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1) Ministry of The Environment. Reduction of Salinity in Municipal Sewage. Israel

Environment Bulletin, 23 (4), 11-14 (2000).

2) Loomins, W.D. and Drust, R.W. Chemistry and Biology of Boron. Biofactors, 3, 229-239

(1992).

3) Harussi, Y., Rom, D., Galil, N. and Semiat, R. Evaluation of Membrane Processes to

Reduce the Salinity of Reclaimed Wastewater. Desalination, 137, 71-89 (2001).

* & $

% ' &

5) Ministry of the Environment. Reducing Wastewater Salinity from Detergents. Israel

Environment Bulletin, 23 (4), 15-17 (2001).

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12) World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2nd ed. Addendum to

Vol. 2, Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information, 15-29, Geneva (1998).

13) Nordman, J., "Qualitative Testing and Inorganic Chemistry", John Wiley & Sons (1957).

14) Timm, J.A. "General Chemistry". McGraw Hill, p. 534-537 (1950)

15) Pastor, M.R., Ruiz,A.F., Chillon, M.f. and Prats Rico, D. Influence of pH in the

Elimination of Boron by Means of Reverse Osmosis. Desalination, 140, 145-152 (2001).

16) Oxpring, D.A., McClean, S., O'Kane, E. and Smyth, W.F., Study of the chelation of boron

with Azomethine H by differential pulse polarography, liquid chromatography and

capillary electrophoresis and its analytical applications, Analytica Chimica Acta, 317,

295-301 (1995).

17) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed., American

Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA (1992).

18) Jamis, P., Muhr, H. and Plasari, E., Boron removal from waste solutions using a

multiphase co-precipitation process, ICIC15, 15th international symposium on industrial crystallization, Sorrento, Italy (2002).

(22)

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Givati and D. Rosenfeld, 2004: Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. Journal of Applied meteorology 43, 1038-1056.

Amir Givati and Daniel Rosenfeld, 2005: Separation between Cloud Seeding and Air Pollution

Effects. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 1298-1314

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Lahav.R and Rosenfeld.D., 2003: Natural and Artificial Rain Enhancement by Sea Spray: The 83th AMS Conference ,Long Beach ,CA .9-13 Feb, p.J5.6.

Lahav.R and Rosenfeld.D.,2004: The search for the optimal size of hygroscopic seeding particles. 14th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation, Bolonga, Italy.

(41)

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References

Alexander, R. B., Smith, R. A. and G. E. Schwartz. 2000. Effect of stream channel size on the

delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico. Nature 403: 758-761.

Mullholand, P. J., Vallet, H. M., Webster, J. R., Thomas, S. A., Cooper, L. W., Hamilton, S. K. and B. J. Peterson. 2004. Stream denitrification and total nitrate uptake rates measured using a field 15N tracer addition approach. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49: 809-820.

Serruya, 1978. Water chemistry. In: Lake Kinneret Monographiae. Junk publishers, The Hague.

(47)

&

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Galil&Golan 1:50 ,000

(1996 ) 4 4d 4g 5 6 1 3a 3b 2 3 13 12

11 10 _{9 8}7

% '" !

(48)

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in m g/l

station _{param e te r}

contribution of nutrients on 14.12.03

NH4mg/l NO3-mg/l PP-ug/l TDP-ug/l SRP-ug/l

(49)

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P-Rhodamine experiment 1 st.4 on Kalil 09.10.05

Integration of Data2_PPcor. from zero: i = 1 --> 21

x = 0 --> 294

Area Peak at Width Height

---6829.7 74 20 141.4

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x = 0 --> 294

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TPcor SRP PPcor. RhodamineWT acc.time,minutes P -i n g P /l 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Integration of Data2_RhodamineWT from zero: i = 1 --> 21

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[image:49.595.47.481.159.330.2]

R h o da m in e p p m /m3

Figure 35: Rhodamine and P species (TP,SRP,PP) vs.time on 09.10.2005 experiment, in st.4d Kalil

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

P-Rhodamine experiment 1 st.4 on Kalil 09.10.05

Integration of Data2_PPcor. from zero: i = 1 --> 21

x = 0 --> 294

---6829.7 74 20 141.4

Integration of Data2_SRP from zero: i = 1 --> 21

x = 0 --> 294

---78380 84 30 2503.2

Integration of Data2_TPcor from zero: i = 1 --> 21

x = 0 --> 294

---85214.2 84 30 2542.8

TPcor SRP PPcor. RhodamineWT acc.time,minutes P -i n g P /l 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Integration of Data2_RhodamineWT from zero: i = 1 --> 21

x = 0 --> 294

---73.2568 104 40 2.0207

R h o da m in e p p m /m3

(50)

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6.2.05 2.3.05 8.1.06 B . SRP / TP ratio in winter 2005 -6

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1. Barcelona Convention: Protecting the Mediterranean Sea. Signed 1976, Amended in 1995.

2. Dan Region Wastewater Project. Mekorot Water Company report ,2001.

3. ' ' ( '

4. Drinking Water Methods (non EPA): Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2004.

5. US Environmental Protection Agency: Federal Register. Hazardous Waste Management System, 2001.

6. http://www.biowww.net/detail-717.html

Gad Shani and Shlomit Magidovich , Sludge Disinfection using Photons and Electrons Irradiation The 20’th International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 3-6 April 2005.

(63)

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Particle Counts of Kaolin Suspension Before and After UV Irradiation

3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Particles (counts/ml)

Control

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Before Irradiation After Irradiation

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Adams, M.H.(1959). Bacteriophages. New York: Interscience Publisher, Inc.

Dupont, H., Chappell C, Sterling C., Okhuysen P, Rose J, et al 1995. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N.Engl.J.Med. 332:855-59.

Feachem, R., Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H. and Mara, D. (1983). Sanitation and disease, in health Aspects of Excerta and Wastewater Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Lisle J.T. and Rose, J.B. (1995). Cryptosporidium contamination of water in the USA and UK. A mini Review. J.Water SRT-Aqua 42(4), 1-15.

Nasser, A.M., Estes, M.K. and Metcalf, T.G. (1991). Detection of human rotaviruses in fresh

and estuarine waters by dot-blot hybridization. Water Science and Technology 23:253-260.

Rosenblum, S.L., Mirkin, R.L., Allen, D.T., Safford, S., and Hadler, C.S. (1990). A multifocal outbreak of hepatitis A traced to commercially distributed lettuce. Am.J.Pub.Health 80:1075-1079.

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.1995.19th_{edition. American}

public health association,Washington,DC

Slifko T.R., Friedman, D., Rose, J.B., and Jakubowski, W. (1997). An in vitro method for

detecting infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts with cell culture. Appl. Environ Microbiol.

63:3669-75

(70)

Paulman H., A. Nasser, O. Sela and Y. Nitzan. (2005). Inactivation of B. subtilis, MS2 coliphage and E. coli by UV irradiatin. WEKNOW Conference, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. 13-15, June 2005.

Nasser, AM, H. Paulman, T. Kraitzer, H. Cikurel, U. Zuckerman, A. Meir, A. Aharoni, N. Tsadik and A. Adin. (2005). UV disinfection of wastewater effluents for unrestricted irrigation.

13th International symposium on Health Related Water Microbiology, 5-9.9.2005. Swansea, UK.

(71)

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[image:72.595.68.524.95.413.2]

Table 1: Number of SSR loci along the two chromosomes of V. cholerae (El-Tor N16961). Select loci for the study (total of 18) are marked at parentheses.

Number of SSR core motif (bp)

Repeats 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Chromosome 1 (VC)

3 - 4758 1098 21 2 1 1 1 0

4 - 331 36 0 0 0 2 (2) 0 0

5 9490 20 2 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 2852 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 629 0 0 0 0 0 1 (1) 0 1 (1)

8 112 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 20 (4) 0 0 0 0 1 (1) 0 0 0

10 2 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chromosome 2 (VCA)

3 - 1711 409 5 0 0

4 - 111 5 (1) 0 0 0

5 3524 8 0 0 0 0

6 1073 0 0 0 0 0

7 233 0 0 0 0 0

8 31 (3) 0 0 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 1 0 0 0 0 0

14 0 0 0 0 0 1 (1)

23 0 0 0 0 0 1 (1)

Table 2: Number of mononucleotide repeat (MNR) loci, according to the number of the repeated nucleotide, in the genome of E. coli, L. monocytogenes,V. cholerae and V. vulnificus.

Bacterial species Genome Number of Tandem MNR Repeats (bp)

Size Mbp 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-13

E. coli K12 MG1655 4.64 13880 4119 1003 215 19 1 0

E. coli O157:H7 5.50 17394 5349 1351 308 29 0 1*

L. monocytogenes EGD -e

serotype 1/2a 2.94 17641 6565 2331 243 16 1 1

**

V. cholerae O1 biovar eltor str.

N16961 Chromosomes 1+ 2 4.03 13014 3925 862 143 21 2 2**

Vibrio vulnificus YJ016

Chromosomes 1+ 2 5.20 17394 4825 1085 216 32 3 1**

[image:72.595.65.527.485.655.2]

(73)

[image:73.595.87.507.107.622.2]

Table 3: Number of sequence types, diversity indexes and proportion of SSR tracts out of the loci sequence of 28 L. monocytogenes

strains and 6 Listeria species at 20 loci, based on SSR-MLST data.

* All the loci include one allele of no product **These loci include one allele of no product

Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes

SSR Locus Sequence

length [bp]Number of

sequence types*

Diversity index-DI

Number of sequence types

Diversity Index-DI

betL 238 5 0.73 5** 0.68

clpE 330 9 0.81 7 0.74

ATTM 341 4 0.69 3 0.59

cheR 270 6 0.74 5 0.66

lisR 300 6 0.66 3 0.52

lmo1430 240 5 0.73 5** 0.69

lmo0196 341 7 0.77 5 0.68

lmo0672 373 8 0.85 7** 0.82

lmo0023 226 6 0.71 4 0.59

lmo2142 254 8 0.82 6 0.76

motB 350 8 0.78 6 0.69

fhuG 320 9 0.86 7 0.82

lmo2560 380 8 0.75 5 0.65

lmo1982 320 8 0.83 6 0.78

lmo0841 270 0.70 * 0.59

lmo0075 260 13 0.89 12** 0.90

lmo0042 254 5 0.74 5** 0.71

fhuB 259 7 0.77 5 0.68

lmo0176 300 7 0.77 5 0.68

(74)

[image:74.595.67.558.75.518.2]

Table 4: Number of alleles and diversity values of 32 clinical and environmental isolates of V. cholerae at 18 SSR loci.

Repeat variation Sequence variation

Locus Core motif and number of repeats of SSR tract in V.cholerae O1 El-Tor

Position a

Number of

alleles DiversityIndexNumber sequence typesof DiversityIndex Seque

nce length (bp)

SSR

VC0147- (6)9 (AACAGA)9 In coding 10 0.85

VC0437- (7)7 (GACCCTA)7 Non- coding 7 0.78

VC0500- (7)4 (TTGTCGA)4 In coding 2b 0.45

VC1418- (3)5 (TGA)5 In coding 2 0.50

VC1458- (7)4 (AAATCAA)4 Non- coding 5b 0.58

VC1650- (9)7 (GATAATCCA)7 In coding 8 0.84

VCA0171- (6)23 (TGCTGT)23 In coding 13 0.91

VCA0283- (6)14 (ACCAGA)14 In coding 10b 0.68

VCA1082- (3)4 (AAC)4 In coding 2b 0.06

MNR

VC0332-(A)9 (A)9 Non- coding 3 0.53 4 0.56 145

VC0341-(A)10 (A)10 Non- coding 1

-VC0929-(G)8 (G)8 Non- coding 8b 0.77 11b 0.79 155

VC1132-(A)9 (A)9 Non- coding 1 _ 9 0.71 160

VC1491-(A)9 (A)9 Non- coding 1 _ 4 0.53 178

VC1833-(T)9 (T)9 Non- coding 4 0.54 9 0.59 193

VCA0107-(T)8 (T)8, (T)4(G)4 Non- coding 3c 0.51 5 0.57 138

VCA0197-(A)8 (A)8 Non- coding 2 0.06 4 0.37 270

VCA1064-(T)8 (T)8 Non- coding 3 0.56 6 0.68 116

a_{Position of the SSR or MNR.}

b_{Loci that include no amplification product as one of the alleles}

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. V ) of a 1 along chromosome 3

> and repeats number 2

> core motif R with

Distribution of SS :

[image:75.595.33.542.39.190.2] [image:75.595.121.398.262.682.2]

1 Figure

vulnificus (YJ016) and b) V. cholerae (El-Tor N16961).

Figure 2: PCR amplification products of V. cholerae DNA at the VCA0171-(6)23 SSR locus. Products

were separated on 2.5% agarose gel (a) or analyzed by ABI Genotyper using fluorescent-labeled primer

(b). Lanes are as followed: M- Size marker (puc8), 1- O1 Og-6 (+), 2- O139-10 (-), 3- O139-3 (+), 4-

O141-11 (+), 5- O1 In-8 (-), 6- O9-5 (-), 7- O2-25 (-), 8- O2-27 (-), 9- O2-32 (-), 10- O140-20 (-).

6 26 46 66 86 106 126 146 166 186

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Location along chromosome 1 (Mbp)

To

ta

l S

S

R

le

ng

th

(b

p) a) b)

6 16 26 36 46 56 66

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 Location along Chromosome 1 (Mb)

To

ta

l S

S

R

le

ng

th

(b

p)

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1 60 G8 GenBank GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O1 In 39193 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O139 58-99 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O1 Og ElTor GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O139 470-00 GTGCATAATG TGATGAGTGA TTTTATGGTG TGAG...TTA TCTCTTTCCT CATTAAGCAT O141 849-95 GTGCATAATG TGATGAGTGA TTTTATGGTG TGAG...TTA TCTCTTTCCT CATTAAGCAT O1 In 35A3 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTAGGGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O1 In 61161 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTAGGGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O141 475-00 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA..GGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O2 EB116 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA..GGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT

O2 k2 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA..GGG GGTGAGTTTA TCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT

O10 Zc22 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA..GGG GGTGAGTTTA TCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT

O2 k183 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA..GGG GGTGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT

O79 B145 GTGCATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA...GG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT

O79 T145 GTGCATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA...GG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT

O22 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA...GG GGTGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O37 Zc5a GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA...GG GGTGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT Consensus GTG-AT-ATG TGATGAG--A TTTTA----G -G-G---TTA -C-CTTTCCT CATTAA-CAT

(

a

)

₁ ₆₀

G8 GenBank GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O1 In 39193 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O139 58-99 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O1 Og ElTor GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA.GGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O139 470-00 GTGCATAATG TGATGAGTGA TTTTATGGTG TGAG...TTA TCTCTTTCCT CATTAAGCAT O141 849-95 GTGCATAATG TGATGAGTGA TTTTATGGTG TGAG...TTA TCTCTTTCCT CATTAAGCAT O1 In 35A3 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTAGGGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O1 In 61161 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTAGGGGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O141 475-00 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA..GGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT O2 EB116 GTGAATGATG TGATGAGGCA TTTTA..GGG GGGGAGTTTA CCGCTTTCCT CATTAATCAT

(

a

)

₁ ₆₀

(

a

)

₁ ₆₀

(

a

)

O79 B145

O37 Zc5a O10 Zc22b

(

b

)

O1 Inaba 391-93

O1 Inaba 35-A-3 O79 B145

O37 Zc5a O10 Zc22b

(

b

)

O1 Inaba 391-93

O1 Inaba 35-A-3 O79 B145

O37 Zc5a O10 Zc22b

(

b

)

O1 Inaba 391-93

O1 Inaba 35-A-3

[image:76.595.66.488.55.496.2]

Figure 3: Sequence alignment (a) and corresponding electropherogram (b) of representatives isolates of

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0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

O140 Z56B - Env2_{, Zanzibar}

O49 Zc32 - Env2_{, Zanzibar}

O2 k183 - Env2_{, Kishon river, Israel}

O10 Zc22b - Env2_{, Zanzibar}

O79 B145 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Tivon, Israel}

O79 T145 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Tivon, Israel}

O139 470-00 - Arakawa et al. 2000

O9 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Shafdan, Israel}

O2 k2 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Kenya}

O2 B27 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Shafdan, Israel}

O141 849-95 - Arakawa et al. 2000

O22 - Env2_{, Japan}1

O141 475-00 + Arakawa et al. 2000

O2 EB116 - Env2_{, El-Roy spring, Israel}

O37 Zc5a - Env2_{, Zanzibar}

O1 Inaba 35-A-3 + Clinical, Maryland1 O1 Inaba -6-11-61 + Clinical, IMH1

O1 Ogawa 41 + Clinical, Maryland, 19711 O1 Ogawa El-Tor 20 - Clinical, Rwanda, 19941 O1 Inaba 155314 + Clinical, Gaza, 1972, Israel1 O1 Inaba + Clinical, Gaza, 1994, Israel1 O1 Ogawa El-Tor 4 - Clinical, IMH1

O1 Inaba 390-93 - Arakawa et al. 2000

O1 Inaba 384157 + Clinical, Israel1

O139 58-99 + Arakawa et al. 2000

O139 + Clinical, Calcutta

O1 Ogawa El-Tor + Clinical, Gaza 1994, Israel

O1 Inaba 391-93 + Arakawa et al. 2000

O1 Ogawa + Clinical, IMH1

O1 Ogawa 185 + Clinical, IMH1 Serotype ctxA Source of isolation

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

O140 Z56B - Env2_{, Zanzibar}

O2 k183 - Env2_{, Kishon river, Israel}

O10 Zc22b - Env2_{, Zanzibar}

O79 B145 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Tivon, Israel}

O79 T145 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Tivon, Israel}

O139 470-00 - Arakawa et al. 2000

O9 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Shafdan, Israel}

O2 k2 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Kenya}

O2 B27 - Env2_{, WSP}3_{, Shafdan, Israel}

O141 849-95 - Arakawa et al. 2000

O22 - Env2_{, Japan}1

O141 475-00 + Arakawa et al. 2000

O2 EB116 - Env2_{, El-Roy spring, Israel}

O37 Zc5a - Env2_{, Zanzibar}

O1 Inaba 35-A-3 + Clinical, Maryland1 O1 Inaba -6-11-61 + Clinical, IMH1

O1 Ogawa 41 + Clinical, Maryland, 19711 O1 Ogawa El-Tor 20 - Clinical, Rwanda, 19941 O1 Inaba 155314 + Clinical, Gaza, 1972, Israel1 O1 Inaba + Clinical, Gaza, 1994, Israel1 O1 Ogawa El-Tor 4 - Clinical, IMH1

O1 Inaba 390-93 - Arakawa et al. 2000

O1 Inaba 384157 + Clinical, Israel1

O139 58-99 + Arakawa et al. 2000

O139 + Clinical, Calcutta

O1 Ogawa El-Tor + Clinical, Gaza 1994, Israel

O1 Inaba 391-93 + Arakawa et al. 2000

O1 Ogawa + Clinical, IMH1

[image:77.595.97.499.50.394.2]

O1 Ogawa 185 + Clinical, IMH1 Serotype ctxA Source of isolation

Figure 4: Dendrogram presenting the variation among 32 V. cholerae isolates constructed by UPGMA

cluster analysis based on combined data of 7 SSR loci and 8 MNR-MLST loci analyzed as sequence types.

(+) and (–) stand for the presence or absence of the ctxA gene. 1 Collection of The Israeli Ministry of Health (IMH) .

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in cooperation with (

array system for bacterial identification

-micro Optical fiber :

5 gure Fi

Prof. Walt, USA, Shepard et al. 2005). (A) Array of fibers with (B) beads harboring probes in the edge of the fiber. (C) Fluorescent signals of specific cycle-hybridization results of the same fiber harboring 6 different probes (randomly located & repeated at the 3000 potential positions).

Microscopic hybridization results of PCR amplification products from E. coli strains at 5

representative loci to the probes compared to the positive control background signal (high left and marked by arrow in all pictures).

: Articles that are direct results of the current project

*Shepard JRE, Danin-Poleg Y, Kashi Y and Walt DR (2004) Array-based binary analysis for bacterial typing. Anal. Chem. 77,319-326.