THE COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

Advanced

Rotating

Machinery

Dynamics

ARMD

Version

ARLA Maschinentechnik GmbH

Hansestr. 2

Tel: +49 2267 6585-0

D-51688 Wipperfuerth / GERMANY

Fax: +49 2267 6585-70

made by RBTS, Inc. (USA)

www.rbts.com

THE COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

for …

 Rotor Dynamics

 Torsional Vibration

 Fluid-Film Bearing

 Rolling-Element

Bearings

 Lubricant Analysis

 Wear-Rings &

Aerodynamic Tools

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Version

5.8

Advanced Rotating Machinery Dynamics

The Worldwide Leader in Software for Rotating Machinery

Design, Analysis, Performance Predictions and Troubleshooting

ARMD

Brief summary of new & improved features in ARMD V5.8:

New Features

► ARMD Shaft Viewer is a newly developed 3-D rotor system graphics utility integrated in the ARMD suite. It uses modern 3-D graphic rendering

technology to provide a highly realistic view of model shaft systems and their dynamic performance characteristics/results. Views can be rotated, zoomed, and moved, with results animated, providing the user with a clear viewpoint of features of interest in the shaft system and its dynamic

performance.

► Majorarchitecture overhaul and modifications, including user defined installation files and folders; for operation on XP, Vista and Windows 7/8/8.1 operating systems (OS). ARMD utilizes OS security guidelines for installation in protected and public areas/folders.

► ArmdWear is a newly developed tool integrated in the ARMD suite for computing ring/seal (wear rings) performance properties including dynamic coefficients (stiffness & damping) of incompressible fluids. Can be applied to boiler feed pumps, ammonia/nitrogen/water pumps, etc. Wear-ring dynamic effects required by specifications such as API610 can be

addressed.

Bearing Disk

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Brief summary of new & improved features in ARMD V5.8:

New Features

► ArmdAeroCC is a newly developed tool integrated in the ARMD suite for computing gas compressor aerodynamic cross-coupling destabilizing effects. The computations are based on API 617, Alford’s, or Wachel’s equations.

► Network licensing is now available as an option in the new release. Concurrency (multi-user) software license is also available for use on a local area network. Alternatively, ARMD modules and packages can be supplied with single standalone software key license or hardware/dongle key license.

Enhanced/Improved Features

► Increased number of materials from 250 to 500 in rotor-dynamics and torsional modules.

► Increased number of bearing/springs from 100 to 250 in rotor-dynamics and torsional modules.

► Fluid-film bearing wizards with improved standard default settings and graphical illustration of

many bearings commonly used in industry.

► Enhanced presentation of English and Metric units notation throughout the package.

► Project migration tools to import projects & folders from previous versions to version 5.8

► Backward compatible with previous versions of ARMD input file formats.

► Significant enhancements in solvers for efficiency, settings, error reporting, etc.

► ARMD installation and projects can be created under user-specified folders and on any drive.

► Supports Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 8/8.1

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

New 3-D Shaft Viewer Utility (ARMDShaftViewer)

ARMD Shaft Viewer is a newly developed 3-D rotor system graphics utility integrated in the ARMD suite. It uses modern 3-D graphic rendering technology to provide a highly realistic view of rotating assembly models and drive train system models. In addition, dynamic performance results

generated by the rotor dynamics module ROTLAT and torsional vibration analysis module TORSION can be presented. Displayed models and their dynamic performance results can be rotated, zoomed, moved and animated to provide the user with an efficient and enhanced view of the system dynamic characteristics. The ARMD Shaft Viewer workspace is shown below.

Standard Views Zooming & Rotations Visibility Controls Animation Automatic Scaling Simulation Results Manual Scaling Manual View Controls

Model & Results View Window

Solid model and display background colors are

user conf igurable.

The Shaft Viewer can be run as a stand-alone display utility either from the ARMD main menu or from the computer’s Start menu. It is also fully integrated into the ROTLAT Rotor Dynamics and TORSION Torsional Vibration modules, where it is automatically loaded/accessed via the View menu.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

The default opening view is isometric (ISO). Viewpoint is modified using the buttons for zooming and rotation on the left side of the display. By pressing the + and – buttons, the display can be zoomed or rotated about any of the three axes. The arrow buttons in the middle of the

Viewpoint group move the display left, right, up, and down.

Continuous motion can be achieved by holding any of the arrow buttons down. The display can be reset at any time to one of 4 standard viewpoints, the default ISO view, or projections on the YZ, XZ, or XY planes. The Enclose button re-centers the model without changing its orientation.

Various elements of the model can be selected for display using the check boxes in the Visibility control group. When Solid and Mesh items are selected, the viewer performs an automatic level-of-detail (LOD) calculation to determine when the mesh is too dense. If required, the software then suppresses the mesh display automatically.

The screens shown above and to the right, first show the mesh suppressed on part of the model followed by full mesh as we zoom in.

If the solid display is not selected, but the mesh is, then the LOD calculation is not performed and the mesh is shown for all elements.

Shaft element information can be found in the shaft element display when an element is selected.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

3-Dimensional Presentations Torsional Twist Mode

Among the main features of the Shaft Viewer is its ability to display and animate the motions calculated by the various ARMD solvers. When the Shaft Viewer loads a ROTLAT or TORSION shaft system model, it automatically looks for supported solver output files. No user interaction is needed. These output sets are then presented to the user for display in the Output

Set drop-down box on the viewer’s main toolbar.

Once an output set and property has been selected (i.e. mode shape #1) it is displayed as shown below, with and without the shaft solid model.

For enhanced visualization of torsional vibration analysis results, such as mode shapes, presentation is an angular twist about the rotational Z axis. The angular twist displayed has a maximum range of +/- 45 degrees and the twist

lines extend out beyond the model surface by a factor of 1.25 times the shaft’s

maximum OD.

For long drive trains, visualization and animation of torsional behavior, the angular twists displayed have a maximum range of +/- 90 degrees and the twist lines extend out beyond the model surface by a factor of 2 times the shaft’s maximum OD as shown here.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Displayed mode shapes and vibrational amplitudes (orbits) can be animated by pressing the Play button. During animation, clicking the Pause button will pause the animation at its current frame. The Single Step button advances from the current to the next frame, while the Stop button resets the animation to frame 0. Animation speed can be increased/decreased with the slider/speed bar. A sample animation is shown below.

Bearing Disk

Stop

Play/Pause Step

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

New Wear-Rings tool (ArmdWear )

ArmdWear is an ARMD utility for computing wear-ring/seals performance properties including dynamic coefficients (stiffness and damping) of incompressible fluids such as those found in boiler feed pumps, ammonia/nitrogen/water pumps, etc. The simulation in ArmdWear can be performed for a single point of operation (Single Case) or as a function of operating parameters (Multiple

Case) such as Diameter, Length, Clearance, Pressure Drop, Speed, Fluid Viscosity, or Density.

User created wear-ring input data-files can also be linked to ARMD rotor models developed in the rotor dynamic package ROTLAT, for automatic wear-ring dynamic-coefficients (stiffness &

damping) calculations and considerations in the rotor dynamic simulations. Effects, of wear-rings clearance change during the operational life of the equipment, on the dynamic behavior including natural frequencies, stability and vibration response, can be examined.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

New Aerodynamic Cross Coupling tool (ArmdAeroCC )

ArmdAeroCC is an ARMD utility for computing for computing gas-compressor Aerodynamic Cross-Coupling Destabilizing Effects. The computation can be based on one of the following (user selectable):

 API 617 for centrifugal compressor wheels/impellers.  API 617 for axial flow rotors.

 ALFORD's equation.  WACHEL's equation.

The simulation in can be performed for a single point of operation (Single Case) or as a function of input parameters

(Multiple Case) such as Power, Impeller Diameter, Impeller Discharge Width/Clearance, Ratio of Discharge to Suction Densities, etc.

User created input data files can be linked to ARMD rotor models developed in the rotor dynamic package ROTLAT. Automatic calculations and considerations of aerodynamic cross-coupling destabilizing effects (stiffness & damping) can be applied to rotor dynamic simulations.

Aerodynamic Cross Coupling Destabilizing Effects

Per API Standard 617 (7th Edition) A- For CENTRIFUGAL compressors:

Anticipated cross coupling effects (QA per API 617), entered as +KXY and –KYX stiffness in the rotor dynamic software module ROTLAT, is defined/computed by the following procedures:

QA = [ (HP x Bc x C) / (Dc x Hc x N) ] x (RHOd / RHOs) Where:

QA = Anticipated cross coupling for the rotor, KN/mm, (Klbf/inch) HP = Rated power per stage or impeller, Nm/sec, (HP) Bc = 3

C = 9.55 SI units, (63.0 English units) Dc = Impeller pitch diameter, mm (inch)

Hc = Minimum of diffuser or impeller discharge width per impeller, mm, (inch) N = Operating speed, rpm

RHOd = Gas DISCHARGE density per stage or impeller RHOs = Gas SUCTION density per stage or impeller Note: QA in above equation is calculated for each impeller of the rotor.

Dc = Impeller Diameter

Hc

Hc

Dt

Ht

Aerodynamic Cross Coupling Destabilizing Effects Empirical Formulas Per ALFORD’s Equation

Where:

QA = Cross-coupled stiffness (lbf/inch).

Beta= Slope of the efficiency vs. clearance to vane height ratio. = 0.5 For shrouded axially bladed disk = 1.5 For unshrouded axially bladed disk = 2.0 to 3.0 For unshrouded radial flow impellers = 5.0 to 10.0 In some cases for overhung impellers T = Torque per stage (inch -lbf). Dt = Blade/impeller pitch diameter (inch). Ht = Vane height (inch).

Note: QA in above equation is calculated for each stage of the rotor.

C- ALFORD: Alford’s empirical formula used to compute aerodynamic cross-coupling effects (QA), entered as +KXY and –KYX stiffness in the rotor dynamic software module ROTLAT, is defined/computed by the following procedures:

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

2-D Graphics Utility (ARMDGraph)

ARMDGraph is a graphics utility that employs a Workspace concept to manage multiple graphs with associations to single or multiple graphics output files. The workspace environment contains all user defined plot and chart configuration settings for graphics output files generated by ARMD solvers.

The workspace configuration form consists of two panels. The left panel contains a tree view of the graphs, charts, and graphic output files. The right panel contains all chart and graph settings.

ARMDGraph features include:

 Workspace concept that contains all graph settings and linked graphics output files in one form customized by the user.

 Existing workspace can be easily applied to newly generated graphics output files.  New graphical user interface to access and customize graphs.

 New file format (*.usrx) allows more customization of graphics data than previous (*.usr) format.  Ability to create multiple graphs each of which may contain multiple charts.

 Ability to plot from two or more graphics output files.

 Backwards compatible with files generated by RBTSGRAF (*.usr) graphing utility.  Customizable annotations and line markers.

 Automatic detection of graphics data file changes and updates.

 Plots can be rotated and copied to the clip board as bitmaps or enhanced metafiles.  Utilizes GUI help system.

 Accelerator keys for accessing menu items and switching between charts.  Multiple plots per window (1, 2, 3 or 4) including line, polar, and FFT plots.  Templates for automatic configuration of graphs.

 Save/restore user options (*.USRX), for custom graphs, including:

● Log, semi-log or linear axis scaling. ● Automatic or manual axis scaling.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Graphics Utility (ARMDGraph)

With ARMDGraph, in few simple steps a workspace can be set up, saved and a graphical

representation of simulation results from ARMD solvers can be generated as illustrated below.

1- Open graphics data file.

2- Files with templates.

2- Files with no templates.

3- Configure Workspace. 4- Press

“

Show/Update

Graphs

”

chart/graph

window.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Rotor Dynamics (ROTLAT)

► Computation of system rotor dynamics with consideration of static or

dynamic (frequency-dependent) bearing supports and pedestal mass, stiffness, and damping characteristics have been incorporated in all

ROTLAT solvers.

► Rotor dynamic simulation with user specified individual bearing support

flexibilities.

► Static and dynamic (frequency

dependent) bearing support/ pedestal characteristics data are maintained when feature is disabled/enabled.

► Increased capacities (250 bearings

with 42-DOF each, 40 speeds, 40 external forces, 500 materials, 100 mode shapes, and 500 stations)

permits the modeling and analyses of rotating systems as small as infant size heart pumps to large size electric power generation units.

► Disc graphical

presentation is scaled to disk inertia (wr²) values.

► Increased simulation

points across a large stiffness range can be specified for critical speed map generation and for improved graphical map presentation. HP T u rb in e IP T u rb in e L P A T u rb in e L P B T u rb in e L P C T u rb in e G e n e ra to r

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Rotor Dynamics (ROTLAT)

► Increased (user specified) simulation points for rotor unbalance response analyses.

► Modifications to ROTLAT user

interface and solvers for rotor dynamic simulations considering selected (not all) bearings support flexibilities.

► Element summary feature calculates summations of weight and inertia for selected shaft

element(s). Summary also includes totals of combined shaft/disc weight s and inertia values.

► increased capacity of material

properties provides the ability of defining each of the modeled elements with its own

characteristics (E & G modulus, density, damping) in addition to temperature effects.

► Dynamic characteristics of wear-rings and destabilizing

aerodynamic cross-coupling effects are now integrated in the ROTLAT module for automatic calculations similar to how fluid-film bearings are implemented.

Bearing’s Dynamic Support Flexibility NOTConsidered

Bearing’s Dynamic Support Flexibility Considered

Dynamic support flexibility physically measured from system & incorporated into rotor model.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Rotor Dynamics (ROTLAT)

► New computation for time history of

dynamic forces transmitted to bearings and supports, are

automatically generated in the time transient response analysis solver (RORESP). Results can be viewed graphically. All gravitational,

unbalance, static, and dynamic external forces are considered.

► Integrated simulation for computing static and dynamic forces transmitted to bearings and

foundation for complex systems. All results can be combined in one ARMDGraph workspace with user settings for presentation of multiple graphs and/or multiple windows containing multiple graphs.

Shear forces and bearing loads as a function of shaft length

Computed dynamic forces transmitted to support bearings as a function of speed Shaft deflection

Bearing # 1 Transmitted Dynamic Force Orbit Due to Unbalance & Gravity Load.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Torsional Vibration (TORSION)

► Among recent features

incorporated in TORSION

module are electrically-induced,

time-varying exciting torques

associated with generator and induction motor operation that

include:

Generator

1: 3-phase short circuit 2: Line-to-line short circuit 3: False coupling short circuit

Induction Motor

4: Start from standstill

5: 3-phase short circuit at terminals 6: 2-phase short circuit at terminals 7: High-speed automatic reclosing ► Increased capacities: 500 materials, 100 mode shapes, 500 stations, 250 springs/bearings.

► User defined

time-varying exciting torque can be specified in a CSV torque table file.

This feature can be used to define any type of time-varying torque function at any location along the drive train (e.g. simulation of clutch engagement).

► Electrical excitation, synchronous motor torque, user-specified time-transient external-torques,

& calculated system response torques are available in the graphics output file.

► Numerous modifications to solvers for improved computational efficiency, error reporting and

diagnostics, and round off accuracy. Improved default settings in user interface.

System Response

3-phase short circuit excitation

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

Bearings (Fluid-Film)

► Updated algorithm in tilting-pad

bearings module for performing

individual pad heat balance to compute pad temperature, flow, and power

calculations for flooded and direct feed

lubrication systems.

► Modifications to tilting-pad bearing

module for optional user configuration of tilting pads with sprag relief

(machined taper at leading & trailing edges of pad).

► Addition of Auto 100

eccentricity-ratios/clearances to all modules for enhanced calculations and results.

► Increased fluid film bearing modules

capabilities: 40 to 100 pads, 100 to 200 cases in post-processors, 1,000 to 25,000 pressure grid points. Auto-scroll through multiple cases in post processors. User specified groove angle for non-uniform pad distribution and unique configurations.

► Thrust bearing inner/outer diameter

side leakage flow results in single case post processor.

► Improved tapered-land bearing configuration handling

between main user interface, post-processors, and 3-D view simulation in JURNBR and HYBCBR modules.

► Improved default settings in all bearing templates and

enhanced bearing design wizard functionality.

► Improved lubricant

feeding system & chamfer flow calculations,

including turbulence effects, in all

modules.

ARMD™ 5.8 - News

A successful cooperation: ARLA & RBTS

RBTS: A Tradition in Engineering Excellence

Established in 1986, RBTS, Inc. (USA) offers professional engineering services in rotating machinery dynamics, bearing systems, and structural engineering. RBTS' principals bring a versatile, yet highly specialized perspective to the solution of commonplace as well as unique engineering problems.

As an international leader in the design and development of software for rotating machinery dynamics, bearings, and seals, RBTS offers expertise in advanced rotor dynamic technologies. The engineering software, Advanced Rotating Machinery Dynamics (ARMD™) is currently in use by major corporations worldwide. Through its state-of-the-art software and service programs, RBTS provides computer-assisted technologies to companies to help them "test" the performance of rotating machinery during development and analyze machine failure in operation. Consulting services are available to supplement computer programs and for highly complex or unique machinery.

Through its principals, RBTS offers more than 60 years of combined experience. Senior consultants from these and other engineering fields also work with RBTS. Together, the RBTS network provides the most comprehensive engineering expertise available.

RBTS takes an integrated approach to problem solving, analyzing the entire project to determine the impact of each component. Again, the collective expertise of RBTS' professionals means that the clients receive both generalized as well as specialized consultation. Further information: www.rbts.com

ARLA: From Tradition to Further Progress

In 1918 Arnold Laschet (senior) set up a company in Essen (Germany), specialized in mechanical and electrical engineering, design of tools, fixtures, jigs, gears, devices, special machine tools, and made-to-order production. After World War II, his two sons Arnold and Guenther Laschet took over the management of his company. Since then the products, which have always been linked to the name of ARLA (abbreviation of the senior's name Arnold Laschet), have been continually developed and distributed.

The further growth of the family-owned business led to splitting the company into two independent entities in 1984. At this time, Guenther Laschet and his son Dr.-Ing. Andreas Laschet set up ARLA Maschinentechnik GmbH in Kuerten, a small town near Cologne. In 2002 the company moved to a new location in

Wipperfuerth. The name "Maschinentechnik" stands for machine & technology: machine products, technical software, engineering services, consulting.

ARLA Maschinentechnik GmbH and its highly qualified staff aim at further developing, testing and selling their own ARLA® Machine Products. Another important field of activities covers engineering services, technical software products and also software and hardware systems for computer simulation and virtual engineering (ARLA® Engineering). ARLA uses state-of-the-art computer simulation software packages and advanced engineering tools to calculate the dynamic behaviour (torsional & lateral vibrations) of drive systems. Typical applications are found in all rotating machinery, particularly in vehicles, ships, aircrafts, turbo machinery, and further applications referring to power transmission engineering.

To be able to meet the increasing demands made on the simulation of vibrations, ARLA started a close cooperation with RBTS, Inc. (USA) to offer the rotordynamics software ARMD™ and the accompanying engineering services in Germany, in Europe, and worldwide. This cooperation started in 1999.

Since ARLA is both software developer and professional user, there is always a reference to practical use and customer-near verification of this kind of computer simulation. Worldwide, a lot of customers in R&D and testing departments use the software with great success. Customer-dedicated training courses and

consultancies complete the range of products and services. See also the long list of ARLA's references and publications in the engineering domain on ARLA's web site www.arla.de or www.arla-online.com.