Diversity in Living Organisms – I
(Classification of Plants)
(Classification of Plants)
Five Kingdom Classification
• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
1.
Kingdom Monera
• It includes prokaryotic bacteria and blue green algae.
• They do not have well defined nucleus.
• Nuclear membrane, nucleolus and membranous
• Nuclear membrane, nucleolus and membranous organelles are absent.
• They are autotrophic or Heterotrophic.
Kingdom Monera cont….
• This kingdom is divided into two divisions
:-1. Bacteria (Schizophyta)
2. Blue Green Algae (Cyanophyta) 2. Blue Green Algae (Cyanophyta)
2.
Kingdom Protista
• Includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms like protozoan's, fungi and algae.
• They possess well developed nucleus.
• They possess well developed nucleus.
• They often have cilia or flagella for locomotion.
Kingdom Protista cont….
• They do not exhibit division of labor as they are made up of single cell only. So one cell has to perform all the functions.
perform all the functions.
• Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
3.
Kingdom Fungi
•
They are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms .
•
Mostly they live on dead and decaying organic
matter hence they have saprophytic mode of
matter hence they have saprophytic mode of
nutrition.
•
Some may be parasitic also.
Kingdom Fungi cont….
• Their body is called mycelium and filament type structures are called hypha.
• Yeast, mushrooms and mucor are the examples.
• Yeast, mushrooms and mucor are the examples.
Mucor
4.
Kingdom Plantae
• It includes multicellular green plants and advanced algae.
• They are eukaryotic with cell wall.
• They are eukaryotic with cell wall.
• As they possess chlorophyll they synthesize food by photosynthesis and show autotrophic mode of
Kingdom Plantae cont….
Kingdom Plantae cont….
• Kingdom plantae is divided into various divisions based upon following features :
1. Whether plant is well differentiated or not? 1. Whether plant is well differentiated or not?
2. Whether the differentiated body has special tissues for transport of water and other substances.
1.
Thallophyta
• The plants of this division are unicellular or
multicellular. The plant body is not differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and is called thallus.
roots, stem and leaves and is called thallus.
• Plants are generally autotrophic and reserve food is generally starch.
Thallophyta cont….
• After fertilization the zygote does not develop into an embryo hence these plants are called nonembryonic plants.
• They include algae. Most algae are water living both marine and fresh, some live on land near moist
places.
Chara
Ulothrix Chara
2.
Bryophyta
• They are small multicellular land plants. These simple land plants are confined to shady damp places.
• They are also called amphibians of the plant
• They are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Bryophyta cont….
• Thallus is flat, green and heart shaped called liver worts. In some forms roots do not occur but thin, branched root like structures called rhizoids are branched root like structures called rhizoids are present which anchor the ground with thallus.
• They do not have conductive tissue.
Bryophyta cont….
• Bryophyta and all the higher groups higher than it are called embryophyta.
• Examples of bryophyta are Riccia, funaria (moss) and
Riccia in aquarium Marchantia Riccia in aquarium Marchantia
3.
Pteriodophyta
• They are basically plants grown well in moist, shady and cool places.
• The plant body is differentiated into three parts roots, stem and leaves and they have specialized tissues for stem and leaves and they have specialized tissues for
conduction of water and other substances.
• This group is further subdivided into two parts:
1. Gymnosperms
(a)
Gymnosperms (Lower flowering plants)
• The plants of this division occupy position between pteriodophyta and angiosperms. They possess root,
stem and leaves. stem and leaves.
• They are primitive seed bearing plants regarded as lower flowering plants.
Deodar Pine
Gymnosperms cont….
• Pollination takes only by wind and seeds are not covered by fruits hence called gymnosperms.
• Examples are pine, deodar, pinus and cycas.
(b) Angiosperms (Higher flowering plants)
• The advanced seed bearing plants and also regarded as higher flowering plants are included here.
• The plant body is differentiated into organs like root,
• The plant body is differentiated into organs like root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.
Angiosperms cont….
• Well developed Unisexual and Bisexual flowers are present.
• After fertilization ovules are converted into seeds and
• After fertilization ovules are converted into seeds and ovary into fruit.
• As the seeds are enveloped by pericarp in the fruit.
Angiosperms cont….
• They are subdivided into two categories:-1. Dicots
1.
Monocots
• They have single cotyledon in their seeds.
• They possess adventitious fibrous root system.
• Normally the stem is unbranched. Rarely it may be feebly branched.
feebly branched.
• Leaves possess parallel venation.
• Flowers are Trimerous.
2.
Dicot
• These plant shave two cotyledons.
• They normally possess tap root system.
• Stem is normally branched.
• Stem is normally branched.
• The leaves show reticulate venation.
• Flowers are either tetramerous or pentamerous.
