?

11)) 22--77--44 22)) 22--88--33 33)) 22--77--77 44)) 22--88--66 25.

25. Element X has two isotoElement X has two isotopes. If 72.0% of the element has an isotopes. If 72.0% of the element has an isotopic mass of pic mass of 84.9 amu, and 28.0% of the element has an isotopic mass of 87.0 amu, the 84.9 amu, and 28.0% of the element has an isotopic mass of 87.0 amu, the average atomic mass of element X is numerically equal to

average atomic mass of element X is numerically equal to (72.0 (72.0 x x 84.9) 84.9) (28.0 (28.0 x 87.0)x 87.0) 11)) ((7722..0 + 80 + 844..99) ) x x ((2288..0 0 + + 8877..00)) 33)) --- - + -+ ---100 100 100 100 (72.0 (72.0 x x 84.9) 84.9) (28.0 (28.0 x x 87.0)87.0) 22)) ((7722..0 0 - - 8844..99) ) x x ((2288..0 0 + + 8877..00)) 44)) --- - - - ---100 100 100 100 26.

26. The diagram bThe diagram below representelow represents the nucleus os the nucleus of an atomf an atom

What are the atom

What are the atomic number and maic number and mass number of this ss number of this atom?atom? 1)

1) The atomiThe atomic number is 9 and thc number is 9 and the mass number is e mass number is 19.19. 2)

2) The atomiThe atomic number is 9 and thc number is 9 and the mass number is e mass number is 20.20. 3)

3) The atomiThe atomic number is 11 and thc number is 11 and the mass number e mass number is 19.is 19. 4)

4) The atomiThe atomic number is 11 and thc number is 11 and the mass number e mass number is 20.is 20.

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(14)

27.

27. Based on the atomBased on the atomic mass and the natic mass and the natural abundances showural abundances shown in the data tablen in the data table show a correct numeri

show a correct numericalcal set-up for calculating the average atset-up for calculating the average atomic mass of neon.omic mass of neon. 28.

28. Based on natural abundanBased on natural abundances, the average atomces, the average atomic mass of neon is cic mass of neon is closest tolosest to which whol

which whole number?e number? 29.

29. In termsIn terms of atomof atomic particles, sic particles, state one tate one difference difference between tbetween these three isotohese three isotopespes of neon.

of neon.

30.

30. Explain, in terms Explain, in terms of excited state, energy tof excited state, energy transitions, and grransitions, and ground state, how aound state, how a bright-line spectrum is produced.

bright-line spectrum is produced. 31.

31. IdenIdentifytify the tthe two wo elemenelements its in the n the unknounknown swn spectrumpectrum..

32.

32. Write an approWrite an appropriate number of electronpriate number of electrons in each shell to repress in each shell to represent an Mg-26ent an Mg-26 atom

atom in an excited state. Youin an excited state. Your answer may incr answer may include additionlude additional shells.al shells. 33.

33. What is the total numbWhat is the total number of valence electrons in er of valence electrons in an atom of Mg-an atom of Mg-26 in the26 in the ground state?

ground state?

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(15)

Principal Energy Level (n)

Sublevel of an Electron Sublevel of an Electron

Orbital (Probable

Orbital (Probable Location)Location)

Spin Direction of an Electron Spin Direction of an Electron

Uses a set of

Uses a set of four quantum numbers to

four quantum numbers to

describe location and behavior of an

describe location and behavior of an electron

electron

in atoms.

1,2,3.. or K, L, M.. are used to designate

the major energy level of a

the major energy level of an electron

n electron..

An electro

An electron with a

n with a first quantum level

first quantum level

number of 2 or L is in the second energy

s, p, d, f... are us

s, p, d, f... are used to indicate the sublevel

ed to indicate the sublevel

of an electron within a

of an electron within a principal energy level.

principal energy level.

The difference bet

The difference between

ween the sublevels is the

the sublevels is the

shape of their orbitals.

s sublevel is always

s sublevel is always the first in any principal

the first in any principal

energy level.

s sublevel

s sublevels have sphe

s have spherical

rical shap

shape.

e.

p sublevel is always next in

p sublevel is always next in any level.

any level.

p sublevels

p sublevels have dum

have dumbbe

bbell-like shap

ll-like shapee

Shapes of d, f, g

Shapes of d, f, g and h sublevels are too

and h sublevels are too

complex, and will not be discussed here.

x, y

x, y and z are

and z are used too

used too describe th

describe the orbital

e orbital

(probable location) of an electron within a

sublevel.

2p

xx

, 2p

y y

, and 2p

zz

describe the three p

orbitals o

orbitals of the

f the second

second energy

energy level.

level.

s sublev

s sublevels (regardless of the energy level)

els (regardless of the energy level)

have 1 orbital.

p suble

p sublevels have

vels have 3 orb

3 orbitals.

itals.

d sublevels have 5 orbitals.

Each

Each orb

orbital,

ital, regar

regardless

dless of

of the

the suble

sublevel,

vel,

can hold a

maximum of two electrons.maximum of two electrons.

In full orb

In full orbitals, the t

itals, the two elect

wo electrons

rons must spin

must spin

in opposite directions to overcome

like-charge repulsion.

number of electrons number of electrons sublevel sublevel principal energy le principal energy levelvel

(16)

Ground state atoms have configurations that

show

show completely

completely filled lowest

filled lowest available

available sublevels

sublevels

lowest energy

increasing

energy----

--->

Shows arrangement of electrons in

Shows arrangement of electrons in the

the

energy levels and sublevels.

Shows

Shows distribution o

distribution of electron

f electrons in the

s in the orbitals.

orbitals.

When placing electron

When placing electrons in orbitals:

s in orbitals:

No more than two electrons in an orbital

Each orbital in p, d, f..etc mu

Each orbital in p, d, f..etc must have an

st have an

electron before pairing

Two electrons in an orb

Two electrons in an orbital must show

ital must show

o

op

pp

po

ossiitte

e ssp

piin

ns

s ((

Valence electro

Valence electrons are

ns are

only only

the electrons in the

s and p sublevels of the highest level.

Ground State for Na

Ground State for Na Excited State for Na Excited State for Na

H H He He 2 e-2 e- 1s1s22 N N 7 7 e-S S 1s 1s22 2s2s22 2p2p33 16 e-16 e- 1s1s22 2s2s22 2p2p66 3s3s22 3p3p44 1 e-1 e- 1s1s11

Ground state orbital Ground state orbital nota

notationtionss and eleand electronctron configurations for four configurations for four atoms are shown below. atoms are shown below.

all lowest

all lowest sublevels sublevels havehave their

their maximmaximum # oum # off electrons.

electrons. the 2p sublevel is the 2p sublevel is incomplete while 3s has incomplete while 3s has an extra electron an extra electron

(17)

Copyright © 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.comSurvivingChem.com 4949 Principal Principal Energy Energy Level (n) Level (n) Number Number of of Sublevels Sublevels vailable vailable Sublevels Sublevels Number of Number of Orbitals Orbitals vailable vailable

aximum number of

electrons in energy level

(2n (2n22₎₎ 11 11 11ss 11 22 2 2 22 2s2s₂₂ 1 1₃₃ 88 3 3 33 3s 3s 3p 3p 3d 3d 1 1 33 55 18 18 44 44 4s 4s 4p 4p 4d 4d 4f 4f 11 33 55 77 32 32

Note: Each o

Note: Each orbital

rbital can ho

can hold a maximum of 2 electr

ld a maximum of 2 electrons

ons

34.

34. What is the total numWhat is the total number of occupiber of occupied energy levels in an ated energy levels in an atom of neon in theom of neon in the ground state?

ground state? 1)

1) 11 2)2) 2 2 33)) 88 44)) 1188

35.

35. WhichWhich of thof the fole followinlowing subg sublevelevelsls has thas the hhe highest ighest energenergy?y?

11)) 22pp 22)) 33pp 33)) 33dd 44)) 44ss 36.

36. What is the maxWhat is the maximum numbimum number of electrons that can ber of electrons that can be found in a 3s orbital of ae found in a 3s orbital of a potassium atom?

potassium atom?

11)) 11 22)) 22 33)) 88 44)) 1188

37.

37. WhichWhich is the is the correct electron correct electron configuration of configuration of a magna magnesium atoesium atom in m in the groundthe ground state?

state?

11)) 11ss22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66_3s_3s11_3p_3p11 _{33)) 11ss}22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66_3s_3s22

22)) 11ss22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66 _{44)) 11ss}22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66_3s_3s22_3p_3p11

38. 38. An ato

An atom in

m in the

the excited

excited state can

state can have

have an electr

an electron c

on configuration of

onfiguration of

1)1s

1)1s22_2p_2p11 _{22)) 11ss}22_2s_2s22 _{33)) 11ss}22_2s_2s22_2p_2p55 _{44)) 11ss}22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66

39. 39. What is the elec

What is the electron con

tron configuration of an Mn atom

figuration of an Mn atom in the excite

in the excited state?

d state?

11)) 11ss22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66_3s_3s22 _{33)) 11ss}22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66_3s_3s22_3p_3p66_3d_3d55_4s_4s22

22)) 11ss22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66_3s_3s22_3p_3p66_3d_3d66_4s_4s11 _{44)) 11ss}22_2s_2s22_2p_2p66_3s_3s22_3p_3p66_3d_3d55

40.

40. WhichWhich atom in atom in the ground the ground state has state has only three only three electrons in electrons in the 3p sublevthe 3p sublevel?el? 11) P) Phhoosspphhoorruuss 22) P) Poottaassssiiuumm 33) A) Arrggoonn 44) A) Alluummiinnuumm 41.

41. WhichWhich atom in atom in the ground the ground state hstate has two as two half-filled ohalf-filled orbitals?rbitals?

11

_??

11)) 11 22)) 22 33)) 33 44)) 44

43.

43. Using Using quantum quantum method ( method ( s, p, s, p, d..), d..), write write electron electron configurations aconfigurations and draw nd draw orbitalorbital notations for the following atoms and

notations for the following atoms and ions.ions.

atom

(18)

3-/;

/;

Energy of an e

Energy of an electron is quantized,

lectron is quantized, meaning, it is spec

meaning, it is specific for

ific for each energy

each energy level.

level.

The equation below can be

The equation below can be used to calculate the

used to calculate the

energy, Eenergy, Enn, of an electron, of an electron

in

a hydrogen atom if its

principal en principal energy level, n,ergy level, n,

is known.

Light

is a

is a form of

form of electromagn

electromagnetic radiation

etic radiation that

that

travels

travels at

at a

a

of

of 3.00

3.00 x

x 10

10

88

_m/sec.

Every electromagnetic radiation (different light

Every electromagnetic radiation (different light colors)

colors)

iis

s eem

miitttteed

d aat

t a

a ssp

peecciiffiic

c

(

).).

F

Frreeqquueennccy (y ( ))

of

of light, in H

light, in Hertz,

ertz, indicates the

indicates the

number of completed wave per s

number of completed wave per second.

econd.

When an atom absorb o

When an atom absorb or release energy in

r release energy in the form

the form

of

of electromagne

electromagnetic radiation during e

tic radiation during electron t

lectron transition

ransition

from

from one energy

one energy level to

level to another, the

another, the

eneenergyrgy chachangenge,,

(in Joules), can be

(in Joules), can be calculated using this equation.

calculated using this equation.

-2.178 x 10

-18-18

E

nn

=

= ---

---

--- Joule

Jouless

n

22

cc

=

---=

= h

h = --

=

---=

= Planck’s

Planck’s constant,

constant, 6.63

6.63 x

x 10

10

-34-34

_Joules

..

_sec.

=

= frequency o

frequency of

f the

the radiation

radiation (1/sec

(1/sec or

or Hz)

Hz)

=

= wavelength

wavelength of

of the

the radiation

radiation (m)

(m)

=

= speed

speed of

of light

light, , 3.00

3.00 x

x 10

10

88

_m/sec

44.

44. Calculate Calculate the energthe energy of an y of an electron oelectron of a hydrof a hydrogen atom gen atom in these thin these three shells.ree shells. aa)) nn == 11 bb)) nn== 22 cc)) nn== 33

45.

45. Violet lViolet light has a ight has a wavelength of 4.wavelength of 4.10 x 1010 x 10-12-12_{m. What is its frequency?}_{m. What is its frequency?}

46.

46. A helium A helium laser emits laser emits light with a light with a wavelength owavelength of 633 nm. f 633 nm. What is thWhat is the frequency oe frequency of f the light?

the light? 47.

47. Calculate the wavCalculate the wavelength of radiation with a elength of radiation with a frequency of 8.frequency of 8.0 x 100 x 101414_Hz._Hz.

48.

48. Green lGreen light has a ight has a frequency of 6.frequency of 6.01 x 1001 x 101414_{Hz. What is the wavelength?}_{Hz. What is the wavelength?}

49.

49. Calculate the energy of a phCalculate the energy of a photon of radiatoton of radiation with a frequency of 8.5 x ion with a frequency of 8.5 x 10101414_Hz._Hz.

50.

50. Calculate the energy of a Calculate the energy of a gamma ray phgamma ray photon whose frequenoton whose frequency is 5.02 x 10cy is 5.02 x 102020_Hz._Hz.

51.

51. Calculate the energy of a phCalculate the energy of a photon of radiatoton of radiation with a wavion with a wavelength of 6.4 x 10elength of 6.4 x 10-7-7_m._m.

52.

52. What is the enWhat is the energy of light whose wergy of light whose wavelength is 4.06 x avelength is 4.06 x 1010-11-11_m?_m?

53.

53. An FM radAn FM radio station broadcasts at a io station broadcasts at a frequency of 107.9 MHfrequency of 107.9 MHz. What is thez. What is the wavelength o

(19)

(20)

1. 1. 22

2. 2. 44

3. 3. 44

4. 4. 33

5. 5. 11

6. 6. 44

7. 7. 11

8. 8. 11

9. 9. 11

10. 10. 22

11. 11. 33

12. 12. 11

13. 13. 11

14. 14. 22

15. 15. 22

16. 16. 44

17. 17. 11

18. 18. 22

19. 19. 22

20. 20. 11

21. 21. 11

22. 22. 22

23. 23. 44

24. 24. 11

25. 25. 33

26. 26. 22

27. 27. (.909

(.909

x

20)

+

(.003

x

21)

+

(.0

88

88 x

x

22

22 )

)

se

setuptup may vmay varyary

28. 20

29. They contain

29. They contain different number of neutrons.

different number of neutrons.

30.

30. Spectrum is produced

Spectrum is produced when excited e- returned

when excited e- returned

to

gro

und stat

e.

(answer may vary)(answer may vary)

31. 31. He and H

He and H

32 32 2

2 –

–

8

8 –

–

1

1 –

–

1

1 or

or

2

2 –

–

7

7 –

–

3

(configuration may vary, BUT must have 12 electrons) (configuration may vary, BUT must have 12 electrons)

33. 2

Questions

Questions for

for Regents

Regents Practice

Practice

Atomic Structure

Atomic

Structure

Answers

Topic 3

34) 2

35) 3

36) 2

37) 3

38) 1

39) 2

40) 1

41) 2

42) 3

44)

44) n

n =

= 1

1 ::

-2.178 x 10-2.178 x 10-18-18_J_J

n = 2 :

-5.45 x 10-5.45 x 10-19-19_J_J

n = 3:

-2.42 x 10-2.42 x 10-19-19_J_J

45)

7.32 7.32 x x 10101919_Hz_Hz

46)

4.73 4.73 x x 10101414_Hz_Hz

47)

3.75 3.75 x x 1010-7-7_meters_meters

48)

4.99 x 104.99 x 10-7-7_meters_meters

49)

5.64 x 105.64 x 10-19-19_Joules_Joules

50)

3.33 x 103.33 x 10-13-13_Joules_Joules

51)

3.10 3.10 x x 1010-19-19_Joules_Joules

52)

4.89 4.89 x x 1010-15-15_Joules_Joules

53)

2.78 meters2.78 meters

43)

Atoms Atoms

C: 1s

22

_2s

22

_2p

44

Al:

_1s

22

Mg

2+2+

_:

_1s

22

_2s

22

_2p

66

K

++

_:

_:

(21)

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