Air Pollution Lecture 1 (1)

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Air Pollution

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Air Pollution Around the World



 5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution

(Beijing,

(Beijing, Mexico Mexico City, City, hanghai, hanghai, !ehran !ehran "" (Beijing, Mexico City, hanghai, !ehran "

(Beijing, Mexico City, hanghai, !ehran "

Calcutta# Calcutta# Calcutta#

Calcutta#



 Air $uality is det Air $uality is det Air $uality is de Air $uality is deteriorating rapidly iteriorating rapidly in de%elopingeriorating rapidly ieriorating rapidly in de%elopingn de%elopingn de%eloping

countries countries countries

countries (de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#(de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#(de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#(de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#



 &n henyang, China, residents see sunlight &n henyang, China, residents see sunlight &n henyang, China, residents see sunlight only&n henyang, China, residents see sunlight onlyonlyonly

a few wee's each year  a few wee's each year  a few wee's each year 

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Air Pollution Around the World



 5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution5 worst cities in world in terms of air pollution

(Beijing,

(Beijing, Mexico Mexico City, City, hanghai, hanghai, !ehran !ehran "" (Beijing, Mexico City, hanghai, !ehran "

(Beijing, Mexico City, hanghai, !ehran "

Calcutta# Calcutta# Calcutta#

Calcutta#



 Air $uality is det Air $uality is det Air $uality is de Air $uality is deteriorating rapidly iteriorating rapidly in de%elopingeriorating rapidly ieriorating rapidly in de%elopingn de%elopingn de%eloping

countries countries countries

countries (de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#(de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#(de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#(de%eloping countries ha%e older cars#



 &n henyang, China, residents see sunlight &n henyang, China, residents see sunlight &n henyang, China, residents see sunlight only&n henyang, China, residents see sunlight onlyonlyonly

a few wee's each year  a few wee's each year  a few wee's each year 

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Case)&n)Point Air Pollution in

Beijing and Mexico City

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Beijing (left#



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Atmosphere as a +esource

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Atmospheric Composition

  --. /01203. /01203  44 --. -2153. -2153  Ar. 2163 Ar. 2163  C4C4 --. 21273. 21273



8cosystem ser%ices

 Bloc's 9: radiationBloc's 9: radiation

 Moderates the climateModerates the climate

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4utdoor Air Pollution

Air Pollution

-- presence of chemicals in the atmosphere *y naturalpresence of chemicals in the atmosphere *y natural e%ents or human acti%ities in concentrations high e%ents or human acti%ities in concentrations high enough to *e harmful

enough to *e harmful

;1

;1 Primary Air PollutantPrimary Air Pollutant

 <armful su*stance that is emitted directly<armful su*stance that is emitted directly into theinto the

atmosphere atmosphere

-1

-1 econdary Air Pollutantecondary Air Pollutant

 <armful su*stance formed in the atmosphere<armful su*stance formed in the atmosphere

when a primary air pollutant reacts with su*stances when a primary air pollutant reacts with su*stances

normally found in the atmosphere or with other air normally found in the atmosphere or with other air

pollutants pollutants

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!ypes of 4utdoor Air Pollution

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ources of 4utdoor Air Pollution

!wo main sources !wo main sources

;1 transportation ;1 transportation -1 industry

-1 industry

&ntentional forest fires &ntentional forest fires

may *e also significant1 may *e also significant1

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Major Air Pollutants

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ational Am*ient Air =uality tandards

 AA= esta*lished for six pollutants.AA= esta*lished for six pollutants.

 ulfur >ioxideulfur >ioxide  itrogen 4xidesitrogen 4xides  Particulate MatterParticulate Matter  Car*on MonoxideCar*on Monoxide  4?one4?one

 @ead@ead

 8xperts say two other important pollutants should8xperts say two other important pollutants should

*e listed. *e listed.

 :olatile 4rganic Compounds :olatile 4rganic Compounds  Car*on >ioxideCar*on >ioxide

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ources of Primary Air Pollutants

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Primary Air Pollutants

;1 Car*on Monoxide

 from incomplete com*ustion of organic materialsfrom incomplete com*ustion of organic materials  single largest source is the automo*ilesingle largest source is the automo*ile

 *inds to hemoglo*in in *lood and ma'es the*inds to hemoglo*in in *lood and ma'es the

hemoglo*in less a*le to carry oxygen hemoglo*in less a*le to carry oxygen

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 consist of 4 and 4consist of 4 and 4

-- ( lumped as 4( lumped as 4xx##

 automo*ile exhaust is primary source1automo*ile exhaust is primary source1  44

x

x is a precursor to acid rain andis a precursor to acid rain and

photochemical smog (*oth secondary pollutants# photochemical smog (*oth secondary pollutants#

 itrous oxide itrous oxide 

--4 is a greenhouse gas, emitted4 is a greenhouse gas, emitted

from animal wastes and *urning of fossil fuel from animal wastes and *urning of fossil fuel

-1 itrogen oxides

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 Burning coal is primary anthropogenic sourceBurning coal is primary anthropogenic source  :olcanoes and hot springs are natural sources :olcanoes and hot springs are natural sources

(Mt t <elens releases 52 to -52 tonsAday when acti%e# (Mt t <elens releases 52 to -52 tonsAday when acti%e#

 44

-- is also a precursor to acid rain (a secondaryis also a precursor to acid rain (a secondary

pollutant# pollutant#

61 ulfur dioxide

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71 Particulate matter

 minute pieces of solid materials dispersed into theminute pieces of solid materials dispersed into the

atmosphere (;2 microns# atmosphere (;2 microns#

 includes dust, soot or ash, as*estos, sulfuric acidincludes dust, soot or ash, as*estos, sulfuric acid

droplets droplets

 dangerous since they may contain materials withdangerous since they may contain materials with

toxiccarcinogenic effects toxiccarcinogenic effects

 can accumulate in lungs and interfere with thecan accumulate in lungs and interfere with the

a*ility of lungs to exchange gases1 a*ility of lungs to exchange gases1

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51 :olatile 4rganic Compounds (:4Cs# 51 :olatile 4rganic Compounds (:4Cs#

 <ydrocar*ons emitted *y the lea%es of many plants or<ydrocar*ons emitted *y the lea%es of many plants or

those released from landfills, oil and natural gas wells those released from landfills, oil and natural gas wells

 8xamples include isoprene, terpenes, methane and8xamples include isoprene, terpenes, methane and

*en?ene *en?ene

 8%aporated from automo*ile fuel or remnants of fuel8%aporated from automo*ile fuel or remnants of fuel

incompletely *urned incompletely *urned

 Play an important role in the formation of photochemicalPlay an important role in the formation of photochemical

oxidants1 oxidants1

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econdary Air Pollutants

 4?one (44?one (4

6

6# , a component of photochemical smog# , a component of photochemical smog

 PAs (peroxyacetyl nitrate#PAs (peroxyacetyl nitrate#  Aldehydes Aldehydes

;1 4  :4C ))))D 4

--1 4_-  9: ))))D 4  4 61 4  4_- ))))D 4₆

71 4_-  :4C ))))D PA , etc1 ote . 4?one is a pollutant in the troposphere,

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9r*an Air Pollution

photochemical smog

) formed *y chemical reactions) formed *y chemical reactions in%ol%ing sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocar*ons

in%ol%ing sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocar*ons

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Formation of Photochemical mog Formation of Photochemical mog

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213524

mog in @os Angeles

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4?one >epletion in tratosphere

4?one protects earth from 9: radiation

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 4?one thinninghole4?one thinninghole  First identified in ;05First identified in ;05

o%er Antarctica o%er Antarctica

 Caused *y human)Caused *y human)

produced halogenated produced halogenated chemicals especially chemicals especially CFCs CFCs

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8ffects of 4?one >epletion

 <igher le%els of 9:)radiation<igher le%els of 9:)radiation

hitting the earth hitting the earth

 8ye cataracts8ye cataracts

 'in cancer (right#'in cancer (right#  Wea'ened immunityWea'ened immunity  May disrupt ecosystemsMay disrupt ecosystems

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+eco%ery of 4?one @ayer



Montreal Protocol (;0/#

 +eduction of CFCs+eduction of CFCs

 tarted using <CFCs (greenhouse gas#tarted using <CFCs (greenhouse gas#

 Phase out of all o?one destroying chemicals is underwayPhase out of all o?one destroying chemicals is underway

glo*ally glo*ally

 atellite pictures in -222 indicated that o?one layer wasatellite pictures in -222 indicated that o?one layer was

reco%ering reco%ering

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Acid >eposition

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8ffects of Acid >eposition

 respiratory diseasesrespiratory diseases  decreased %isi*ilitydecreased %isi*ility

 declining a$uatic animaldeclining a$uatic animal

populations populations

 decreased producti%ity ofdecreased producti%ity of

fisheries and forests fisheries and forests

 damage to stonedamage to stone

structures " monuments structures " monuments

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Without 8lectrostatic Without 8lectrostatic precipitator precipitator With 8lectrostatic With 8lectrostatic precipitator precipitator

Controlling Air Pollution

mo'estac's with electrostatic mo'estac's with electrostatic

precipitator (right# precipitator (right#

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

mo'estac's with

scru**ers (right#

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!he Clean Air Act

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4ther Ways to &mpro%e Air =uality



+educe sulfur content in gasoline from its

current a%erage of 662 ppm to 62 ppm



+e$uire federal emission standards for all

passenger %ehicles



+e$uire emission testing for all %ehicles



witch to low)sulfur fuels

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