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AVEVA Plant
(12 Series)
Pipework Modelling
TM-1100
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Revision Log
Date Revision Description of Revision Author Reviewed Approved
03/08/2007 0.1 Issued for Review BT
01/05/2008 0.2 Reviewed BT KM
07/05/2008 1.0 Approved for Training 12.0.0.3 BT KM RP
27/08/2008 1.1 Issued for Review BT
27/08/2008 1.2 Reviewed BT SW
12/12/2008 2.0 Issued for Review 12.0.SP3 BT SW RP
Updates
All headings containing updated or new material will be highlighted.
Suggestion / Problems
If you have a suggestion about this manual or the system to which it refers please report it to the AVEVA Group Solutions Centre at gsc@aveva.com
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Disclaimer
Information of a technical nature, and particulars of the product and its use, is given by AVEVA Solutions Ltd and its subsidiaries without warranty. AVEVA Solutions Ltd. and its subsidiaries disclaim any and all warranties and conditions, expressed or implied, to the fullest extent permitted by law.
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The manual and associated documentation may not be adapted, reproduced, or copied in any material or electronic form without the prior written permission of AVEVA Solutions Ltd. The user may also not reverse engineer, decompile, copy or adapt the associated software. Neither the whole nor part of the product described in this publication may be incorporated into any third-party software, product, machine or system without the prior written permission of AVEVA Solutions Limited or save as permitted by law. Any such unauthorised action is strictly prohibited and may give rise to civil liabilities and criminal prosecution.
The AVEVA products described in this guide are to be installed and operated strictly in accordance with the terms and conditions of the respective licence agreements, and in accordance with the relevant User Documentation. Unauthorised or unlicensed use of the product is strictly prohibited.
Printed by AVEVA Solutions on 02 March 2009
© AVEVA Solutions and its subsidiaries 2001 – 2007
5
Contents
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1 Introduction ... 9 1.1 Aim ... 9 1.2 Objectives ... 9 1.3 Prerequisites ... 9 1.4 Course Structure... 91.5 Using this guide ... 9
2 Pipework Modelling ... 11
2.1 Entering a Design Session... 12
2.2 Piping Specifications... 12
2.3 Setting the Appropriate Specification... 13
2.4 Pipework Toolbar ... 13
2.5 Pipe Creation Form ... 14
2.6 Pipe Branches ... 14
2.7 Pipe Branch Heads and Tails... 15
2.7.1 Attributes for heads of branches ... 15
2.7.2 Attributes for tails of branches... 15
2.8 Pipe Branch Head / Tail Positioned Explicitly... 16
2.9 Pipe Branch Head / Tail Connected ... 17
2.10 Pipe Branch Components (Pipe Fittings) ... 17
2.11 Creating Branch Components (Pipe Fittings)... 18
2.12 Component Creation Form ... 18
2.13 Component Selection Form ... 19
2.13.1 The components Tab ... 19
2.13.2 The Specs. Tab ... 19
2.13.3 The Errors Tab ... 20
2.13.4 The Options tab... 20
2.14 Branch Components List Order ... 21
2.15 Typical Design Explorer showing Tube... 21
2.16 Arrive and Leave Points ... 23
2.17 Quick Pipe Routing ... 24
2.18 Extended Handle Pop-ups ... 24
2.19 Rotational Handle Pop-ups ... 26
2.20 Quick Pipe Routing (Example)... 27
3 Pipe Routing a worked example... 29
3.1 Entering AVEVA Plant ... 30
3.2 Entering the Piping Application ... 30
3.3 Piping Hierarchy... 30
3.4 Pipe Creation form ... 30
3.5 Creating Piping Components ... 33
Exercise 1 – Pipe Branch Worked Example... 42
Exercise 2 - Creating a Second Branch... 42
Exercise 3 - Building the Pipework... 43
3.6 Copying Branches ... 49
Exercise 4 - Completing the Pipework ... 54
4 Replacing Components... 59
4.1 Replacing Components using the same Piping Spec... 59
4.2 Replacing Components using an Alternative Piping Spec ... 60
4.2.1 Fixed Cut Mitred Bends... 60
4.2.2 Variable Cut Mitred Bends ... 63
Exercise 5 - Replacing Components ... 63
5 Data Consistency Checker ... 65
5.1 Possible Types of Data Error... 65
5.1.1 Angular Alignment ... 65
5.1.2 Axial Alignment... 65
5.1.3 Consistent Bores ... 65
5.1.4 Connection Types ... 65
5.1.5 Minimum Tube Length ... 65
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5.2.1 Specifying Parameters and Tolerances ... 66
5.2.2 Minimum Tube length... 67
5.3 Data Consistency Check Report Format ... 67
5.3.1 Data Consistency Diagnostic Messages... 67
5.4 Some Examples of Data Consistency Diagnostic Messages... 68
5.4.1 Branch Head Errors ... 68
5.4.2 Branch Tail Errors ... 69
5.4.3 Plain Branch Errors ... 69
5.4.4 Component–Specific Diagnostics ... 70
5.4.5 End–Component Diagnostics... 71
Exercise 6 - Data consistency check... 72
6 Interference or Clash Detection ... 73
6.1 Displaying Obstructions ... 74
6.2 Executing a Clash Run ... 74
Exercise 7 – Clash Detection... 75
7 Hole Management ... 77
7.1 Introduction to Hole Management... 77
7.1.1 Hole Element Storage ... 78
7.1.2 Request and Approval Workflow... 78
7.1.3 Non-penetration Managed Holes ... 80
7.1.4 Use of the Hole Management Application... 81
7.2 Creating the Fixing Area ... 81
7.3 Creating single Pipe Penetration... 82
7.4 Pipe Penetration Example Couplings ... 85
7.5 Creating Multiple Pipe Penetrations ... 86
7.6 Pipe Penetration Examples... 88
7.7 Requesting Holes... 89
7.8 Approving Holes ... 90
7.9 Reject and Redundant Holes ... 91
Exercise 8 – Hole Management ... 91
8 Isometric Production ... 93
Exercise 9 – Isometric Production... 93
9 Sloping / Falling Pipelines ... 95
9.1 Orientation and Positioning Components in Falling Pipelines... 95
9.2 Creating Sloping Pipes... 96
Exercise 10 - Creating Sloping Pipes ... 97
9.3 Controlling the Pipe Component Slope ... 97
Exercise 11 - Controlling Pipe Component Slope... 99
10 Alternative Positioning Forms... 101
10.1 Position>Component>Plane Through ... 101
10.2 Positioning Piping Items Relative to Other Design Items ... 101
10.2.1 Position>Component>BoP/ToP (Infront) ... 101
10.2.2 Position>Component>BoP/Top (Behind)... 102
10.3 Position>Component>BoP/Top - Non–orthogonal Pipelines... 102
10.3.1 Positioning Onto another Item... 102
10.4 Positioning Under another Item ... 102
10.4.1 Positioning Infront another Item ... 103
10.4.2 Positioning Behind another Item ... 103
10.5 Position>Component>Clearance ... 103
10.5.1 Position>Component>Clearance (Infront) ... 103
10.5.2 Position>Component>Clearance (Behind) ... 104
10.6 Position>Component>Clearance - Non–orthogonal Pipelines ... 104
10.6.1 Positioning with Clearance Onto another Item... 104
10.6.2 Positioning with Clearance Under another Item... 104
10.6.3 Positioning with Clearance In-front another Item ... 105
10.6.4 Positioning with Clearance Behind another Item ... 105
10.7 Forwards and Backwards ... 105
10.8 Alternative Positioning Example ... 106
Exercise 12 – Alternative Positioning... 108
11 Pipe Assemblies ... 109
11.1 Using Pipe Assemblies during Piping Design ... 109
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12 Pipe Splitting ... 113
12.1 Pipe Splitting at a component ... 113
12.2 Pipe Splitting on a Plane ... 114
12.2.1 Elements to Split ... 115
12.2.2 Split Pipe Options, (Split Pipe on Plane)... 115
12.2.3 Moving Down Stream Components ... 115
12.2.4 Plane definition... 115
12.2.5 Assembly Selection... 116
12.2.6 Split Pipe ... 116
12.3 Split Pipe into Segments... 117
Exercise 17 - Pipe Splitting... 118
13 Pipe Editing (Component Bore/Specification) ... 119
13.1 Changing Component Spec... 119
Exercise 18 - Pipe Editing (Component Bore/Specification)... 122
13.2 Changing Component Nominal Bore ... 123
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CHAPTER 1
1 Introduction
Pipe routing is probably the activity that consumes most time on any large project and it is also one, which causes the most problems. Pipe routing in PDMS has always been one of the major strengths of the system, as you will discover in this module.
1.1 Aim
The aim of the course is to provide the skills required to use the PDMS Piping Design application in the most productive way, to introduce some of the techniques that are used in the other Design applications and have an understanding of Piping components, routing, checking isometrics and simple Clash detection.
1.2 Objectives
At the end of this Piping Design training course, the participants will able to:
Understand the basic concepts of Pipes and Branches.
Understand the use of piping specifications in AVEVA Plant.
Understand the concept of branch heads and tails and the importance of component list order and flow direction within a branch.
Create position and orientate piping components.
Orient and position components in falling pipelines.
Apply Insulation and Tracing to the pipelines
Use more complex positioning with relation to other design items.
Run Data Consistency Checks to screen or file including Parameters and Tolerances and to understand most of the diagnostic messages.
Perform simple Clash Checks
Perform Check Isometrics.
Create and use Piping Design Assemblies.
Understand pipe splitting on components or by using Assemblies. 1.3 Prerequisites
The participants must have completed the PDMS Introduction and Basics course.
1.4 Course Structure
Training will consist of oral and visual presentations, demonstrations and set exercises. Each workstation will have a training project, populated with model objects. This will be used by the trainees to practice their methods, and complete the set exercises.
1.5 Using this guide
Certain text styles are used to indicate special situations throughout this document, here is a summary; Menu pull downs and button press actions are indicated by bold dark turquoise text.
Information the user has to Key-in will be red and Bold
Annotation for trainees benefit:
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Additional informationRefer to other documentation
System prompts should be bold and italic in inverted commas i.e. 'Choose function' Example files or inputs will be in the courier new font, colours and styles used as before.
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CHAPTER 2
2 Pipework Modelling
The following Chapter describes how PDMS is used for modelling pipework. There is a separate design hierarchy for pipe routing, as shown below. In principle, each pipe element may own a number of branches. In turn, branches may own a number of piping components like valves and reducers.
The difference between pipes and branches is that a branch is only considered to have two ends, while a pipe may have any number of ends, depending on the number of branches it owns.
Below shows a pipe with three ends and two branches. The second branch is connected to the first at the tee.
This brings in another rule that says that although a branch only has two ends, it may own components (in this case a tee), which connects to other branches. These simple concepts enable any number of piping configurations to be developed, and form the basis of all the PDMS Pipework you will encounter.
Alternatively the branch could leave the tee through the offline leg as shown.
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2.1 Entering a Design Session
To start the PDMS application, Select All Programs > AVEVA > PDMS 12.0 > Run PDMS
Your Trainer will provide a shortcut User Name and Password to PDMS but typically it will be as follows:
On the AVEVA PDMS Login box, enter
Project SAM
Username USERA
Password A
MDB TRAINA
Module Design
and then click OK
A default screen layout will be displayed comprising the general menu bar for the application and a Design Explorer window showing all the objects from the current project database. You can reposition and, in some cases, resize Designs windows. If you select a named file from the load form selector then the screen will be returned to the layout at the time of saving.
Once the Design application has been started, check that you are running in the Pipework application, this can be seen on the top of the design framework, if it does not say Pipework Application, then select Design > Pipework, this will then change to the correct application.
2.2 Piping Specifications
In the same way that design offices have standard piping specifications, PDMS has a set of specifications from which you can choose. In fact all the components you will use in PDMS must be defined in the Catalogue and be placed in a Specification before you can use them. In the Training Project there are three such specifications:
A1A = ANSI CLASS 150 CARBON STEEL
A3B = ANSI CLASS 300 CARBON STEEL
F1C = ANSI CLASS 150 STAINLESS STEEL
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2.3 Setting the Appropriate SpecificationThe first task when building a pipe is to decide which specification you are going to use. For the Training Project, the first letter in the pipe name represents the specification to be used. For example, the pipe /150-B-5 has the letter ‘B’ to represent the specification.
The specification letters are as follows: - A = /A1A
B = /A3B C = /F1C
Having decided on the appropriate specification, this is then set as an attribute of the pipe. Any subsequent branches will automatically be assigned with the same specification (although this can be re-specified if required).
When you enter the Piping Application the Default Specification Form is displayed.
The default Insulation and Tracing Specifications can also be set using this form but are only active when ticked.
2.4 Pipework Toolbar
The Pipework Toolbar is used to Manipulate Pipes, Branches and Branch Components.
The default Piping Specification can be reset using this Icon.
Default Pipe Specification
Used for the Creation of Pipes
Modifying Pipes
Display Piping
Components Creation Form
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Used for reselecting Piping Components.A range of Piping Components can be deleted using this icon.
Used to Align components.
Used to Orientate Components.
2.5 Pipe Creation Form
To Display the Pipe Creation form, select the Show pipe creation form icon from the Pipework Toolbar
The Create Pipe form is now displayed
Pipes hold reference data i.e. Insulation and Tracing Specs, and also the Temperature and Pressure of the pipe.
Before creating the pipe we must first navigate to the correct zone using the Design Explorer,
The Bore field indicated on the form is the nominal bore for this pipe and does not affect the pipe route.
2.6 Pipe Branches
Branches serve two purposes:
• They define the start and finish points of a pipe route (known as the Head and Tail in PDMS). • They own the piping components, which define the route.
The position and order of the piping components below branch level determine the physical route. In PDMS you only ever need to consider the fittings, because the pipe that appears between fittings is automatically set (or implied) by PDMS according to the specifications of the fittings.
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2.7 Pipe Branch Heads and Tails
All branches need to have a start and end point. These can be a position in space (3D co-ordinates), the flange face of a nozzle, a tee or various other points in your design. Heads and tails are set up via a series of attributes that belong to the branch element.
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Note the Branch head is at the face of Nozzle 1 and the Branch Tail is at the face of Nozzle 2.2.7.1 Attributes for heads of branches
HPOS The position in the zone where the branch starts.
HCON The connection type of the branch end (Up to a 4 character code for flanged, butt weld, screwed, etc.).
HDIR The direction in which the start of the branch is pointing (as if you were looking down the bore). HBOR The bore of the pipe (this can be metric or imperial).
HREF The name of the item to which the branch head is connected (e.g. /C1101-N1). If this is not set, then the branch is open to the atmosphere for a vent or drain.
HSTU This is a reference to the catalogue, which determines the material of the first piece of pipe, between the start of the branch and the first fitting (this still needs to be set, even if there is a fitting connected directly to the head).
2.7.2 Attributes for tails of branches
TPOS The position in the zone where the branch ends.
TCON The connection type of the branch end (Up to a 4 character code for flanged, butt weld, screwed, etc.).
TDIR The direction in which the end of the branch is pointing (as if you were looking back down the bore). TBOR The bore of the pipe (this can be metric or imperial).
TREF The name of the item to which the branch tail is connected (e.g. /150-A-3). If this is not set, then the branch is open to the atmosphere for a vent or drain.
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You do not need to specify each of these attributes every time you create a branch. On most occasionswhen you set a head or tail, you will be connecting to another pipe or to a nozzle. The act of connecting to another item sets all the attributes at once.
A Pipe is just an administration element it is the pipe Branch that holds the geometry. When you select
Apply on the Pipe Form the Modify Pipe form is automatically displayed so that the branch head and tails can be specified.
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2.8 Pipe Branch Head / Tail Positioned ExplicitlyAfter clicking the Change button on the Head Detail pane above, the following form appears:
When setting the Branch Head or Tail explicitly you need to specify each of the previously described Branch attributes.
Bore: Nominal Bore size of the pipe. The pull-down list contains all sizes available in the specification. Connection: Short code eg: FBB,FBD defining the Head connection type
Position: Position in world co-ordinates
The Head Direction is the direction of the flow and the Tail Direction is opposite to the flow.
Refer to the AVEVA coding standards for a full
definition of connection types.www.aveva.com
2.9 Pipe Branch Head / Tail ConnectedUse the Change button on the Head Connection pane to connect the head to another database item, e.g.: Nozzle, Branch Head/Tail, etc
Using the graphical Pick Button, select an item to connect the pipe head to.
A list of available connections form is displayed, Select the appropriate connection and then press Connect.
This sets the pipe head attributes HPOS and HDIR
2.10 Pipe Branch Components (Pipe Fittings)
When you first define a head and tail for a branch, your branch will consist of one piece of pipe running in a straight line between the head and tail positions. This will appear as a dotted line between the two points unless the head and tail are aligned along a common axis and have the same bore. (The dotted line indicates that the branch route is geometrically incorrect.)
The next step in designing a pipe is to create and position a series of fittings, which define the pipe route you require. Just as on a drawing board, you need to decide which piping components are needed in order to satisfy the requirements of the process. The components must be arranged so that the pipe meets its design needs. However, unlike on the drawing board, you do not need to know any fitting dimensions; PDMS derives these automatically from the catalogue.
To create components, you need to select an item from the list of fittings available to you from the associated piping specification. Typical fitting types are Elbows, Tees, Reducers, Flanges, Gaskets and Valves etc. There is some intelligence build into the PDMS forms so that by placing for example a valve the associated Gaskets and Flanges will also be created.
For all piping components, you will need to carry out the following steps: -
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The tube is not created explicitly; it is created automatically and implied between adjacent fittings.2.11 Creating Branch Components (Pipe Fittings)
The “Component Types” list shows the piping components that are available in the current piping specification, set at the Pipe and Branch level.
Using the Select button, you could select components from an alternative specification if required.
Components are created by selecting the required fitting from the list
2.12 Component Creation Form
The Component Creation form shows details of all the Sub-Types available in the piping specification. .
For example a Flange may be Slip-on, Weld Neck, Screwed or Blind.
You will be required to select the Sub-Type you require.
Items are created in order with or against the flow of the pipe.
A tick box is available to automatically create adjacent components. This is very useful for creating the flanges of in-line flanged components. For example, if a Valve is added the gaskets and flanges will also be added.
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2.13 Component Selection Form
From the Pipework Toolbar, select the Show pipe component selection form icon, the component Selection form is now displayed.
2.13.1 The components Tab
The Component Selection form can be used to change an existing component Sub Type or Spec. after it has been added, preserving its connections to adjoining components wherever possible. The selected component type will be displayed in the Type window, i.e. Flange etc.
From the available Sub-Types list select the SLIP ON FLANGE. The Component is changed and this can be seen in the graphical view
If the component has a different fitting-to-fitting length this can be reconnected using the Reconnection Button.
2.13.2 The Specs. Tab
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2.13.3 The Errors TabThe Errors tab displays any errors which may result if an unsuccessful Reconnection operation is attempted.
2.13.4 The Options tab
Descriptions This option allows you to select the nature of the information shown for selected Components in the lists in the Components panel
The Descriptions of the component can be shown in Full, R Text, S Text, T Text or just as a Cat-Ref.
Tag component can be used to turn the Component marker on and off (on by default).
Tag constraints can be used to turn on and off the highlighting of Components which could give bad connectivity if an adjacent Component is changed.
Auto reconnect if selected, automates the function of the Reconnection button on the
Components tab. Errors which may result if an unsuccessful Reconnection operation is attempted will automatically appear on the Errors panel
Reconn. free ends if selected, re-establishes connectivity if the Pipe Head (or Tail) becomes disconnected as a result of Component reselection
Ignore positioned if selected, ignores elements which have their RLOCK attribute set to 0. (RLOCK is the attribute for the branch members creation status code used by Router.) Selecting this option does not stop the model editor moving the Component, but by default the Component with RLOCK= 0 will not be moved when it is reconnected to the Component being changed
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2.14 Branch Components List Order
With equipment and structures, the order in which you create items is of no importance to the final outcome. With piping components, the order in which they are laid out, as well as their individual positions and orientations, determines the final pipe route.
To help with this a Component Position Pointer is displayed.
Below is an example Design Explorer list showing the components of a branch /100-B-1/B1
As you can see by default there is no TUBE shown in the explorer window,
2.15 Typical Design Explorer showing Tube
Tube is shown by changing the Explorer setting
Settings > Explorer
SelectShow TUBI/ROD
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When using PDMS the list order will become second nature to you after you have created a number of branches, but for the time being you should be aware of it and should consider carefully where your next item is going to be inserted by watching the Component pointer and Design Explorer.L
When you are creating a component at the pipe branch head or pipe branch tail you must ensure thatwww.aveva.com
2.16 Arrive and Leave Points
Piping components have P–points (similar to those for equipment primitives).
The significance of P–points is two–fold. First, they define the connection points, and second, they determine the branch flow through the component by means of Arrive and Leave attributes.
For the reducer shown below, you will see that the large end is at P1 and the small end is at P2. If you use this component to increase the bore of the branch, the flow in the direction of the branch will be from P2 to P1. In order to tell PDMS the flow direction you want, you set two numeric attributes, Arrive and Leave, to the p–point numbers you want. In this case, Arrive would be set to 2 and Leave would be set to 1. (The default is Arrive 1 Leave 2). This is included for information, as the forms and menus will handle all connections. P2 Z X P1 Y P0 Couplings / Nipples P2 Z P3 X P1 Y Reducer P0 P2 Z X P1 Y P0
Caps / Plugs / Blinds / Flanges
P2 Z X P1 Y P0 Nozzles
Tees / Branch fittings / Olet fittings
Z P1 Y P0 P3 P2 X Check Valves Z X P1 Y P0 P2 P0 Z X P1 Y P3 P2
Gate Valves / Ball Valves
P2 Z P1 Y P0 Bends / Elbows X
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2.17 Quick Pipe RoutingThe Quick Pipe Routing Handle has three parts,
Extend Route Handle – This is used to extend the route in the direction indicated by
the handle.
Cardinal Direction Handles - These are used to change the direction of the routing to one of the cardinal directions from the current frame of reference.
Rotational Handles These allow the extended route handle to be interactively
directed by the user.
The quick pipe routing handle is used to define a routing vector within the constraints of the currently selected badly defined route. A badly defined route is defined in general terms as where either, there is a bad alignment between two components, the head or tail of a branch is incomplete, i.e. where the head/tail attributes are left in their default state, the head/tail is positioned but not connected and the head/tail connection type is unset.
This usually equates to the dotted line representation of implied tube, where implied tube cannot be drawn. An exception to the above could be where a Pipe Branch does not have specification reference set.
The handle can be dragged by using either primary or secondary mouse buttons. By default the handle will move in multiples of the currently defined linear increments.
If the secondary mouse button is clicked as the cursor is over the pipe routing handle, the user will be presented with a context sensitive menu. The menu will display the available options which relate to the drag.
2.18 Extended Handle Pop-ups
The following options are available on the Extend Handle before a drag.
Enter Offset This gives the Constrained Move form which allows you to enter an offset from the current handle’s position in the current routing direction.
Cardinal Direction Handles Extend Route Handle Rotational Handles
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Enter Leg Length This gives the Leg Length form which lets you enter an absolute distance of the handle from the last previous change in the direction’s position.
Distance From Origin This displays the Explicit Distance form which allows you to enter an absolute distance of the handle from the previous component’s origin position.
Extend Through Feature This allows you to identify features with which to align, along the current
route direction.
Orient to Point This directs the handle either directly to a point feature or rotates about the vertical axis, maintaining horizontal offset, when a linear feature is
identified.
Align with Direction This allows you to identify features with which the handle is to be aligned.
Explicit Direction This gives the Enter Direction for <direction> Axis form which lets you enter
an explicit direction for the handle.
Component Choice This allows you to select the type of Component that is created by the Routing Handle when a change in direction occurs. The Component can be set to either Elbows or Bends.
Distance Feedback This allows you to select how the Routing Handle displays distance
feedback. This can be set to either Offset (offset from the previous handle’s position), Leg Length (distance of the handle from the last previous change in direction’s position), or FromOrigin (distance of the handle from the previous Component’s origin position). Use the D 'hotkey' to cycle through
the options.
Show Rotation Handles This toggles the display of the Rotation Handles (selected by default).
Cancel This returns the handle and selection to its original state before the drag The following option is only available when the end being routed to is ill-defined, i.e. there is no End Route Handle displayed:
Connect To This enables you to select an element which the route end can be connected to, eg unconnected Nozzles, Tees etc.
The following options are available on the Extend Handle on completion of a drag, i.e. when the secondary mouse button has been used to drag the handle and no special actions are active:
Extend This leaves the handle at the shown position.
Cancel This returns the handle and selection to its original state before the drag. The following options are available when in “snap to feature mode” and the end being routed to is ill-defined or unconnected and the identified feature is a connectable p-point of an item to which an end can be connected, e.g. a Nozzle with no connection reference set:
Extend This leaves the handle at the shown position
Connect This leaves the handle at the shown position and connects the ill-defined
end to the identified target.
Connect and Complete This establishes a connection to the identified item and completes the route and exits the route mode when applicable.
Cancel This returns the handle back to its original state before the drag.
The following options are available when in “snap to feature mode” and the end being routed to is well defined and the identified feature is the End Route Handle.
Extend leaves the handle at the shown position
Complete completes the route and exits the route mode when applicable.
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2.19 Rotational Handle Pop-upsThe following options are available on the Rotation Handle before a drag
Enter Value This gives the Rotate Selection About form, enabling you to enter a value to rotate the graphical selection about the selected rotational axis
Orient to Point This allows you to pick a p-line through a point with which to orient the Rotation Handle.
Align with Direction This allows you to identify features with which the handle is to be aligned. Planes will be displayed to indicate a p-point direction (pointer symbol) or a p-line direction (symbol). Clicking and releasing the SHIFT key will reverse the direction of the handle.
Align With Thisdisplays the Enter Direction For <direction> Axis form which allows you to align the handle with a specified direction, or as close as possible to the given direction, about the axis of the Branch.
Rotate Handle Allows you to rotate the Locator Handle, using the same movement options as the main Rotation Handle menu. These options move the Locator Handle only, they do not move the Graphical Selection. Alternatively a 'freehand' movement of the Rotate Handle can be accomplished by clicking the H key with the handle selected and the left mouse button held down.
The Locator Handle may be rotated independently of the Graphical Selection in order to change the frame of reference for the next operation on the Graphical Selection.
Rotate Handle>To World This option aligns the Locator Handle with the World co-ordinate system, without rotating the Graphical Selection.
The Locator Handle Y axis points North, and the Z axis points Up.
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2.20 Quick Pipe Routing (Example)The tasks of setting up pipes, branches and components are simplified by the use of forms and menus. The main thing to remember when using the application is which specification you are currently using as a default.
The course exercises and examples will illustrate different means of pipe routing by giving examples of many of the situations you will encounter.
The quick pipe routing functionality will allow the user to correct the path of a pipe wherever there is an ill defined route within a branch, i.e. where the dotted line is displayed instead of implied tube.
Highlight the dotted line, and select the Model Editor icon from the Model Editor Toolbar. The Pipe Component Modification handle will now appear at the component leave end.
Enter the feature highlighting mode by clicking the F key on the keyboard or by selecting Selection > Feature Highlighting from the pull down menu
Select the pipe component modification handle and press the right mouse button. From the pop-up select
Component Choice > Use Bends. Holding down the left mouse button, drag the pipe modification handle across to theother end and still holding down the left mouse button, click the right mouse button. A second pop-up appears, select complete
The bend and the implied tube are added to complete the route
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The bend that has been added by the system can later bechanged to a smaller radius bend or an elbow.
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If the component choice had been Use Elbows, then thiswould not have completed the route due the default elbow component is the first elbow component in the specification i.e. a 45 degree elbow
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Selecting the Pipe component modification handle with theright hand mouse button will result in the implied tube been shown translucently
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CHAPTER 3
3 Pipe Routing a worked example
The following worked example demonstrates how to build Pipe /100-B-8 and Branch /100-B-8/B1 and the piping component build sequence.
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3.1 Entering AVEVA Plant
Enter PDMS SAM project,
Start > All Programs > AVEVA > PDMS 12 > Run PDMS or use the Icon provided by your Trainer. Project Sample Username USERA Password A MDB TRAINA Module Design OK
3.2 Entering the Piping Application
Pipework is created in the Piping Application
Design > Pipework
The first time you enter the Pipework application the Default Specification Form will be displayed
Select spec - A3B
Select OK
3.3 Piping Hierarchy
Create the hierarchy in which branch is to be routed, the piping zone /PIPE.ZONE may have been created on an earlier course.
Create a New Zone or Navigate to the existing Pipe Zone (/PIPE.ZONE)
Create>Zone
Name PIPE.ZONE
Set Zone Purpose to PIPE Piping
3.4 Pipe Creation form
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Enter the Pipe Name 100-B-8Select the Bore 100
Click the Apply Button
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The Pipe Spec. will automatically be set to the default spec selected earlier. In this case /A3BThe Branch Head and Branch Tail will be connected to Equipment Nozzles.
Select the Change Button from the Head Connection pane
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Note: Head Detail is used to set the position ofthe Branch Head explicitly and we will use this option later, whilst Head Connection is used to connect the Branch Head to for example a nozzle or tee
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The new pipe will be connected to equipment /D1201 and /P1501. Add these equipments to the graphical display.Use the Pick Button and identify nozzle D1201/N3 to set the Name to Nozzle D1201/N3selectConnect
Once you have connected the Branch Head the Pipe form will again be displayed.
In the same way as you connected the Pipe Head, connect the Pipe Tail to nozzle P1501A/N1
This leaves a “dotted” line joining the head and tail. The form can be dismissed or docked for use later
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3.5 Creating Piping Components
In PDMS pipe (or tube) is not routed explicitly. Components are positioned and the tube is implied between them.
Display the Pipe Component Creation Form from the Show pipe component creation form Icon on the Pipework Toolbar
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Note where possible we will create the main pipe route and add valves and other in-line fittings later.Connect a Flange and associated Gasket to the Branch Head, which is in turn is connected to a Nozzle.
PDMS can select an appropriate Gasket so select a Flange from the Component Types
Select Flange
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In the Design Explorer you must be at Branch LevelSelect the Weld Neck Flange (WN), ensure the component creation is With Flow and the Auto. Create Adjacent button is
Ticked. Select Connect
Using the same form select a Weld Neck Flange for the Pipe Tail. In the Design Explorer navigate back up to Branch Level.
Change the creation form to Against Flow
Select Connect
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Using the model editor, create the first Elbow after the Flange that is connected to the Branch Head.Select the Dotted Pipe using the LH Mouse button.
Select Model Editor Icon from the Main Menu Form
Using the LH Mouse Button drag the Pipe Route Handle Down 500mm and release the mouse button.
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Note: The Blob (or Sphere) on the branch will be deleted automatically later in the tutorial. It will appearin the member list as an Elbow.
An elbow is created at each Change in direction. This could be changed to a Bend (if there are bends available in the spec)
Bends and Elbows can be selected using the Component Choice option shown on the right click menu below.
The pull down is displayed by clicking the RH Mouse Button whilst hovering over the Model Editor Axis Other options are also available from this pull down and some will be used later.
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Create an Elbow at the flange connected to the Branch TailNavigate to the flange on the Branch Tail using the LH Mouse Button.
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Note the Component Pointer moves to the Flange to indicate where the next component will be created.The Display shows the component creation is against flow from the last time we used the Component Creation form. The component Creation Form will still be displaying Flanges.
Select the Choose Button and reselect Elbow
Select a 90Deg. Elbow with Sub Type (EL90)
Make sure Against Flow is selected.
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Position the elbow through a North Position of N 302600 by dragging the Elbow using Model Editor Mode. Rotate the elbow through 180 DegL
Note: The World Co-ordinates are displayed at the bottom of the main graphics window. Fineadjustment can be obtained using the up and down arrows on the keyboard
Model Editor Increments are adjusted using:Selection > Set Increments
The default setting is 50mm and 5mm for fine adjustment.
Set the Fine Increment to 1.00 and select OK
Alternatively you could position the elbow explicitly using Position > Explicitly (AT)… from the Main Menu
Enter the North Position of N 302600 andApply
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On falling pipes components could be positioned using Position > Component > Plane ThroughSelect Through Coordinate…
Enter the coordinate of N 302600
Select OK and Apply
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Standard Orientation commands can also be used to direct components.Create a Tee and position it through W 313575
Make sure you have selected a 100NB Equal Tee. SType TEE
The Tee will be created Against Flow.
Select the following Configuration icon. to leave by the offline leg (P3).
Select Connect
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Note there are 3 ways the a Tee can be Selected :Flow Through Tee
Leave by Connection
Arrive by Connection
The Designer can select the appropriate selection method depending on the pipe route.
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Using Model Editor Drag the Tee through W 313575The pipe can be completed using Quick Pipe Route Mode
First Select the Dotted Part of the Pipe and enter Model Editor.
Select Selection > Feature Highlighting or by Pressing F Whilst in the Model Editor
Drag one Arrow over the other Arrow using the Right Hand Mouse Button. Release the Mouse Button
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Note: the Blob that was created earlier will automatically be deleted.Place 2 Gate valves in the branch. The valves will be placed in the correct position later in the exercise. Select a Valve Sub Type GATEValve on the Components Creation Form
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As there is a choice of Flanges the Component Creation form is displayedSelect Weld Neck Flange (WN) and then Click Done
Choose another GATE valve and position it in a similar way.
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Position the valve and its connected components Fitting to Fitting with the second Elbow using the Model Editor.L
Make sure you are NOT in Feature highlighting Mode using the F button whilst in Model Editor.It is possible to move the valve assembly to other legs in the branch, these are indicated in blue.
You can connect the Flange to the elbow
You can also rotate the Valve in its axes.
Exercise 1 – Pipe Branch Worked Example
Create pipe 100-B-8 and Pipe Branch 100-B-8/B1 as shown in worked example above.
Exercise 2 - Creating a Second Branch
To complete the pipe create a second Branch that connects the tee to the second pump /P1501B, build up the Branch components as before.
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Select the <New Branch> ButtonConnect the Branch Head to the Tee and the Pipe Tail to the Suction Nozzle of pump /P1501B
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Remember you can connect Flanges, quick route elbows and then add the valve.L
Make sure when creating your components you have set the Create Components Form to the correctBranch using the <Set Branch> button.
Exercise 3 - Building the Pipework
Start to build up the Pipework on the plant. Refer to the drawings for positions and components required along each pipe. Remember to select the correct specification for each pipe. In general, the naming convention of the pipes is built up from pipe size, the third character of the specification (A3B) and a line number.
Initially, create the following pipes: Pipe 80-B-7
When you create this pipe if the Nozzles are correct, i.e. both the same size and inline the tube will be implied and displayed. You should only need to create the flange connections, remember this is done by being positioned at the branch level in the Design Explorer.
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Pipe 150-B-6The Flanges and elbows at both the Head and Tail of this pipe should be created fitting to fitting. The elbows are rotated as required using Model Editor. This is quite a simple pipe so it could easily be routed using quick route mode.
The First elbow is rotated using Model Editor to face East.
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Pipe 250-B-5The Elbow can be lifted in-line with the next item in the branch using The Align selection / component Icon
Create and position a Tee as described earlier. Reducers are created in a similar way to Tees; make sure you select the correct Icon when selecting the bore.
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Pipe 200-B-4The bottom section of this pipe has a small offset of about 15 Deg. The two bottom elbows should be lined using Align selection / component as described earlier.
The Elbow can be directed to face towards the next elbow using the
Direct selection / component Icon.
Navigate to the next Elbow and direct it in a similar way using the Direct selection / component Icon. 100-C-13
This pipe must be routed to piping spec F1C as it is stainless steel, the pipe head can be connected as we have done before. The pipe tail however must be created explicitly.
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To set the Branch Tail, Select the Tail Detail Change button on the Create Pipe Branch form.Set the details as shown on the form. Bore 100
Connection OPEN (The pipe will have an open end.) Direction W (as this is the opposite direction to the pipe route direction.)
West 303000
North 308280
Up 104937
Select Apply
The pipe should be routed onto the Pipe Bridge. The steelwork for this pipe bridge is created using the macro !!traRunMacro('pipeway.pmlmac').
Navigate to a Structural Zone or create one /STRU.ZONE. Open a command line window using: Display > Command Line. Type !!trarunmacro('pipeway.pmlmac') into the command line and make sure it is typed in lower case. The steelwork will now be created.
Create the Gasket, Flange and the first two elbows as described before. The third elbow is created and position with the Bottom of Pipe (BOP) onto the steelwork using the Quick Pipe Router.
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Enter Model Editor with feature highlighting enabled (F).Select the dotted part of the pipe in Model EditorMode.
Make sure feature highlighting is enabled (F)
Slide the mouse over the steelwork, when you are positioned over Top of Steel (TOS) pline, the extended route handle will be displayed.
Select 1/2 OD behind Pline Feature, this will place the BLOB with BOP on TOS.
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3.6 Copying Branches
If you have branches of a pipe that contain similar components you may copy a complete branch then move it into position. To create a copy, select the branch to be copied then choose Create > Copy > Offset
This will display the Copy form you will need to reconnect the branch head and tail and also rename the new branch.
150-A-57
This pipe should be routed using /A1A which is a 150# Carbon Steel specification. The second Branch will be copied as described later. Route Branch /150-A-57/B1 from the open Pipe Bridge to /P1502B/N1.
The Pipe Tail of this pipe will be connected to the suction of pumps P1502A and P1502B, which has 300# Flanges. As there are no 300# flanges in our piping spec we are going to select them from spec /A3B this is done by setting The Alternative Spec.
The Pipe Starts with an Open End on the Pipe Bridge.
Create the new pipe as described previously but the Branch Head is created using Modify branch head and specifying the position explicitly.
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The Branch Head Position should be set as shownBore 150 Connection Open Direction W West 303000 North 308530 Up 104965
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Note the Direction is opposite to the flow andthe positions are westings and not eastings.
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You will need to use the command line at Branch level to select the Head Tube when a Pipe Branchstarts with on Open end.
Select the Branch in the Design Explorer
Display the Command Line Display > Command Line and enter the command sel hstu
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Selecting components from an Alternative SpecificationOn the Component Creation Form
Use Alternative Spec. button Select…
Select A3B
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Once the alternative spec has been selectedthe Use Alternative Spec. Tick Box will be activated.
Select Done
Once an alternative spec is selected you can toggle between the Branch Spec and Alternative Spec.
Create the Gasket and Flange at the Pipe Tail from the alternative spec
Make sure you also tick the Use Alternative Spec box on the component creation form.
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Branch /150-A-57/B1 is created as shown below: -We will now copy the branch to create the other branch /150-A-57/B2.
Navigate to the Branch
Select Create > Copy > Offset
As we do not know the distance between nozzles we will copy Element to Element
Select Offset from Element to Element
Identify the two nozzles
This will set the Offset X to -2390
Number of Copies 1
Apply
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Delete the Tee and Elbow shown using Delete range of piping componentsand identifying the Tee and Elbow
Connect the Head and Tail of the Branch using the Pipe Modification form.
The Branch Head should connect to the Tee and the Branch tail should connect to Nozzle /P1502A/N1
Orientate the elbow through 180 deg
The Modified pipe should be as shown below.
The Branch should be named 150-A-57/B2 Select Modify > Name from the main menu.
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Exercise 4 - Completing the Pipework
Attempt the rest of the pipes, your Trainer will offer assistance as required. 80-B-14
The Branch Head should be connected to the nozzle the Branch Tail Bore should be set to 80NB other branch tail detail should be left as default.
The pipe is routed from the branch head and completed by connecting the branch tail to the last member in both cases using the pipe modification form.
Valve /FCV-113 is an Instrument Control Valve and is selected as an Instrument in the spec.
In-line equipment like Instrument Valves are normally named using Modify > Name
The Tee that is required for the bypass is an 80 x 50 unequal Tee.
When the Tee is selected there are several Tee Types available for example Set-on, Sockolet and Butt Weld. Select 50 and TEE which is an 80 x 50 Butt Weld Tee. Once familiar with the Selection Types used they can be filtered using Filter By
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80-A-11L
The branch heads on the above pipe should be connected to the branch tails of 80-B-14. The Gasket,Flange and first Tee should be selected from Spec /A3B.
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100-B-1www.aveva.com
Typical Detail of ReducersL
Note: The flanged Valves should be selected from spec /A30040-B-10
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CHAPTER 4
4 Replacing Components
It may become necessary to replace existing components. This is done using the Component Selection Form.
4.1 Replacing Components using the same Piping Spec.
In the following example we will change a gate valve to a Globe Valve and reconnect the components. Display Pipe /100-B-1
Navigate to the GATE valve indicated.
Select the Show pipe component selection form Icon
Select the Globe valve (GLOB) the valve will be reselected. As the Globe Valve is a different size the Reconnection button is activated.
To reconnect all the associated components select the
Reconnection Button.
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4.2 Replacing Components using an Alternative Piping Spec
In the following example we will change an elbow to a Mitred Bend. Mitred bends have been improved with the introduction of a default geometry set, the number of cuts (ncuts) attribute and a number of dynamic p-points added for dimensioning etc.
Ncuts 0 Ncuts 1 Ncuts 3
4.2.1 Fixed Cut Mitred Bends
Pipe Spec /A150 in the Sample Project has been supplied with Mitred Bends. We will select a Bend using that spec to investigate how Mitred Bends are used.
Navigate to Elbow 2 of Pipe /100-C-13
We will change this Elbow to a bend using the “Pipe Component Selection Form” from the Pipework Toolbar.
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On the Specs Tab change the spec to A150Return to the Components Tab and change the Type from Elbow to Bend
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Set the Bend Radius to 300Select a 1 Cut Mitre
Select a 3 Cut Mitre
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4.2.2 Variable Cut Mitred BendsWhen you select a Var Cut Mitred Bend you need to set the number of cuts (Ncuts) using modify attributes.
Select VAR CUT Mitred Bend
Select Ncuts to 10 on the Modify > Attributes Form Select Apply
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Note: The Ncuts Attribute is only used if the bend catalogue parameter number 4 is set to -1, this isdescribed later.
Exercise 5 - Replacing Components
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CHAPTER 5
5 Data Consistency Checker
This Chapter shows you how to check the logical consistency of your design data, enabling you to find and correct the most common types of design error.
You will normally carry out data consistency checks before you run the clash detection facilities. It is more convenient to do a data check on individual pipes than to do the whole Plant in one go. There may be too many errors to sort out at once.
5.1 Possible Types of Data Error
The data consistency checking utility, available within Design’s Piping and Structural applications, checks the following aspects of your design (piping examples shown):
5.1.1 Angular Alignment
Checks that components which are to be connected together are aligned in the same direction:
PL is E
PA is W30N
N
5.1.2 Axial Alignment
Checks that components which are to be connected together are aligned on a common axis:
offset axes N
5.1.3 Consistent Bores
Checks that components which are to be connected together have consistent bores: Leave Bore
50
Arrive Bore 100
5.1.4 Connection Types
Checks that components which are to be connected together have compatible connection types: Flange
connection
Screwed connection 5.1.5 Minimum Tube Length
Checks that no length of tube is less than a prescribed minimum (which may depend on its bore).
Component A Component B
Tube too short to allow
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5.2 Starting the Data Consistency ChecksTo carry out data consistency checking from within the Piping application, select Utilities>Data Consistency. You will see the following form:
By using this form, you can generate a diagnostic report on the data consistency of any part of your design. You may list the report on your screen (in the area in the lower half of the form), or you may send it to a file from which you can print a hard copy version. Select Screen or File and, in the latter case, specify the directory and filename. Choose the hierarchic level at which you want to check the design using the Check list near top left of the form. The default is the current element.
Navigate to Pipe 100-B-8
Select Check Pipe and Apply
5.2.1 Specifying Parameters and Tolerances
The data checking utility allows a margin of acceptable error before it diagnoses that you may have a problem. These built–in tolerances have default values, but you may set your own values if you prefer. Select the Piping Button
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5.2.2 Minimum Tube lengthAs an example, by default your report will warn you of all lengths of tube in your design which are shorter than 100mm. This allows you to decide whether each such length is adequate for welding procedures, bolt withdrawal, access, and so on. You can change the acceptable minimum length from 100mm, and may set different minima for up to ten different pipe bore ranges if you wish.
For example:
A minimum length of 150mm for bores between 25 and 50. A minimum length of 300mm for bores between 50 and 100.
To change any of the consistency check tolerances, use the appropriate Parameters button on the form (Piping for our current examples). And then select Tube Range.
You will see a subsidiary form on which you can change any of the current tolerances before carrying out the data checks.
5.3 Data Consistency Check Report Format
The report comprises a header, giving the date and time, followed by an itemised list of the elements being checked, together with numbered diagnostic messages describing any potential problems.
For example:
DATE 11 FEBRUARY 99 TIME 14.12 PIPE /PIPE2
BRAN /PIPE2/B1
B 10 TAIL REFERENCE NOT SET END
If no problems are found, you will see the message: *** NO DATA INCONSISTENCIES ***
5.3.1 Data Consistency Diagnostic Messages
You will find a full list of the data consistency diagnostic messages, each identified by a reference number, in the DESIGN Reference Manual. With experience, you will be able to identify which messages indicate errors which must be corrected, and which are merely warnings of potential problems.
As an example, we will consider the design feature shown below, namely a Pipe to Pipe connection, and will look at some of the messages which might result.
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HEAD TAIL PIPE A PIPE B GASK FLAN FLOW GBD HCONN FBD TCONN GBD FBD D430(On GASK) B230 (On FLAN)E730
A230
PArrive PLeave
The connection as shown is a valid one. If any of the connection types were changed, you might see the following messages:
A230 CONNECTION TYPE HCONN NOT SAME AS TERMINAL CONNECTION TYPE The connection types FBD-FBD in this example must be the same.
B230 CONNECTION TYPE TCONN NOT SAME AS TERMINAL CONNECTION TYPE The connection types GBD-GBD in this example must be the same.
D430 BAD ARRIVE CONNECTION TYPE
The connection types GBD-FBD in this example must be listed as compatible in the COCO tables. E730 LEAVE CONNECTION TYPE (of the Flange) NOT COMPATIBLE WITH TCONN
The connection types FBD-GBD in this example must be listed as compatible in the COCO tables.
5.4 Some Examples of Data Consistency Diagnostic Messages
The following examples explain the significance of some of the messages you might see during this training course:
5.4.1 Branch Head Errors
The following diagnostics apply only to the Head of a Branch: A 10 HEAD REFERENCE NOT SET
The Head reference should only be unset (i.e. zero) if the Head Connection Type HCONN is set to OPEN, VENT, CLOS or DRAN.
A 20 HEAD REFERENCE POINTS TO NONEXISTENT ELEMENT
This error would result from the deletion of a component, such as a Nozzle, to which the Head of the Branch was originally connected.
A 30 BAD HEAD RETURN REFERENCE
The Head is connected to an element that does not refer back to the Branch. This can occur when the Head of a Branch is connected to another Branch, implying that a Tee should be placed somewhere along the second Branch. The error can also occur when two or more branches are inadvertently connected to the same terminal.
A200 DIRECTION HDIR NOT SAME AS TERMINAL DIRECTION
If the Head is connected to a terminal, such as a Nozzle or Tee, then the direction HDIR should always be identical to that of the appropriate p–point of the terminal.
A210 POSITION HPOS NOT SAME AS TERMINAL POSITION
If the Head is connected to a terminal, such as a Nozzle or Tee, then the position HPOS should always be identical to that of the appropriate p–point of the terminal.
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A230 CONNECTION TYPE HCONN NOT SAME AS TERMINAL CONNECTION TYPEIf the Head is connected to a terminal, such as a Nozzle or Tee, then the connection type HCONN should always be identical to that of the appropriate p–point of the terminal.
A300 REFERENCE HSTUBE UNSET
There is more than 1mm of tube between the Head and the p–arrive of the first Component (or the Tail), but HSTUBE is unset.
A310 REFERENCE HSTUBE REFERS TO A NONEXISTENT SPCOM This may occur if part of the Specification has been deleted. A320 HSTUBE PROBLEM, CATREF IN SPCOM IS UNSET
This indicates an error in the Specification.
A330 HSTUBE PROBLEM, CATREF IN THE SPCOM REFERS TO NONEXISTENT Catalogue COMPONENT
This may occur if part of the Catalogue has been deleted or if the CATREF is unset. A400 HBORE NOT SAME AS BORE OF HSTUBE
The bore of any tube leading from the Head, determined from the Catalogue, should always be identical to HBORE.
A410 HCON NOT COMPATIBLE WITH CONNECTION TYPE OF HSTUBE
The connection type of any tube leading from the Head, determined from the Catalogue, should be compatible with HCONN.
A420 ISPEC REFERENCE POINTS TO NONEXISTENT ELEMENT
This error would occur if, for example, the Insulation Specification pointed to by ISPEC had been deleted.
5.4.2 Branch Tail Errors
The same type of errors may occur to the Tail of a Branch. The message numbers are the same as for the Head errors but are preceded by a B.
B 10 TAIL REFERENCE NOT SET
The Tail reference should only be unset (i.e. zero) if the Tail connection type TCONN is set to OPEN, VENT, CLOS or DRAN.
5.4.3 Plain Branch Errors
The following diagnostics can occur only for Branches with no piping components: C500 TUBE TOO SHORT BETWEEN HEAD AND TAIL
The distance between the Head position, HPOS, and the Tail position, TPOS, is greater than zero and less than the specified minimum tube length (default: 100mm).
C510 BAD HEAD TO TAIL GEOMETRY
Either the Head position, HPOS, does not lie at a positive distance along the line through TPOS in the direction TDIR or the Tail position, TPOS, does not lie at a positive distance along the line through HPOS in the direction HDIR.
