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(1)

Sustainable Development:

The Role of Information and

Communication Technology

Alexander Schatten www.schatten.info

(2)

Agenda

2

ICT supporting

Mitigation

Adaptation

Information & Communication Technology –

Environmental “Footprint”

(3)

ICT – Environmental “Footprint”

  “Green IT”

  Resource Efficiency: “A Factor of 10”

  Desktop Computing

  Data-Centers and Services

  Software as a Service

  Cloud Computing

  Accounting

(4)

“The rapid uptake of computers, mobile

phones and the Internet in the emerging

world is set to

double the industry's

CO2 emissions by 2020

, according to

the first comprehensive study on the

impact of Information and

Communication Technologies (ICT) on

the world's climate.”

Euractiv.com, Study on Carbon Footprint of ICT sector

4

(5)

“To help, rather than hinder, the fight against climate

change, the ICT sector must

manage its own growing

impact

and continue to reduce emissions from data

centres, telecommunications networks and the

manufacture and use of its products”

(6)

Green IT – Numbers

$ 8-9 billion Estimated energy bills of datacenters worldwide

25% Typical IT budget for average company

~ $ 1.900 Annual expenses for powering and cooling single server (2500 $)

2 1/2 years Average time a typical company has to upgrade power and cooling facilities

Source: McKinsey and Company, part of a report titled "Revolutionizing Data Center Efficiency”,


InfoWorld, Ted Samson (2008)


Smart2020 Report

70-80% Utilisation of mainframes (70s, 80s)

~ 30% Of Servers run under 3% peak and average utilisation; actually are using power

and cooling for doing no work

50% Average energy consumption for cooling

76 MtCO2e Global datacenter footprint 2002

259 MtCO2e Global datacenter footprint 2020 (estimated)

18 Million Server 2002

(7)

The Power of “10”: Game Consoles

> 200 W

Playstation 3 Xbox 360

~ 50 W

Playstation 2

~ 20 W

Nintendo Wii
(8)

The Power of “10”: PCs

9

~ 2 W

OLPC / XO

PC with LCD

~ 100-200 W

Photos from Flickr: Gene, Plutor, John Pastor, One Laptop per Child

~ 150-250 W

PC with CRT

Thin Client with LCD

~ 50 W

~ 10-45 W

(9)
(10)

“Hummer Strategy”

Photo from Paul Keleher, Flickr

Data-Centers and Services

11

… or Virtualisation, Cloud Computing

(11)

“Green IT”: Virtualisation and

In-House Services

  Datacenter In-House

  Replace Volume Servers with varying utilisation or low utilisation

with virtual machines running in one power-server

  Remove Fat-Clients where not absolutely necessary and replace

them with thin-clients and web-applications or thin-clients using remote desktops

  Provide support for tele-working (virtual private networks…)

  Get consulting for “green” operation of data-center including issues

like:

–  Optimizing Facilities

–  Highest possible operation temperature

–  Reuse of heat (e.g. for building/office heating)

  Better: get rid of all services that can be outsourced (see following

(12)

What is Cloud Computing?

  You get energy from a grid, not from your own power-plant 

Cloud computing is the IT equivalent of the energy grid

  Rent services and computing power as needed

  Use Cloud Computing to scale as needed

  Typical “Cloud” Services range from

–  Operation of Virtual Servers (e.g. Amazon EC2)

–  Network storage solutions (e.g. Amazon S3)

–  Database Services (e.g. Amazon SimpleDB)

–  Application Runtime Environments (e.g. Google AppEngine)

–  Middleware Services (e.g. Amazon Message Queue)

–  E-Commerce Applications (e.g. Payment Services)

–  Various Services (e.g. Google Maps, Google Calendar, Office

Applications…)

(13)

Why is Cloud Computing better?

  You pay what you use, not a

“theoretical” peak load

  You do not need to operate complex IT

infrastructure which is most likely not your core business

  Operation of large scale data-centers is way

more efficient than small scale installations

  Load can be balanced over many

customers, hence servers in large data-centers can work at higher average

utilisation

  Data-centers can be build in regions where

less cooling is needed and more renewable energy sources are available

(14)

Cloud Infrastructure (z.B. Hardware, Network...) Cloud Platform

(AppServer,Python...) (z.B. S3, SimpleDB) Cloud Storage (z.B. Queue Service, ...) Cloud Services Cloud Application 1

or Service

z.B. SaaS oder Webservice App 2 App 3 App 4

...

Web/Mobile -

Client ... Fat-Client

Service Consumer

(15)

Software as a Service

  “Buzzword” in the 90s; did not take off then

  Now a series of good applications are available, new services every

day

  “Business” Applications like Salesforce CRM

  Groupware   Communication Tools –  Webmail –  Chat-Applications –  Forum –  Wiki   Office Applications

–  Google Docs, Calendar, Sites

(16)

Example: CRM Salesforce

(17)

Current Issues with

Cloud Computing

  No standardisation so far, hence vendor lock-in with currently

leading services from companies like Google or Amazon

–  However first Open Source products appear like Eucalyptus

  Whole SAAS, CC rather “young”, i.e., not very much experience

available

  Legal and privacy issues, particularly due to the fact that most

providers are located in US

–  opportunity for European companies!)

(18)

Company IT-Policy –

Some Questions

  Are there Guidelines for Operation and Office

Support (e.g., about printing, using PC…)

  Is Tele-working an integral part of the

workflow?

  How is accounting done?

  Power Management Software installed

(for all PCs?)

  Connection between server-cooling and

office-heating system?

  Assessment of server utilisation done?

  Virtualisation strategy within company?

  Virtualisation strategy outside company?

(19)

Agenda

ICT supporting

Mitigation

Adaptation

Information & Communication Technology –

Environmental “Footprint”

(20)

IT as a Supporter for

Mitigation efforts

  Green Supply Chains and E-Government – Think Global!

  Smart Production

  De-Materialisation

  Smart Building

–  “If airplanes were build like buildings, you wouldn't fly in them”,

Stephen Selkowitz”, LBNL

  Smart Grids

“Although the ICT sector’s own emissions will rise as global demand for products and services increases, these are estimated to be five times less than the emissions that can be reduced through the

“enabling effect.”, Smart 2020 Report

(21)

Possible Contributions in Different

Fields (Smart 2020 Report)

(22)

Green Supply Chains:

Example Indonesia

  The World Bank:

–  A number of environmental problems are threatening the country's

environmental sustainability, foremost among them being a rapid and generally unsustainable rate of natural resource exploitation.

–  Areas of particular concern include forests and fisheries.

–  One problem is the lack of transparency in the processes

controlling access to such resources.

–  Other problems include weak natural resource governance, poor

institutional coordination, limited monitoring of natural resources and environmental quality parameters.

–  [...] limited coordination among ministries and agencies at

national and local levels

–  Furthermore, the recent decentralization process has created

(23)

Example Indonesia:

The Economist (2006)

  Indonesia is losing almost 2m hectares of

forest a year (an area about the size of Wales or Massachusetts)

  Illegal logging also carries big costs for

the human beings involved.

Well-managed forests continue to provide wood, and therefore revenue,

indefinitely. But those that have been

overexploited, or simply carelessly run let alone razed will yield little or no money in the future.

  The government of Indonesia (which has

the world's third-biggest tropical forests, after Brazil and Congo, but the biggest timber trade) estimated its annual losses

at around $3 billion. [due to illegal

(24)

The Flat World

  Thomas Friedman, ”The world is flat”

  We move(d) from

–  Command and Control to

–  Collaborate and Connect Economy/Society

  3 Billion people reach for the western lifestyle

–  It is impossible to fulfil this demand with the current approach

  Economy, knowledge, work-force, natural-resources are global

(25)

In a flat world and a connected

economy there are hardly local

problems

Any significant

problem in a country

like Indonesia, India,

China…

is immediately a global

problem.

(26)

“Green” Global Supply Chains

  “Measure and Connect” is foundation for optimisation

–  Technologies like

•  RFID

•  Event-based Systems

•  Data-warehouses

  “Tag and Track” items through whole supply chain

  Work with (near) real-time data

  Standardisation (usage of standardised protocols and practices)

  Integrate with e-Government applications to enhance

transparency and better resource and waste management

  Check whether suppliers from second and third world countries

follow policies

  Global optimisation of supply chains (from supplier to production

lines to transportation to customer)

(27)

New Environmental Policies

“We will not knowingly finance companies or projects that collude with or are knowingly engaged in illegal logging. As part of our due diligence where we are in a position to direct or influence such process, we will examine

whether clients that process, purchase, or trade wood products from high risk countries

(and we will encourage such clients to) have

certifiable systems in place to ensure that the

wood they process, purchase or trade comes from legal sources…”

(28)

Industrial Production

  Industrial Production is one of the largest contributors to

global emissions (Smart 2020 report):

–  approx 23% total emission in 2002

–  Uses nearly 50% of global electrical power

  Modernise development of production lines; software development,

simulation, data exchange is outdated compared to “business information systems”

  End-to-end monitoring of production lines

  ICT systems allow transparency

and accountability

  Optimisations in motor systems

  Integration into global

supply-chain optimisation

29

(29)

“Dematerialisation”

  Replace paper-based

business with electronic business

  Online Media

  Reduce business travel

  Tele-Working

  E-Commerce

  E-Government

(30)

ICT Supporting Adaptation

  Sensor Networks

  Connected Information of global information systems

  Support in case of catastrophes like

–  robust dependable networks

–  communication technology

–  Visualisation

–  Geographical information systems

  Simulation and modeling adapted to certain regions e.g.

–  Tourism prediction in Austria

–  Water level rise

–  Development of

agriculture

(31)

Agenda

ICT

supporting

Mitigation

Adaptation

Information & Communication Technology –

Environmental “Footprint”

(32)

Teaching and Public Awareness

  Climate change, many environmental problems, resource depletion

are

–  Global issues

–  Highly connected systems

–  Depending on many parameters and hence

–  Very difficult to understand

  Tools are needed to enhance the public awareness and the

systemic nature of such problems, particularly for –  Teaching purpose

–  Public awareness

–  As political instrument

  IT can provide experience in modeling, visualisation, game

development to provide such tools

(33)
(34)

Video-Game: “Makes you Think”

(35)
(36)

Game: “Operation Climate Control”

(37)

Conclusion

  Despite of environmental impact of ICT, clever ICT strategies

can help to reduce much more emissions than it will produce

  ICT Footprint: “direct” front-lines

–  Efficient IT (Green IT)

–  Target/Demand oriented IT (Cloud Computing, SAAS, ...)

–  Dematerialisation effects

  IT as enabler for efficiency measurements in other fields

–  “Measure and Connect”

–  “Green Supply Chains”: Global Optimisations,

E-Government

–  Certified Processes

–  Smart Houses, Grid Optimisations, Production

Automation, ...

  ICT supporting Adaptation (sensor networks, environmental

monitoring, modelling...)

(38)

Dr. Alexander Schatten

Vienna University of Technology

Institute for Software Technology and

Interactive Systems

http://www.schatten.info

References

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