Environment program. The recommendations made by this Task Group have
been reviewed and
endorsed by the IADC Board of Directors.
IADC publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has
been made by IADC to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained
in them; however, IADC makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee i n
connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or
responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any
federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict.
No suggested method, practice, precaution or program set forth in this document
shall be deemed to establish a legal standard of conduct or a legal duty, the
violation of which would constitute negligence of any degree in any legal
proceeding. IADC is not atte mpting to fulfill any duties or obligations of
employers, manufacturers or suppliers to warn, properly train, or equip their
employees or others who may be affected by their activities, concerning any
health, safety or environmental risks or precautions.
Nothing contained in this document is to be construed as granting right, by
implication or otherwise, use of the IADC name, logo, or trademark, for the
manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product.
Suggested revisions to the guidance are invited and will be considered along with
future changes to these recommendations. Suggestions should be submitted to
Joe Hurt
International Association of Drilling Contractors, 10370 Richmond
Avenue, Suite 760, Houston, TX 77042.
Copyright 2004
by the International Association of Drilling Contractors
Release date 1 January 2004.
Health, Safety and
Environmental
Reference Guide
Published by:
International Association of Drilling Contractors
P.O. Box 4287
Houston, Texas 77210-4287 USA
Phone: 1/713-292-1945
Fax: 1/713-292-1946
Internet: http://iadc.org
Revised Edition
January 2004
Copyright © 2004 International Association of Drilling Contractors All rights reserved.
This guide is designed to supplement company HSE programs and operating
procedures. It is based on experience and careful study over many years. Practicability
has been substantiated by the adoption of the safe operating procedures set forth
herein, in part or whole, by many drilling contractors and government regulatory bodies.
This information does not propose to be a complete Health, Safety and Environmental
Manual. Its purpose is to present the results of IADC’s Health, Safety and
Environmental Committee’s research and experience in order to help companies
prepare their own meaningful Health, Safety and Environmental program. Nothing
herein shall be deemed to establish minimum or maximum standards of drilling Health,
Safety and Environmental (HSE) operating procedures.
While this guide cannot cover all the problems that may arise, it does give the drilling
contractor a basis on which to build a Health, Safety and Environmental program.
Employees and management must be alert to changing conditions and new equipment
that present additional hazards and problems.
The Rig Managers (Toolpushers), Drillers, and other supervisors must share the
greatest responsibility for the success of any accident prevention program. However,
the whole-hearted support and cooperation of all personnel is necessary, from top
management to the rig trainee.
The International Association of Drilling Contractors is grateful to the members of the
Health, Safety and Environment Committee who participated in revising this guide. The
IADC appreciates the efforts of these individuals and their employers, who have
donated their time, materials and resources to make the latest revision of this document
possible.
HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REFERENCE GUIDE
Table of Contents
Page
HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS
1.0 Safety Policy Statement 1-1
1.1 HSE Meetings 1-1
1.2 Safety Inspections and Logbooks 1-2
1.3 Health Safety and Environment Committee 1-2
1.4 Job Safety Analysis 1-2
1.5 Incident Reporting Procedures 1-7
1.6 Incident Investigation 1-7
1.7 Personnel Selection 1-8
1.8 Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation 1-9
1.9 Health Safety and Environment Management Plan 1-9
1.10 Job Safety Analysis Form 1-12
1.11 New Arrival Reception Outline 1-13
GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL
2.0 General Housekeeping 2-1
2.1 Sanitation 2-2
2.2 Personal Hygiene 2-3
2.3 Alcohol, Drugs and Firearms 2-3
2.4 Fitness for Duty 2-4
2.5 Smoking 2-4
2.6 Horseplay 2-4
2.7 Proper Lifting Techniques 2-4
2.8 Chemical Hazard Communication 2-5
2.9 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) 2-5 2.10 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions 2-6
2.11 Cold Weather Considerations 2-10
2.12 Bloodborne Pathogens 2-10
2.13 Model Exposure Control Plan 2-14
2.14 Illustrations 2-21
EQUIPMENT SAFETY
3.0 Electrical Equipment 3-1
3.1 Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout/Tagout 3-4
3.2 Hand Tools 3-5
3.3 Drill Pipe / Collar Slips and Elevators 3-6
3.4 Spinning / Cathead Chains and Breakout Tong Cable (Line) 3-7
3.5 Lifting Slings 3-8
3.6 Catheads 3-9
3.7 Hoists (Winches / Tuggers) 3-10
3.8 Pipe Tongs and Lines 3-11
3.9 Rotary Table Area 3-12
3.10 Portable Ladders 3-12
3.11 Decks, Floors and Walkways 3-13
3.12 Equipment Guarding 3-14
3.14 Pipe Racks and Bins 3-15
3.15 Derrickman’s Escape Device 3-15
3.16 Drilling Line, Crown Block and Traveling Block 3-16 3.17 Drawworks, Brakes, Clutches and Sand Reel 3-16
3.18 Mud Pumps and Equipment 3-17
3.19 Mud Pits and Equipment 3-18
3.20 High-Pressure Lines and Fittings 3-19
3.21 Engines 3-19
3.22 Air-Operated Equipment 3-20
3.23 Blowout Prevention Equipment 3-20
3.24 BOP Accumulators, Pulsation and Suction Dampeners 3-21
3.25 Stabbing Board 3-22
3.26 Handling Tubulars 3-22
3.27 Electrical Area Classifications 3-24
3.28 Illustrations 3-30
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
4.0 Personal Protective Equipment 4-1
4.1 Head Protection 4-1
4.2 Fall Protection 4-1
4.3 Eye and Face Protection 4-2
4.4 Safety Shoes/Boots 4-3
4.5 Hearing Protection 4-3
4.6 Respiratory Protection 4-3
4.7 Proper Clothing 4-4
4.8 Electrical Protective Equipment 4-4
4.9 Hand Protection 4-4
4.10 Permissible Noise Exposures 4-5
FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL
5.0 Fire Prevention 5-1
5.1 Fire Protection 5-2
5.2 Emergency Fire Fighting Teams 5-3
5.3 Fire Control 5-3
5.4 Classes (and Combinations) of Fires 5-3
5.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers 5-4
5.6 Fixed Extinguishing Systems 5-5
5.7 Illustrations 5-6
WELDING AND CUTTING/COMPRESSED GAS & OXYGEN CYLINDERS
6.0 General Precautions – Welding Cutting, Cutting, and Other Spark/FlameProducing Operations
6-1
6.1 Protective Equipment 6-1
6.2 Hot Work Permit 6-2
6.3 Preparatory – Precautions 6-2
6.4 Maintenance of Tools and Equipment 6-3
6.5 Specific Precautions – Arc Welding 6-4
6.6 Specific Precautions – Gas Welding and Burning 6-4 6.7 Compressed Gas and Oxygen Cylinders – Storage 6-5
6.8 Cylinder Handling 6-5
6.9 Cylinder Usage 6-6
6.11 Hot Work Permit Example 6-8
FLEET SAFETY
7.0 General Rules 7-1
7.1 Inspection, Servicing, and Mechanical Repair 7-3
7.2 Trucks 7-4
7.3 Safe Driving Concepts for Accident Prevention 7-7
7.4 Hand Signals for Directing Vehicles 7-7
CRANE OPERATIONS
8.0 Crane Operator Training (Qualifications) 8-1
8.1 Inspection Requirements 8-1
8.2 General Operation Requirements 8-2
8.3 Slings and Shackles 8-4
8.4 Standard Hand Signals for Crane Operations 8-7
FORKLIFT OPERATIONS
9.0 General Operation Requirements 9-1
9.1 General Training Requirements 9-2
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY GUIDELINES
10.0 General 10-1
10.1 Scope and Application 10-3
10.2 Definitions 10-4
10.3 General Requirements 10-6
10.4 Posting Danger Signs 10-6
10.5 Procedures 10-7 10.6 Permit Preparation 10-7 10.7 Entry 10-8 10.8 Exit 10-10 10.9 Rescue Team 10-10 10.10 Training 10-11 10.11 Contractor Requirements 10-11 10.12 Attachments 10-12
COLD WEATHER SAFETY
11.0 General 11-1
11.1 Effects of Cold Weather on Personnel 11-1
11.2 Cold Water Survival 11-5
11.3 Immersion Suit 11-6
11.4 Cold Weather Travel 11-6
11.5 Safe Use of Steam 11-7
11.6 General Cold Weather Safety 11-8
OFFSHORE SAFETY
12.0 Rough Weather Procedures 12-1
12.1 Offshore Communications 12-2
12.2 Life Saving Equipment 12-3
12.4 Crewboat Safety Procedures 12-5
12.5 Personnel Transfer With Swing Rope 12-6
12.6 Personnel Transfer With Personnel Carriers 12-6
12.7 Medical Evacuations 12-9
12.8 Working Over Water 12-10
12.9 Cargo Handling Guidelines for Offshore 12-11
12.10 Muster List (Station Bill) 12-15
12.11 Emergency Signals 12-16
12.12 Emergency Drills 12-16
12.12.1 Man-Overboard Drills 12-18
12.12.2 Fire Drills 12-19
12.12.3 Lifeboat Launching Drills 12-20
12.12.4 Abandon Rig Drill 12-21
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
13.0 General 13-1
13.1 Initiation of (H2S) Procedure 13-1
13.2 Applicability 13-2
13.3 Training 13-2
13.4 Rescue/First Aid Procedures – Hydrogen Sulfide 13-3
13.5 Detection 13-3
13.6 Properties of H2S 13-4
13.7 H2S Exposure Limits 13-4
13.8 Toxicity of H2S 13-5
13.9 Breathing Equipment (SCBA) 13-5
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
14.0 General 14-1
14.1 Spill Prevention and Control 14-1
14.2 Drilling Site Environmental Considerations 14-1
14.3 Material Storage 14-1 14.4 Waste Management 14-2 14.5 Air Emissions 14-7 14.6 Camp Expectations 14-7 14.7 Noise 14-8 14.8 Sumps 14-8
14.9 Recommended Maintenance Practices 14-8
14.10 Groundwater Protection 14-9
14.11 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) 14-9
14.12 Storage Tanks 14-9
EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN (S)
15.0 General 15-1
15.1 Minimum Elements of Emergency Action Plan(s) 15-1
15.2 Medical Emergency Action Plan 15-2
15.3 Media Crisis Communication 15-2
15.4 First Aid and CPR Training and Supplies 15-2
15.5 Emergency First Aid 15-3
15.6 Fire Emergency Plan 15-4
DROPPED OBJECT PREVENTION
16.0 General 16-1
16.1 Equipment Inventory 16-1
16.2 Fastening Requirements for Equipment in Derrick/Mast 16-2
16.3 Derrick/Mast Equipment Guidelines 16-2
16.4 Temporary Equipment In Derrick/Mast 16-5
16.5 Sample Derrick/Mast Permanent Equipment Inventory 16-7
WELL SERVICING
17.0 Well Servicing Units 17-1
17.1 General 17-3
17.2 Swabbing 17-4
17.3 Well Testing 17-5
17.4 Wireline Operations 17-5
17.5 Acidizing 17-6
17.6 Formation Fracturing and High Pressure Pumping 17-6 17.7 Gun Perforating and Percussive Sampling 17-8
17.8 Guy Lines and Anchoring Systems 17-9
17.9 Pumping Units 17-11
AIR AND GAS DRILLING
18.0 General 18-1
PERSONNEL HOISTING OPERATIONS
19.0 General 19-1
19.1 Alternative Methods 19-1
19.2 Job Safety Analysis / Pre-Job Checklist 19-1
19.3 Pre-Job Safety Meeting 19-1
19.4 Harnesses and Associated Equipment 19-1
19.5 Connecting Devices 19-2
19.6 Winches and Lifting System 19-2
19.7 Secondary Independent - Connection Fall Protection 19-3
19.8 Personnel Lifting Operations 19-3
19.9 Winch Operators 19-4
19.10 Additional Information 19-5
19.11 Man-Riding Winch Signals 19-6
FALL PROTECTION
20.0 General 20-1
20.1 General Fall Prevention 20-2
20.2 Fall Arrest System vs. Fall Restraint System 20-2 20.3 Key Requirements for Fall Arrest Systems 20-3
20.4 Work at a Height 20-3
20.5 Fall Restraint System and Equipment 20-3
SECTION ONE – HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS
1.0
Safety Policy Statement
The objective of a Health, Safety and Environment Program is to prevent injuries, protect employee health, protect the environment, educate employees, and increase work productivity. Every HSE program should be based on a sound foundation. This foundation should be a clear and concise objective of the company’s HSE policies. The basic objectives should be:
A. The safety of employees and the public environment are of the utmost importance in all drilling/well-servicing operations.
B. Safety takes precedence over expediency or shortcuts.
C. Every attempt should be made to prevent the possibility of incident occurrence.
D. Safety authority and accountability should be well defined. Once a policy is set and has been publicized so every employee is familiar with it, top management should delegate the authority through management levels down to each supervisor. The supervisor is responsible and accountable to see that each crewmember understands each procedure. Employees should follow all procedures and programs established by the employer. Safety is also the responsibility of all employees.
1.1
HSE Meetings
One of the most important parts of any company’s Health Safety and Environment Program should be regular HSE meetings. Each of these meetings should be well planned and organized with each crew in advance. The format should include a presentation of past, present, and future rig operations. Pre-job meetings should be held for routine and non-routine operations. The meeting should provide suggestions, solutions and conclusions. There should be time allocated for participation from each member. Meetings should be documented, and all employees present should note their attendance. To assist in planning and documenting HSE meetings, IADC suggests:
A. Five Minute Rig Safety Meeting Topics (available from IADC Publications) B. 52 Safety Topics for Weekly Safety Meetings (available from IADC Publications) C. Weekly Safety Meeting Report (available from IADC Publications)
D. Other IADC Publications and Videos (consult the latest IADC Publications catalog) E. Information from equipment manufacturers
F. Information from the well operator G. Recent company communications
H. Recent incident investigations, their causes, and corrections I. Safety equipment operating procedures
K. Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Program (see section 1.4)
L. IADC HSE Committee Safety Alerts (see http://www.iadc.org/alerts.htm) M. IADC Training Committee statement on Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities N. Handover and Management of Change
1.2
Safety Inspections and Logbooks
Regular inspections should be made to determine if the equipment is safe to operate. Although a supervisor or other designated company representative should perform inspections, all employees are responsible to report any unsafe conditions they observe. The rig should be inspected from every viewpoint. Unsafe conditions and acts should be reported to the supervisor. The IADC HSE Committee has developed a general rotary rig inspection form that is available from IADC Publications.
1.3
Health Safety and Environment Committee
Companies should consider establishing Health, Safety and Environment committees. The purpose of a HSE committee should be to meet and discuss safe working conditions and procedures. Committee members should consist of key operating personnel and crewmembers. Topics covered should include:
A. Injury incidents B. Equipment failures C. Near misses D. Damages E. Rig inspections
F. Rig repairs and modifications G. Procedural Changes
H. Environmental Incidents I. Management of Change
Minutes of the meeting and attendees should be recorded and made available to all personnel.
1.4
Job Safety Analysis
A. Training
The Rig Manager (Toolpusher/OIM) will have the primary responsibility for training and/or re-training rig crews in the following processes:
1. Job selection 2. Hazard identification
3. Safe job procedures
4. Documentation on the JSA form (sample form in Section 1.10)
The rig crews will become owners of the JSA process and incorporate it into all appropriate activities. The critical phase is education of employees in the purpose and importance of the JSA process.
B. Job Selection
The long-range objective of the JSA program should be to have a JSA for all jobs. However, it is important to set priorities for developing JSA’s. In deciding which job to start with, here are some factors to consider:
1. Job incident frequency 2. Potential incident severity
3. Potential Hazard (injury to personnel, damage to equipment or environment) 4. Routine and non-routine jobs and new tasks
C. Hazard Identification
A hazard is a potential danger. The purpose of the JSA is to identify ALL hazards, both those produced by the environment or conditions, and those connected with job procedure. To identify hazards, these questions should be asked about each step:
1. Is there a danger of the employee being struck by, or making injurious contact with an object?
2. Can an employee(s) be caught in, by, or between objects? 3. Is there a potential for slip, trip or fall?
4. Could employees suffer strains from pushing, pulling, lifting, bending or twisting?
5. Is the environment hazardous to safety (gas, dust, fumes, chemicals, noise, heat, or cold)?
6. Is there a potential for unexpected pressure release or well control incident? 7. Is there a potential to contact electric current?
8. Is there an environmental risk?
9. Are hazards present from simultaneous operations? D. Safe Job Procedure
From the listed job steps and hazard identification, employees should be able to decide what actions and/or procedures are necessary to eliminate or minimize the hazards that could lead to an accident or injury. Following are recommended actions or procedures to eliminate or control each identified hazard:
2. Provide guards or safety devices 3. Provide personal protective equipment 4. Provide job instruction, training, and signage E. Documentation
Completed JSA’s must be retained on the rig or job site to facilitate easy reference, review and revision.
F. Key Points and Considerations of the Job Safety Analysis
1. A Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a method of studying jobs in order to make them safer. 2. The person or persons who have primary responsibility for conducting or implementing
the job or task should complete the JSA. This can be anyone: Roustabout, Floorhand, Crane Operator, Driller, Toolpusher, etc. JSA’s should be developed as a group (input from entire group).
3. All personnel involved in implementing the specific job or task should be present when a JSA is filled out. The best people to help make a JSA are the people that are experienced, capable and willing to share ideas.
4. JSA’s should be kept in a binder to facilitate easy reference and review. JSA’s must be available to all crewmembers.
5. JSA’s are excellent team building and training tools. Therefore, ALL personnel including service personnel should participate.
6. All supervisors (Toolpusher, Driller, Crane Operator, etc.) should take the lead in JSA development, training and implementation.
G. Instructions for Completing the Job Safety Analysis Form (sample form in Section 1.10) 1. Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is an important incident prevention tool that works by
identifying hazards and eliminating or minimizing them before the job is performed and before they have a chance to become incidents. Use JSA:
a. For Job clarification b. For Hazard awareness
c. As a tool to determine and remove hazards d. As a guide for all employees
e. As a refresher on non-routine jobs f. As an incident investigation tool
2. Set priorities for doing JSA’s:
a. Jobs that have a history of frequent incidents b. Jobs that have produced disabling injuries
c. Jobs with high potential for disabling injury or death d. New jobs with no accident history
3. Select a job to be analyzed. Before filling out the form, consider the following: a. The purpose of the job – What has to be done? Who has to do it?
b. The activities involved – How is it done? When is it done? Where is it done?
c. If employees are not familiar with a particular job or operation interview an employee who is. In addition, observing an employee performing the job or “walking through” the operation step by step may give additional insight into potential hazards. One means to analyze a job is to make a videotape for review.
4. Instructions for completing each of the three parts of a Job Safety Analysis include: a. Sequence of Basic Job Steps
1) Examining a specific job by breaking it down into a series of steps or tasks will enable you to discover potential hazards that employees may encounter.
2) Each job or operation will consist of a set of steps or tasks. For example, the job might be: Using the Wire Line Cutter. To determine where a step will begin or end, look for a change of activity, change in direction, or change in movement. 3) Gathering the tools necessary for the job is one step. The next step might be to
tape or seize the line. Another step may be to place the line cutter on the line. The next step may be to cut the line. The final step might be return the tools to their proper storage.
4) Be sure to list ALL the steps needed to perform the job. Some steps may not be performed each time; an example could be checking the fluid level in the line cutter. However, if that step is generally part of the job, it should be listed. b. Potential Hazards
A hazard is a potential danger. The purpose of the Job Safety Analysis is to identify ALL hazards – both those produced by the environment or conditions, and those connected with job procedure. Close observation and knowledge of the job is important. Examine each step carefully to find and identify hazards (the actions, conditions, and possibilities that could lead to an incident). Compiling an accurate and complete list of potential hazards will allow you to develop the recommended safe job procedures needed to prevent incidents. To identify hazards, ask yourself these questions about each step:
1) Is there a danger of the employee being struck by, or making injurious contact with an object?
2) Can an employee(s) be caught in, by, or between objects? 3) Is there a potential for slip, trip or fall?
4) Could employees suffer strains from pushing, pulling, lifting, bending or twisting?
5) Is the environment hazardous to safety (gas, dust, fumes, chemicals, noise, heat, or cold)?
6) Is there a potential for unexpected pressure release, or well control incident? 7) Is there a potential to contact electric current?
8) Is there an environmental risk?
9) Are hazards present from simultaneous operations? c. Recommended Action or Procedure
1) Using the first two columns as a guide, decide what actions, safety equipment, or procedures necessary to eliminate or minimize the hazards that could lead to an incident, injury, occupational illness or environmental event.
2) Begin by trying to:
i. Engineer the hazard out
ii. Provide guards, safety devices, etc. iii. Provide personal protective equipment iv. Provide job training
v. Maintain good housekeeping
vi. Ensure good ergonomics (positioning the person in relation to the machine or other elements in such a way as to improve safety).
3) List the recommended safe operating procedures. Begin with an action word. Say exactly what needs to be done to correct the hazard, such as “lift using your leg muscles”. Avoid general statements such as “be careful”.
4) List the required or recommended personal protective equipment and safety systems necessary to perform each step of the job.
5) Give a recommended action or procedure to address each hazard.
6) Serious hazards should be corrected immediately. The JSA should then be changed to reflect the new conditions.
7) Finally, review your input on all three columns for accuracy and completeness. 8) Determine if the recommended actions or procedures have been put in place. 9) Upon job completion review JSA for revisions as necessary.
1.5
Incident Reporting Procedures
A. All injuries, no matter how minor, should be reported immediately to the supervisor and treated.
B. All injuries, which occur during the course of employment, must be reported on the appropriate Incident/Injury form. All sections of the form must be completed with correct and concise information.
C. The employer should contact the appropriate agencies to ensure that all regulatory reports are completed and submitted.
1.6
Incident Investigation
Incident investigations should be conducted as soon as possible after the incident occurs. Facts are clearer, more details remembered, and the conditions are nearest those at the time of the incident. The incident investigation may be conducted in the following manner:
A. Interview the worker(s) who had the incident, medical considerations permitting.
B. Interview all the witnesses and other personnel who may have been involved in the incident. C. Interview other personnel at the rig site who did not witness the incident (i.e. Mechanic who
may have worked on equipment involved in the incident.) to determine if they have information that may contribute to the investigation or establish documentation that they did not see the incident nor do they have information regarding the incident.
D. Interview other personnel on location who did not witness the incident to document that they were not involved, did not witness the incident, have no knowledge of the incident, or have knowledge that may be pertinent regarding the incident.
E. Review the JSA for the task involved in the incident (if applicable).
F. Review maintenance or manufacturers records for the equipment involved (if applicable). G. Determine the facts, based on all information gathered.
H. Document names and addresses of all witnesses, personnel who did not witness the incident, but may have knowledge that is pertinent to the investigation, and other personnel on location who did not witness the incident.
I. Determine how the incident happened. J. Document the facts of the investigation.
K. Develop an action plan to prevent the incident from occurring again, such as: 1. Revise JSA if necessary
2. Revise Operations Policies / Procedures if necessary 3. Make modifications to equipment if necessary 4. Conduct training (re-training) if deemed necessary
5. Other changes as deemed necessary
L. Share the results of the investigation and action plan with other personnel in the company so that they are aware of what happened and can take efforts to avoid a similar situation on their rig.
1.7
Personnel Selection
Rig personnel should be selected based on their past work experience on a drilling rig. They should be selected in the area where they can offer the most benefit to the crew as well as the overall safety of the rig. New employees should be trained and supervised as to the correct procedure or methods to be carried out. It is recommended that each company have a sound drug testing policy covering new hires, and post-offer essential job function testing. In addition to a drug-testing policy, and essential job function testing, a thorough background check is recommended.
1.7.1 New employee induction and orientation
New Hire Training should be given when applicants have satisfied all pre-employment requirements. This training may include the following:
A. New employee orientation package B. Mandatory work apparel required
1. Items furnished by the company 2. Items furnished by individuals C. Personal/hygiene items to bring D. Other suggested items to bring E. Items provided by the rig
F. New Employee Assignment and Rig Tour Check List 1. Purpose
2. New employee guidelines for completing the checklist
3. Supervisor guidelines for assisting the new employee with the checklist
4. Areas covered by the checklist to include hazards and locations or equipment, emergency situations, and related items.
5. Acknowledgment of Rig Tour a. New Employee signature, date b. Supervisor’s signature, date c. Rig Manger’s signature, date 6. Company Incident Reporting Policy
7. Company Statement of Policy of Equal Employment Opportunity 8. Training programs to be completed
9. Discuss the Company Handbook, to include drug and alcohol programs and additional Company policies
10. New Employee Acknowledgment and Statement of Understanding a. New-employee signature, date
11. A company or industry safety and orientation video may be utilized
G. Companies that offer orientation programs based on the above framework may wish to consider obtaining IADC recognition through the RIG PASS® accreditation program. The RIG PASS® application packet includes complete information about the benefits of this program, as well as sample tests and checklists. Contact IADC for details.
1.8
Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation
Visitors and service personnel who are new to the location should be met upon arrival, given an orientation immediately and be assigned muster stations and lifeboats (offshore) including the locations of these stations. A sample “New Arrival Reception Outline” can be found in Section 1.10.
1.9
Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan
The following is an example of a Health Safety and Environment Plan that may be used as a basis for a company HSE Plan.
A. The framework - almost every health safety and environment program can be written with the same outline. For example an HSE Plan may include the following elements:
Statement of Purpose HSE Policy Statement Responsibilities Training
Recordkeeping Audits & Inspections Hazards & Hazard Controls Policies & Procedures
Emergency Response and Security
B. Program Purpose - a short statement that answers the question "Why do we have this program?" Be clear and concise, and use plain language that everyone will understand. C. Policy - short statement of company policy that conveys managements support and
intentions of the specific program that is signed by a member of senior management.
D. Responsibilities - this section designates who is responsible for what parts of the program. Everyone has a part to play: management, supervisors and employees. Some programs will have specific responsibilities for specific management positions, such as the Respiratory Protection or Confined Space Program administrators.
Example:
Management
• Ensure all policies and procedures are established and enforced
• Ensure systems and equipment are periodically inspected and maintained to a high
degree of working order
• Train supervisors
• Train employees
Supervisors
• Closely monitors tasks and procedures
• Train assigned employees
• Ensure materials and equipment are maintained
• Ensure that personnel assigned to the task are qualified
Employees
• Adhere to company policies
• Follow work procedures and use of materials in accordance with training
• Be observant of potential hazards and corrective actions
• Immediately report incidents or potential hazards
E. Training - In this section, present the training required for managers, supervisors, and employees. List the topics that must be covered for each group. Ask yourself "what do I
want them to be able to do, and what do I want them to know to meet the specific program goals?" Also include the type of training such as classroom, field or on-the job or a
combination of training session types. Detail the specifics of how often the training is to be conducted and for whom. If special qualifications are required for the person conducting the training, list the requirements. If there are specific source materials, such as a governmental regulation, IADC, API, IMO, ISO or other industry standard, include this in the training section.
F. Recordkeeping - List what records your programs require. Identify the specific forms and documents to be used. This includes items such as audits, inspections and training.
Forms & Documents - Any recordkeeping or management activity required by the program will need some type of document that either records the accomplishment of a program task or provides guidance for a task. Keep forms and documents as simple as possible. Don't require information that is not essential to the purpose of the form. Make sure the required information flows a logical progression and is easy to understand.
G. Audits & Inspections - Detail the specific program monitoring procedures. Include the procedure for non-compliance correction and program improvement. All programs should require at least an annual review of effectiveness and hazard coverage.
H. Hazards – List and define the specific hazards that are covered by the HSE-T program. Include the physical areas of your facility in which the hazards exist.
I. Hazard Controls – This section covers the engineering, administrative and work practice controls used to eliminate or control the specific program hazards.
J. Engineering Controls – These are engineered safeguards used to protect employees by preventing exposure to hazards. Examples of engineering controls are machine guards, safety controls, isolation of hazardous areas, monitoring devices, etc.
K. Emergency Response and Security – The program should address any anticipated
L. Administrative Controls – These controls involve the use of procedures, assessments, inspection and records to monitor and ensure safe practices and environments are
maintained. Other administrative controls are used to identify new hazards and implement corrective action. Examples of administrative controls are periodic inspections, equipment operating and maintenance procedures, hazard analysis, selection and assignment of personal protective equipment, etc.
M. Training Controls – This aspect of hazard control is used to ensure employees are fully and adequately trained to safely perform all tasks to which they are assigned. No employee should attempt any task without proper training in the equipment used, required personal protective equipment, specific hazards and their control and emergency procedures. Examples of training controls are new hire safety orientation, job-specific safety training and periodic refresher training.
N. Policies & Procedures – This is the nuts & bolts section of a safety program. Programs such as Electrical Safety, Lockout - Tagout and Confined Space Entry require these detailed procedures to eliminate any doubt as to the steps required for safe performance. Some programs lend themselves to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), while some need only general guidelines.
1.10 Job Safety Analysis Form
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
RIG: TOOLPUSHER: DATE:
WORK ACTIVITY (JOB)
WORK TEAM (CREW MEMBERS)
SEQUENCE OF BASIC JOB STEPS POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS OR HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH STEP RECOMMENDATIONS TO ELIMINATE OR REDUCE POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH STEP
SAFETY EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO DO THIS JOB
STANDARD PPE ADDITIONAL PPE SYSTEMS
HARD HATS FACE SHIELD FALL PROTECTION BARRIER
SAFTEY BOOTS/SHOES CHEMICAL RESISTANT APRON WARNING BARRIER
COVERALLS CHEMICAL RESISTANT GLOVES WARNING SIGNS
STANDARD WORK GLOVES CHEMICAL RESISTANT BOOTS LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
SAFETY GLASSES CHEMICAL RESIETANT PANTS WORK PERMIT REQUIRED
GOGGLES RESPIRATORY PROTECTION HOT WORK PERMIT
HEARING PROTECTION DIELECTRIC GLOVES CONFINED SPACE PERMIT
EAR PLUGS EAR MUFFS
FULL BODY HARNESS/FALL PROTECTION
BOTH PLUGS AND MUFFS FIRE EXTINGUISHER
OTHER PPE AS NEEDED
1.11 New Arrival Reception Outline
Direct arriving personnel to a specific location to sign-in.1. Hello, my name is ____________________________________, and I would like to welcome you to rig _____________________________________________.
2. Please fill out the “Reception Questionnaire” that I am handing out. Complete all items on this questionnaire. 3. Item #27 on the questionnaire will be Station #__________ for your abandon-rig and fire station location.
NOTE: Allow time to complete the questionnaire.
4. Are there any questions regarding your questionnaire or any of the items covered so far? 5. If not, please turn in your questionnaires at this time.
6. The following Safety Policies and Procedures will be followed at all times during your stay aboard the rig. a) Smoking will be permitted only in designated smoking areas.
b) Hard hats, steel-toed boots, safety glasses with proper side shields and proper work clothes are to be worn outside the living quarters.
c) Full body harness with lanyard and/or anti-fall safety devices are to be used at all times when working 6 feet above any surface.
7. If you see anyone performing an unsafe act or see any equipment in an unsafe condition, please report it immediately.
8. If you have an incident, whether it involves an actual injury – no matter how minor – or personal illness, report it immediately.
9. Your personal safety, the safe operation of our rig and protection of the environment are our priorities. Remember safety is everyone’s responsibility.
10. Housekeeping is another priority. If you make a mess clean it up.
11. Please follow me so I can take you on a brief tour to help familiarize you with some of the items we just discussed. Included in the tour will be some of the other safety, survival, and fire-fighting equipment, and their location aboard our rig.
NOTE: The following items/areas are to be covered during this brief tour for rig visitors.
1. Main routes of egress and escape 2. Fire-Fighting equipment
3. Their bunkroom and the location of their lifejacket (offshore) 4. The Muster List and their designated responsibility, if any (offshore) 5. Location of designated briefing area/muster point (onshore)
6. Location of the restrooms, showers, galley, water fountains, TV room and emergency contact phone numbers 7. Location of other safety and first aid equipment, and the location of their fire and abandon-rig stations (offshore) 8. Location of the other fire-fighting, safety, and survival equipment in the immediate area of the living quarters and
SECTION TWO – GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL
2.0 General
Housekeeping
A. Good housekeeping, cleanliness and order are first steps in safety. All work areas should be kept clean and orderly. (See 2.14.1 in the illustrations at the end of this section).
B. All walkways and steps, etc., should be kept clear of tools, trash, boards, barrels, hoses and slipping hazards such as oil or grease.
C. To the maximum extent possible, rig floors and decks, etc., should be kept clear of tools, trash, boards, equipment and slipping hazards such as oil, grease, drilling fluids or other liquids.
D. Each work area should have a storage space or locker for tools and equipment used in that area. Rig floors should have a tool board or locker for hand tools and good storage racks for subs and other rig floor equipment. (See 2.14.1 at the end of this section.)
E. To protect slings, shackles, pipe hooks, etc., each rig should have a storage locker. Boards used on pipe or casing racks should be neatly stored.
F. Workshops should have proper storage areas for tools and equipment. All tools and equipment should be cleaned, inspected for damage, repaired if necessary and stored in the proper place after use.
G. Trash and disposal containers should be placed in different areas around the rig. These containers should be emptied often enough to prevent overflowing.
H. Combustible materials such as oil, oil filters or oily rags should be kept in cans designed specifically for such materials.
I. Flammable materials should be stored in paint lockers or an approved area.
J. Equipment or other items should not block access to safety equipment such as BOP controls, fire extinguishers or hoses.
K. Guardrails or other suitable means should properly guard all temporary or permanent openings in the floor or deck.
L. Drilling fluid should be cleaned off of the rig floor after making a connection and regularly during trips, or as quickly as the operation allows.
M. Masts/derricks should be kept free of loose items such as tools, shackles, etc. Any item used above a work area should be secured to prevent it from falling. (Refer to Section 16)
N. Spills from sack or bulk chemicals should be cleaned up as soon as possible.
O. All rig waste should be disposed of in a proper manner. Non-deteriorating waste such as plastic bags, wrappers, wood, etc., may require special disposal procedures. (Refer to Section 14 Environment)
P. Mix only enough paint to accomplish the task at hand.
R. Dispose of paint and thinner properly. Do not mix with other waste.
S. Scrap metal should be kept separate from all other waste (hot metal could cause a fire if mixed with other waste).
2.1 Sanitation
A. Galley personnel (personnel preparing food) should wear clean clothes and other proper attire, including shoes. A hat or hair net should be worn at all times by galley personnel while preparing meals.
B. Galley personnel (personnel preparing food) should keep all abrasions or cuts covered with a clean dressing.
C. Hand cleanliness is essential for galley personnel (personnel preparing food). Keep fingernails trimmed and hands clean. Hands should be washed with soap and water frequently and upon entering food preparation area and after utilizing toilet facilities.
D. Galley personnel (personnel preparing food) should be in good health. E. Smoking and use of tobacco should be allowed only in designated areas.
F. Leftover food should be covered, dated and properly stored at the appropriate temperature. G. Careful attention should be made to the expiration date.
H. Shelves and racks should be used to store food with stored items rotated so that the oldest is used first.
I. Insects and vermin should be controlled and kept out of food area. J. The dining area should be cleaned after each meal.
K. The galley should be cleaned on a continual basis. Floors should be disinfected frequently. L. Dishes should be sanitized before re-use.
M. Toilet facilities should be kept clean and sanitized.
N. Water coolers or cans should be cleaned before use. They should be covered, equipped with a spigot and used for this purpose only. Common drinking cups should not be used.
O. All potable and non-potable water should be labeled.
P. Dirty towels and clothes should be laundered after each use.
Q. Garbage and waste should be segregated for proper disposal of after each meal. R. Living quarters should be kept clean.
S. Changing rooms should be kept clean and orderly. Work clothes should be properly stored. T. Beds should be made daily.
2.2 Personal
Hygiene
A. Personnel should bathe daily and start each day with a clean change of clothes. A worker wearing oily, greasy clothing, or clothes that have toxic chemicals spilled on them, is likely to experience irritating rashes, boils or other skin problems.
B. Personnel should have an extra set of clean clothing at the rig to change into should their work clothes get contaminated with oil, diesel or other material that could cause skin irritation. Special clean and protective clothing consideration is necessary when working with oil or synthetic oil based drilling fluids.
C. Consideration should be given to the prevention and spread of colds, influenza and/or other infectious diseases.
D. When air breathing apparatus, dust or organic vapor respirators are required, facial hair should be removed to facilitate a proper face seal.
E. Hair should be maintained in a manner that does not create a safety hazard.
F. Rig personnel should wash hands and face before eating. Any toxic substance on a worker’s hands can be ingested while eating, drinking or smoking.
G. Using solvents to clean the skin is never a good practice. Workers who use a solvent to clean their hands may develop dermatitis or possibly becoming sensitized to the chemical or solvent.
2.3
Alcohol, Drugs and Firearms
A. Each company should develop its own policy that is issued to each employee. A signed acknowledgement page should be maintained in the employees personnel file.
B. Illegal drugs, intoxicating beverages, firearms, weapons or other contraband should not be allowed on the rig or location.
C. Reporting for duty under the influence of alcohol, narcotics or other drugs should not be allowed.
D. Prescription drugs should be taken in strict accordance with the drug’s label and doctor’s guidance. Personnel who are taking prescription drugs should inform their supervisor. This is for two reasons, one to ensure the drugs will not interfere with the person’s alertness and ability to work safely and second, should the individual be injured, this information should be available to the medical provider.
E. Any medications brought to the rig should be in the original container in which they were dispensed or purchased.
F. The booklet How to Keep Drugs Off Your Rig can be obtained from IADC Publications.
G. Do not take another person’s prescription medication. In some regions there are federal laws against this action and doing so could result in a positive test and may include disciplinary action up to and including termination of employment.
2.4
Fitness for Duty
The physical fitness of employees can affect their job performance and safety at the rig. In addition to being physically fit to carry out the physical requirements of the job, fitness includes being rested, and free of chemicals that could affect the employee’s performance.
A. Employees should arrive at the work site fit for duty. This includes:
1. Rested – employees should get good rest prior to showing up at the rig for work on the first day of their shift and should get the proper rest after each tour thereafter.
2. Free from drugs or alcohol – employees should understand the affects that drug use might have on safe work performance. Also, employees should understand that heavy use of alcohol the day (night) before work can have carryover affects on the workday following heavy use of alcohol.
3. Illness – employees should notify their supervisor of any illness they may have contracted on their days off and any medication they may be taking.
4. Injury – employees should notify their supervisor of any injuries that they may have received on their days off. If the injury required a visit to a doctor, the employee should provide the supervisor a return-to-work release from their doctor.
2.5 Smoking
A. Smoking areas should be designated and identified on the rig site.
B. Smoking is permitted only in designated areas. If you are unsure about the smoking areas on the rig, ask your supervisor.
C. Smoking should not be allowed in food preparation areas.
2.6 Horseplay
A. Horseplay should not be allowed at any time.
B. Wrestling, mock fights, practical jokes, etc., are examples of horseplay.
2.7
Proper Lifting Techniques
A. Avoid manual lifting of heavy or awkward objects. Mechanical advantage or lifting devices should be used or assistance should be requested.
B. When lifting an object with another person, coordinate the lift by using good communication. (For example: “One, Two, Three, Lift”)
C. Check for proper footing before lifting or carrying an object. Make sure the area is clear of slip or trip hazards.
D. Proper lifting techniques should be followed when lifting any object. 1. Size up the load. Test to see if you can lift it safely.
3. Get as close to the load as possible before lifting it. 4. Make sure your footing is secure.
5. Do not twist while lifting, move your feet so that they point in the direction of the lift as you turn.
6. Do not jerk the load; lift smoothly.
7. Use the same principles when lowering the load.
E. Over-reaching, lifting over shoulder height, or body twisting should be avoided while lifting or moving an object.
F. Carrying objects up or down stairs or steps with two hands should be avoided.
2.8
Chemical Hazard Communication
Each company should establish a chemical hazard communication (HAZCOM) program. The company should obtain the appropriate current regulations which cover its operations. The Chemical Hazard Communication program should include at least the following:
A. Employers should develop and maintain a written chemical hazard communication program for the workplace.
B. Employers should ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced.
C. Employers should maintain copies of any Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals. A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be obtained for any hazardous chemicals received without one. The Material Safety Data Sheets should be readily accessible to employees when they are in their work areas during each work shift.
D. Employers should ensure that employees are provided with information and training. E. Training of employees should be documented.
F. Chemical inventory information including MSDSs should be shared between all parties on the rig or location.
2.9 Naturally
Occurring
Radioactive Material (NORM)
Radiation is a natural component in our environment. There are two natural radiation sources: Cosmic rays external to the earth, and radiation from naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) found in the earth’s crust.
Low-level radioactive scale can be produced in the course of some oil and gas operations. This occurs when NORM dissolves into the reservoir water. The production of oil and gas moves NORM to the surface, where it accumulates at low levels in processing and transport equipment. Some of the locations where it accumulates are piping, tubing, sludge pits, brine and sand filters, salt-water disposal injection wells and equipment, soils at the well site, as well as pipe cleaning and storage yards. NORM deposits may be found in equipment and piping that handles produced liquids and gases. Any time you are advised by the well operator, or any customer representative, that NORM readings exceed 50 µR/hr above background, or are suspicious about
NORM contamination, notify the local management prior to the commencement or continuation of work.
When the presence of NORM scale is suspected in piping, used tubing, or during vessel entry, the supervisor, manager, or safety representative should conduct, or cause to be conducted, measurement checks. The customer representative and local management should be notified of the results. Work should not continue if NORM readings exceed 50 µR/hr above background without prior authorization from the company.
The following are precautions all company employees, contractors, and visitors should take: A. Wear proper protective equipment, including respiratory or breathing air apparatus, when
entering contaminated vessels and when handling equipment or materials with exposed NORM.
B. Avoid direct skin contact with radioactive scale and solids to the extent reasonably possible. C. Thoroughly wash hands and face immediately following any skin contact with contaminated
materials, especially before eating, drinking, smoking or otherwise using tobacco. D. Keep the number of personnel in the work area to a minimum.
E. Handle surface contamination in the wet state, to avoid inhaling NORM-contaminated scale. F. Any contaminated equipment or vessels that are to be worked on should be isolated,
ventilated and left standing idle for 4 hours, before work commences.
G. Wash contaminated protective equipment, clothing and tools in accordance with approved decontamination and waste disposal procedures.
H. Handle contaminated equipment and pipe in accordance with approved waste and surplus equipment disposal, and/or storage procedures.
I. Confined Space procedures should also be followed.
2.10 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions
Heat stress is a serious issue in industrial work environments. When poorly ventilated clothing is worn in high heat and humidity, heat stress can become a danger. The keys to preventing heat stress are understanding why it occurs, altering the work environment, providing fluids, and providing appropriate protective clothing. If someone shows symptoms of heat stress, it is important to take the individual to a cool, shaded area and provide plenty of drinking water. Seek medical attention immediately.
A. The Basics of Heat Stress
1. Heat stress occurs when the body is unable to release heat and cool itself. Even though the body is constantly exposed to varying temperatures, it is designed to maintain an internal temperature of 98.6 degrees. By circulating blood to the capillaries in the upper layers of the skin, the body releases heat, increasing perspiration and skin temperature. 2. When air temperature is equal to or warmer than the skin, blood brought to the skin's
surface can't efficiently release heat. When this occurs, the body's main cooling mechanism becomes the evaporation of perspiration. If evaporation can't occur, the body can't rid itself of excess heat, and the cooling process is impaired.
3. When workers labor in high-heat environments, the body's ability to cool itself is impeded by the muscles' need for extra blood. This decreases the amount of blood available to circulate to the skin, muscles, brain and internal organs, and leads to decreased alertness, stamina and physical performance. If the body can't release excess heat, it must store it. This increases the body's core temperature and heart rate. Aside from symptoms such as dizziness and hallucinations, prolonged heat stress can lead to death. B. Avoiding Heat Stress
The following tips can help workers stay safe in hot conditions:
1. Drink plenty of fluids each day. Be sure to drink water even if you are not thirsty; thirst can be a sign of mild dehydration. As little as 2 percent dehydration can impair response times and motor skills.
2. Stay physically fit. A higher degree of physical fitness can increase heat tolerance. 3. Take frequent breaks to a cooler location.
4. Acclimatize yourself to the work environment.
5. When performing strenuous work on hot days, the buddy system should be used.
6. Watch your health. Some medications and medical conditions such as hypertension can worsen the effects of heat stress.
7. Avoid use of alcohol or drugs.
8. Wear clothing that offers appropriate protection from the environment. 9. Learn to recognize the signs of heat stress.
10. Provide air movers.
C. Mechanics of Heat Related Conditions
1. Under normal conditions the body’s ability to dissipate heat through the evaporation of sweat and convection of cooler air over the skin is sufficient to prevent heat-related conditions from developing.
2. As the temperature and humidity rises, the effectiveness of the primary method of cooling by evaporation is reduced.
3. Another important factor for heat-related health problems is insufficient intake of fluids (water and electrolyte solutions) during these conditions.
D. Signs, Symptoms and Treatment
1. Heat Stroke – Heat stroke occurs when the body can no longer regulate its temperature. With heat stroke the body’s temperature is very high (as high as 105 to 107 degrees). The skin will feel hot to the touch and is likely to be dry with a flushed to red color. The person will be disoriented, confused and possibly have a lowered level of responsiveness. If this condition exists, activate your emergency response plan immediately. Heat stroke must be treated immediately. Do the following while waiting for medical assistance:
a. Remove the patient from the hot environment and begin cooling them immediately by applying cool water directly to the skin (especially on the head, neck, underarm, groin and wrist area).
Caution: If medical assistance is delayed, prolonged extreme cooling may cause the person to develop hypothermia (low body temperature). DO NOT OVER COOL THE PATIENT.
b. Maintain an open airway and ensure they continue to breathe (apply oxygen if available and personnel are present who are qualified to administer).
c. Attempt to maintain responsiveness and be alert for possible seizure activity. The best treatment is prevention. When working in hot and humid conditions, drink plenty of fluids (water and sports drinks). Don’t wait until you are thirsty to drink. Wear natural fiber (cotton) clothing with long sleeves and long pants. Avoid tight fitting clothes and clothes made of synthetic fibers. Limit intake drinks that contain caffeine (coffee, iced tea, coke, root beer, etc.), also avoid heavy, high fat meals while on tour.
2. Heat Fatigue – The signs and symptoms of heat fatigue include impaired performance of skilled sensory-motor, mental, or vigilance jobs. There is no treatment for heat fatigue except to remove the heat stress before a more serious heat-related condition develops. 3. Heat Collapse ("Fainting"). – In heat collapse, the brain does not receive enough oxygen
because blood pools in the extremities. As a result, the exposed individual may lose consciousness. This reaction is similar to that of heat exhaustion and does not affect the body's heat balance. However, the onset of heat collapse is rapid and unpredictable. 4. Heat Rashes
– are the most common problem in hot work environments. Prickly heat is
manifested as red papules and usually appears in areas where the clothing is restrictive. As sweating increases, these papules give rise to a prickling sensation. Prickly heat occurs in skin that is persistently wetted by un-evaporated sweat, and heat rash papules may become infected if they are not treated. In most cases, heat rashes will disappear when the affected individual returns to a cool environment.
5. Heat Cramps – Heat cramps usually develop during strenuous activity in a hot environment. Excessive sweating causes a loss of electrolytes, which causes cramping and pain in the legs, arms and abdomen. This condition is usually not an emergency and can be treated by:
a. Removing the person to a cool environment b. Apply direct pressure on the cramping muscle c. Gentle steady stretching
d. Rest
e. Fluid replacement with water and/or half strength electrolyte solutions.
Note: If the person does not show signs of improvement after being treated as listed above or develops other more serious signs and symptoms, immediate medical attention may be required.
6. Heat Exhaustion – Heat exhaustion occurs when excessive sweating and inadequate fluid intake causes a loss of the body’s fluid volume. This low fluid volume results in
inadequate blood circulation in the body. Early signs and symptoms may include fatigue, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, headache and their skin is usually cool and pale. If left untreated they may develop classic signs of shock - increased heart rate, increased breathing rate and eventually low blood pressure. Heat exhaustion can be treated by: a. Removing the person to a cool location
b. Have the person lay down with feet elevated 8 to 12 inches (20.3 to 30.5 centimeters) c. If the person is alert and able to do so, administer a diluted electrolyte solution. Note: If the person does not show signs of improvement or develops other more serious signs and symptoms, immediate medical attention may be required.
E. Heat Index Chart: Heat Index (HI) is the temperature the body feels when heat and humidity are combined. The chart below shows the Heat Index that corresponds to the actual air temperature and relative humidity. This chart is based upon shady, light wind conditions. (Exposure to direct sunlight can increase the HI by up to 15°F [7.8°C.)
Our bodies dissipate heat by varying the rate and depth of blood circulation, by losing water through the skin and sweat glands, and as a last resort, by panting, when blood is heated above 98.6°F (37°C). Sweating cools the body through evaporation. However, high relative humidity retards evaporation, robbing the body of its ability to cool itself. When heat gain exceeds the level the body can remove, body temperature begins to rise, and heat related illnesses and disorders may develop.
Temperature (F) versus Relative Humidity (%)
°F 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 65 65.6 64.7 63.8 62.8 61.9 60.9 60. 59.1 58.1 70 71.6 70.7 69.8 68.8 67.9 66.9 66. 65.1 64.1 75 79.7 76.7 75.8 74.8 73.9 72.9 72. 71.1 70.1 80 88.2 85.9 84.2 82.8 81.6 80.4 79. 77.4 76.1 85 101.4 97. 93.3 90.3 87.7 85.5 83.5 81.6 79.6 90 119.3 112 105.8 100.5 96.1 92.3 89.2 86.5 84.2 95 141.8 131.1 121.7 113.6 106.7 100.9 96.1 92.2 89.2 100 168.7 154. 140.9 129.5 119.6 111.2 104.2 98.7 94.4 105 200 180.7 163.4 148.1 134.7 123.2 113.6 105.8 100. 110 235. 211.2 189.1 169.4 151.9 136.8 124.1 113.7 105.8
HI Possible Heat Disorder:
80°F - 90°F Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity. 90°F - 105°F Sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion possible.
105°F - 130°F Sunstroke, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion likely, and heat stroke possible.
130°F or greater Heat stroke highly likely with continued exposure. *Source: U.S. National Weather Service
Temperature (C) versus Relative Humidity (%) C 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 18 18.7 18.2 17.6 17.1 16.6 16.1 15.6 15.1 14.5 21 22.0 21.5 21.0 20.4 19.9 19.4 18.9 18.4 17.8 24 26.5 24.8 24.33 23.8 23.3 22.7 22.2 21.7 21.2 27 31.2 29.9 29.0 28.2 27.6 26.9 26.1 25.2 24.5 29 38.6 36.1 34.1 32.4 30.9 29.7 28.6 27.6 26.4 32 48.5 44.4 41.0 38.1 35.6 33.5 31.8 30.3 29.0 35 61.0 55.1 49.8 45.3 41.5 38.3 35.6 33.4 31.8 38 75.4 67.8 60.5 54.2 48.7 44.0 40.1 37.1 34.7 41 93.3 82.6 73.0 64.5 57.1 50.7 45.3 41.0 37.8 43 112.8 99.6 87.3 76.3 66.6 58.2 51.2 45.4 41.0
HI Possible Heat Disorder:
27°C – 32°C Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity. 32°C - 41°C Sunstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion possible.
41°C – 54°F Sunstroke, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion likely, and heat stroke possible.
54°C or greater Heat stroke highly likely with continued exposure. *Source: U.S. National Weather Service
2.11 Cold Weather Considerations
Working in cold weather can be dangerous. To cope with cold weather, stay active, dress warmly, stay dry, and observe best practices for cold weather. Cold weather takes away body heat. Too much heat loss can cause the inner body (core) temperature to fall to dangerously low levels causing hypothermia and even death. Exposed body parts may freeze in extreme cold weather. This is called frostbite. Cold weather can aggravate existing medical conditions like rheumatism and arthritis. Cold weather affects dexterity, mental skills, and coordination. Prolonged exposure to even moderate cold weather can cause injuries. Working in cold weather increases the risk of musculoskeletal injuries such as back strain. Do warm up exercises and stretching before handling heavy equipment and material. See Section 11 – Cold Weather Safety.
2.12 Blood-borne Pathogens BBP
A. General InformationIn the drilling industry, as in other non-healthcare fields, employees who are designated as responsible for rendering first aid or medical assistance as part of their job duties are to be covered by this section. Employers should develop an “Exposure Control Plan” for these employees. These guidelines discuss basic compliance considerations for land and offshore drilling contractors. A model exposure control plan is included which may be adapted for use by an individual contractor.
B. Definitions
1. PATHOGEN: A microorganism that may be present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, such pathogenic diseases as AIDS-HIV, Malaria, Syphilis and Hepatitis B (HBV). These diseases may be transmitted through the absorption of foreign body fluids.
2. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV): The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes death and disease by attacking the body’s immune system. In the early stages, the individual experiences acute symptoms similar to mononucleosis. As the disease progresses, the patient suffers from fever, diarrhea and fatigue. HIV-infected individuals may also develop neurological problems, cancer and other opportunistic infections in the esophagus, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Current epidemiological information indicates that most people who are infected with HIV will eventually develop AIDS, and while the disease can be managed by treating the clinical symptoms, the immunodeficiency is irreversible. THERE IS PRESENTLY NO VACCINE AVAILABLE TO PREVENT INFECTION.
3. HEPATITIS B (HBV): The symptoms of Hepatitis B are well known, and in the early stages, the disease resembles the flu. More severe clinical illness is characterized by lack of appetite, dark urine, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Hepatitis B infection may also place other family members at risk, and there is a 30 percent chance that the sexual partner of acutely infected individuals will also become infected. If the person is a carrier, the partner’s risk of infection is even higher. THERE IS A VACCINE AVAILABLE TO PREVENT INFECTION.
C. Pathogen Contamination
Infection is possible from such body secretions as: blood, saliva, urine, vomitus, semen or vaginal fluids.
D. Workplace Transmission
While intact skin offers some protection against foreign body fluids and bloodborne pathogens, they may be transmitted through the skin via accidental injection with needles, scalpels, shards of glass, and other sharp objects. They may also enter the body through open cuts, nicks and skin abrasions. There is evidence also that they may be transmitted by splashes to the eyes and mucous membranes.
E. Exposure Determination
Contractors should determine those positions on drilling installations where a potential exists for occupational exposure to pathogens. Personnel whose job duties include, but are not limited to, providing medical assistance, by definition, are determined to have occupational exposure. As a result of providing medical assistance and/or immediate aid to injured co-workers, these employees may be come exposed to blood or other body fluids.
F. Universal Precautions
The term “universal precautions” refers to a system of infection control that assumes that every direct contact with body fluids is potentially infectious. The risks of injury to workers offshore require that the principles of universal precautions be provided to personnel whose job duties include providing medical assistance. Any persons who may incur direct contact with body fluids should be protected as though such body fluids were HBV – or HIV – infected.
G. Training
Training in the universal precautions of bloodborne pathogens should contain at a minimum the following elements: